肝胆管结石的综合治疗

目的 探讨肝胆管结石的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析62例经手术治疗肝胆管结石患者的资料。行肝外胆管切开探查取石结合胆管分支胆道镜取石36例，肝外胆管切开探查取石结合肝部分切除19例，其中肝左外叶切除14例，左叶切除3例，右肝段切除2例，肝实质切开取石结合肝外胆管切开探查取石2例，肝内胆管狭窄切开取石后放置支架管引流5例。取石后胆肠内引流23例，结果 术后残石率为9.68%。经0.5-5年的随访，结石复发率7.5%。结论 肝胆管结石的病变复杂，应根据个体具体情况，采用多种方法结合治疗，才能取得较好的治疗效果。     

肝段切除联合手术加胆道镜治疗肝内胆管结石

目的　探讨肝内胆管结石外科治疗的方法和效果。方法　近 12年来对 2 3 0例肝内胆管结石患者 ,根据结石的部位和肝胆系统的病理改变分别选择不同的手术 ,配合使用纤维胆道镜取石等综合措施治疗。结果　 (1)行肝段 (叶 )切除 胆管空肠Y型吻合 10 3例 ,优良 91.8% ;(2 )行肝胆管切开取石、解除狭窄后与空肠Y型吻合 45例 ,优良 81.2 % ;(3 )行单纯胆道探查取石 T管引流72例 ,优良 69.3 % ;(4 )行胆总管十二指肠吻合 4例及右肝段切除 T管引流 6例。结论　对肝胆管结石患者应采用肝段 (叶 )切除联合手术或高位胆管切开取石肝胆管空肠Y型吻合手术 ,并配合术中、术后纤维胆道镜取石 ,有利于提高疗效。     

肝胆管结石并高位胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗

对１２７例肝胆管结石并高位胆管狭窄．用Ｂ超（术前及术中）、ＰＴＣ、术中胆道镜、结合手术探查确诊。采用联合手术，包括肝叶切除，经肝门（包括肝方叶切除）途径切开肝总管．左、右Ⅰ、Ⅱ级肝管．取石、狭窄胆管整形，高位胆肠吻合术治疗。经１～９ａ随访：总优良率８５．３１％，其中肝叶切除病例的优良率８９．５８％。     

肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的应用

背景与目的:对于肝胆管结石多次手术后复发患者,如何安全取尽结石,最大限度解除肝门甚至是肝内胆管的狭窄,并建立或修复通畅的胆流通道,一直是胆道外科治疗领域中的难点。本研究探讨肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的治疗效果及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2015年7月—2019年6月湖南省人民医院收治的36例复杂肝胆管结石患者的临床资料,36例患者既往平均手术2.4次,均存在不同程度的肝门部胆管狭窄,其中肝门胆管汇合部狭窄18例,合并右肝管狭窄8例,合并左肝管狭窄10例。结果:所有患者均行肝方叶切除、肝门胆管高位劈开整形、胆肠内引流手术,术中采用取石钳取石、塑形管冲洗、胆道镜探查等多种方式取尽结石。平均手术时间354.4 min,平均失血量230.5 mL。术后平均结石清除率在90%以上。术后2例患者出现胆汁漏,经积极引流治疗后好转,3例患者出现切口脂肪液化、感染,1例患者不完全性肠梗阻,均保守治疗后好转。术后采用门诊、电话随访12～48个月,4例患者出现反流性胆管炎,无胆肠吻合口再发狭窄病例。结论:肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形能有效解除肝门胆管高位狭窄,达到取尽结石、通畅引流的目的,同时能避免大范围的肝切除,因此具有一定的临床应用价值。     

肝胆管结石再次手术治疗(附301例报告)

目的 探讨降低肝内胆管结石再次手术的方法。方法 地３０１例肝胆管结石再手术病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组有２９５例（９８％）肝胆管结石病人,因多种原因致结石残留或复发,导致术后症状复发而需再次手术。再次手术时采用１～３级胆管切开解除胆管狭窄并整形胆管为盆式,做胆肠内引流术,局限于左肝外叶结石,可行左肝外叶切除,终末胆管结石,可经肝表面切开取石治疗;术中使用牛角式灌洗器以清除结石。再次术后     

肝叶(段)切除联合手术治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄

目的 探讨肝叶（段）切除联合手术治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄的效果。方法 回顾性分析1988年7月至1999年7月行肝叶（段）切除联合手术治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄29例的治疗情况。结果 29例肝叶（段）切除术中同时行胆管切开整形和胆管空肠吻合22例，T管引流术7例，胆道镜术中及术后检查取石18例，本组无手术死亡，27例随访1-11年，随访率为93.10%，无结石复发，优良率为89.65%。结论 肝叶（段）切除联合手术是当前治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄的理想有效术式。     

