氧氟沙星注射液细菌内毒素检测方法探讨

目的：用鲎试剂检测氧氟沙星注射液的内毒素。方法：参照中国药典１９９５年版二部收载的细菌内毒素检查方法进行检测。结果：氧氟沙星注射液中细菌内毒素用标示值灵敏度为０．２５ＥＵ．ｍｌ＾－１检测有效。结论：鲎试剂法可代替氧氟沙星注射液热原检查项目中的家兔法。     

细菌内毒素检查法测定利巴韦林注射液的热原

建立利巴韦林注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法：参照中国药典１９９５年版二部收载的细菌内毒素检查方法进行实验。结果：通过干扰实验证明,利巴韦林注射液对鲎试剂的凝集反应无干扰作用,用灵敏度为０．５ＥＵ．ｍｌ＾－１的鲎试剂检查细菌内毒素的方法可行、有效。结论：可以用细菌内毒素检查法替代家兔热原法来控制三磷酸腺苷二钠注射液的质量。     

氯霉素注射液的细菌内毒素检查

目的：考察氯霉素注射液细菌内毒素检查法的可引性。方法：干扰试验和对比试验。结果：０．５ｍｇ．ｍｌ＾－１的样品溶液无干扰作用,与热原检查法结果一致。结论：将氯毒素注射液稀释２５０倍或２５０倍以上可用灵敏度为０．５ＥＵ．ｍｌ＾－１的鲎试剂作细菌内毒素检查。     

磺胺嘧啶钠注射液细菌内毒素检查法的研究

本文通过稀释的方法排除ＳＤ－Ｎａ对细菌内毒素内毒素试验的干扰。确定其最大非抑制剂浓度及宜选用的鲎试剂灵敏度。结果ＳＤ－Ｎａ的细菌内毒素阴值为４ＥＵ，ｍｌ＾－１，最大无抑制浓度为１２．５ｍｇ·ｍｌ＾－１宜选用小于或等于０．２５ＥＵ．ｍｌ＾－１灵敏度的鲎试剂     

脂肪乳注射液的细菌内毒素检测方法

目的：确立脂肪乳注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法：参照美国药典２３ 版及中国药典１９９５ 年版二部收载的细菌内毒素检查方法进行实验。结果：脂肪乳注射液经实验观察后知可排除干扰因素，用标示灵敏度为０．５ ＥＵ·ｍｌ－ １ 的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素方法可行，有效。结论：可用于脂肪乳注射液的常规检测。     

复方醋酸钠注射液细菌内毒素的检测研究

目的：建立复方醋酸钠注射液的细菌内毒素检查法。方法：根据中国药典１９９５版二部收载的细菌内毒素检查法的要求进行实验。结果：将复方醋酸钠注射液经２倍稀释后可排除干扰因素，用标示灵敏度为０．５ＥＵ·ｍｌ－１的鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素是有效的。结论：复方醋酸钠注射液的热原检查项可为细菌内毒素检查项所代替     

细菌内毒素检查法对诺氟沙星葡萄糖注射液热原限度探讨

诺氟沙星葡萄糖注射液热原检查常用家兔法,剂量按家兔体重每公斤注射样品１２ｍｌ,升温应符合《中国药典》九五版二部附录规定。笔者经过长期临床观察,对照试验,制定应用细菌内毒素检查法代替家兔法对该品进行热原检查,结果可靠,操作简单,现报道如下。１材料与方法１．１材料鲎试剂（ＴＡＬ）,批号为９７１１２４,灵敏度０．５ＥＵ／ｍｌ。细菌内毒素工作标准品．批号为９７０６１０,１０ＥＵ／支。置试剂溶解水,批号为９７１１０８。以上三种试剂均为福州东方鲎试剂厂生产。诺氟沙星葡萄糖注射液为本院制剂,制法按《中国人民解…     

用鲎试剂法检测两种喹诺酮注射液的内毒素

用鲎试剂法对乳酸环丙沙星、诺氟沙星葡萄糖注射液中的细菌内毒素进行检测,结果表明,虽然两种注射液均对鲎试剂有抑制作用,但样品稀释２７倍后可消除这种抑制作用选用灵敏度为０．０６Ｅｕ．ｍｌ＾－１的鲎试剂即可作这两种注射液的细菌内毒素检查。结论：可以用鲎试验法代替家兔法作为医院日常检测乳酸环内沙星、诺氟沙星葡萄糖注射液的热原检查。     

维生素C注射液细菌内毒素检查方法研究

《中国药典》１９９５年版中介绍的维生素Ｃ注射液检查方法为热原检查法,此方法受外界条件影响大,且实验周期长,实验费用高;而《美国药典》第２３版介绍的细菌内毒素检测法则具有快速灵敏、省时省力等优点。为此,笔者参照１９９５年版《中国药典》二部细菌内毒素检查法,对以细菌内毒素检查代替热原检查进行了探讨。１实验材料１．１鲎试剂（批号：９９０１０６,０．５ＥＵ／ｍｌ,０．１ｍｌ／支）;细菌内毒素工作标准品（批号：９９０１１０,１０ＥＵ／支）;超纯水（批号：９９０４１５,２ｍｌ／支）。三者均为厦门鲎试剂厂生产…     

氨茶碱注射液细菌内毒素检查法的探讨

目的：建立氨茶碱注射液（ＡＭＰＨ）的细胞内毒素检查法。方法：确定ＡＭＰＨ的细菌内毒素限值，用稀释的方法排除ＡＭＰＨ对细菌内毒素试验的干扰。通过干扰试验测得ＡＭＰＨ的最大非抑制浓度及进行样品的细菌内毒素检查时最大可选用的鲎试剂灵敏度。结果：ＡＭＰＨ的细菌内毒素限值为２０Ｅｕ．ｍｌ＾－１，最大非抑制浓度为２５ｍｇ．ｍｌ＾－１，腚选用小于或等于１．０Ｅｕ．ｍｌ＾－１灵敏度的鲎试剂。结论：ＡＭＰＨ可用细菌     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.