肝胆管结石的手术与胆道镜联合治疗

我院1981年11月至1997年12月采用手术与胆道镜联合治疗肝胆管结石618例,取得良好的治疗效果。现总结如下。临床资料1.一般资料:本组,男293例,女325例,年龄19～79岁,平均426岁。结石分布:左肝内胆管结石297例,右肝内胆管结石180例,尾叶内胆管结石4例,左右肝管均有多发结石137例,618例中合并胆总管结石396例。2.手术与胆道镜治疗方法:本组采用的手术方法为肝叶切除5例,肝叶切除加胆管外引流76例,肝叶切除加胆肠内引流45例,狭窄肝胆管切开成形加胆肠内引流4例,狭窄肝胆管切开成形加胆管外引流2例,肝表面切开取石加胆管外引流29例,胆肠内引流加…     

肝内胆管结石的外科多模式治疗

目的总结多种术式治疗肝内胆管结石的临床经验。方法回顾性分析1997年6月—2003年6月收治的肝内胆管结石病患者68例。其中，肝部分切除术 胆道镜应用治疗57例(83．82％)．胆总管切开取石 胆道镜应用治疗11例(16．18％)．肝胆管狭窄切开整形胆肠吻合术 胆道镜应用治疗7例(10．29％)，肝部分切除联合胆肠内引流治疗4例(5．88％)。结果手术后结石取净66例(97．06％)，术后胆道镜取石2例，1例取净，总的结石取净率98．53％(67／68)；手术并发症9例(13．24％)，无围手术期死亡；全部病人随访6个月～2年，肝内胆管结石复发1例。结论以肝部分切除及胆道镜应用为主的多模式治疗策略是治疗肝内胆管结石的最佳方案。     

肝内胆管结石的手术治疗

为了解肝内胆管结石的手术治疗效果。方法：对手术治疗的１２０例肝内胆管结石及合并肝内胆管狭窄的病例进行随访研究。手术方法为：（１）肝门部大口径胆吻合术４４例，（２）胆管切开取石引流术３５例；（３）胆肠内引流术３７例；（４）肝脏部分切除术４例。结果：随访发现，肝门部大口径胆肠吻合术和肝脏部分切除术疗效好，优良率分别为８４％和７５％，而胆管切开取石引流术和胆肠内引流术疗效不理想。结论 肝门部大口径胆肠吻     

肝内胆管结石外科手术方法探讨

目的: 探讨肝内胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗方法及其效果。方法: 总结8年间住院的165例肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的外科手术治疗情况。其中A组85例行肝叶(或肝段)切除的各种术式，同时行胆管空肠吻合40例，肝断面扩张胆管、肝门胆管与空肠双口吻合10例，T管和U管引流分别为21例和14例；B组80例行非肝叶(或肝段)切除术的各种术式，其中胆总管切开取石+T管引流23例，胆总管切开取石+U形管引流15例，胆肠吻合+胆总管取石42例。肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形46例。结果: A组无手术死亡；随访2～7年，术后残留结石4例，残石率4.71%；症状复发3例，复发率3.53%，无再手术者。B组无手术死亡；B组随访2～7年，术后残留结石12例，残石率15.00%。10例术后常有上腹隐痛或发热，症状复发率12.5%。术后经胆道镜取石5例，其余6例中有3例再次行肝叶切除治愈。结论: 肝段(叶)切除联合其他手术是治疗肝内胆管结石较为理想而有效的手术方式。     

Laparoscopic transcystic duct common bile duct exploration

The modern era of common bile duct (CBD) surgery started with Mirizzi, who introduced intraoperative cholangiography in 1932. Intraoperative choledoscopy had been developed as an adjunctive to intraoperative cholangiography, which helped to detect CBD stones in an additional 10% to 15% of instances that otherwise would have been missed. Findings have shown choledochoscopy to be an important technique for efficient and effective management of CBD stones. Efforts to treat patients with common duct stones in one session and to avoid the potential complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy resulted in several laparoscopic transcystic CBD (LTCBDE) techniques. The techniques of transcystic stone extraction include lavage, trolling with wire baskets or biliary balloon catheters, cystic duct dilation, biliary endoscopy, and stone retrieval with wire baskets under direct vision and antegrade sphincterotomy, lithotripsy, and catheter techniques. The indications for LTCBDE are filling or equivocal defects at cholangiography, stones smaller than 10 mm, fewer than 9 stones, and possible tumor. The contraindications are stones larger than 1 cm, stones proximal to the cystic duct entrance into the CBD, small friable cystic duct, and 10 or more stones. Experience with LTCBDE shows that the approach is applicable in more than 85% of cases, with a success rate of 85% to 95%. It also is shown to be more cost effective than postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Recent developments in LTCBDE have focused mainly on implementation of robotically assisted surgery and new imaging methods such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with three-dimensional virtual cholangioscopy and three-dimensional ultrasound. Further technological advances will facilitate the application of laparoscopic approaches to the common duct, which should become the primary strategy for the great majority of patients.     

Patient and duct selection for nipple duct lavage

BACKGROUND: Nipple ductal lavage (NDL) is a new minimally invasive procedure with the potential to help identify women who could benefit from breast cancer risk intervention. NDL is currently encouraged for women with fluid-producing ducts and a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the atypia rate by NDL in fluid-producing ducts compared with non-fluid-producing ducts and the atypia rate in high-risk verses low-risk patients to determine if current recommendations are supported. METHODS: Fifty-nine women were studied with NDL. The 226 ducts lavaged included all fluid-producing ducts (n = 136) and any dry ducts we could cannulate (n = 90). Breast cancer risk was calculated using mathematic models. RESULTS: There were 26 (44%) women with a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7% and 33 (56%) with a 5-year Gail risk <1.7%. Cytologic atypia was diagnosed in 20 of 59 (34%) of patients. The atypia rate was similar for women with a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7% (9 of 26 or 35%) compared with lower-risk women (11 of 33 or 33%, P = 1.0) and for fluid-producing ducts (26 of 136 or 19%) compared with dry ducts (14 of 90 or 15%, P = 0.61). No significant differences were found when the atypia was categorized as mild versus marked. Of note, the insufficient sample rate was higher for dry ducts (33%) compared with fluid-producing duct (22%, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: If NDL results are found to correlate with breast cancer incidence, it will be important to apply the test in a way that maximizes sensitivity for the detection of atypia in a screened population. We were unable to identify patient or duct characteristics that predict NDL atypia rates.     

肝胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗

回顾性分析近12年来收治的64例肝胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的临床资料。64例均手术治疗，肝叶（段）切除术19例，胆管空肠端侧Roux-en-Y吻合术21例，2种方法联合使用24例;其中行T 管和U管引流分别为11 例和8 例，肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形9例。全组无术中及术后死亡;随访0.5 ～12 年，术后残留结石7例，残石率10.9%。术后用胆道镜取石4例，取净3例;体外震波碎石3例，结合冲洗及中药治疗，排净2例，最终残石率3.12%。提示肝段(叶) 切除联合其他手术是治疗肝胆管结石较为有效的手术方式。     

Cystic duct directly joining the main pancreatic duct

A unique anomaly of the direct union between the cystic duct and the main pancreatic duct is presented. A 19-year-old man with a history of repeated epigastralgia underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography that showed a direct union between the cystic duct and the main pancreatic duct. No pancreaticobiliary maljunction was noticed. Cholecystectomy accompanied by resection of the long cystic duct was performed. The excised gallbladder showed cholesterolosis, chronic cholecystitis, and hyperplasia of the pseudopyloric glands microscopically. The patient has been well for 3 years since surgery.     

腹腔镜再次胆道探查术治疗胆管结石

目的：探讨腹腔镜再次胆道探查术治疗胆管结石的方法和临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析为31例复发性胆管结石患者施行腹腔镜胆道探查取石术的临床资料。结果：31例中2例因腹腔粘连致密,胆道周围组织充血水肿严重而中转开腹。29例完成腹腔镜手术,其中1例因胆总管结石大,1例胆总管下端结石嵌顿,1例肝内胆管结石较多,胆道镜和取石钳取石困难,剑突下切口延长至3~4 cm,直视下用取石钳联合胆道镜取石。行胆总管一期缝合5例,24例行胆总管T管引流术。手术时间平均170 min。术后均无腹腔出血和肠漏等并发症发生。3例出现少量胆漏,未出现腹膜炎和腹内感染征象,腹腔引流管分别于术后第6,9,10天拔除。2例剑突下切口感染均是切口延长者,通过局部换药愈合。胆总管一期缝合5例,术后5~7 d出院。24例行胆总管T管引流的患者中,10例于术后7 d带T管出院,14例于术后14 d夹闭T管后带管出院。术中19例结石取净,10例胆道残余结石患者于术后2个月经胆道镜取出。结论：腹腔镜再次胆道探查术安全,患者创伤小,康复快。胆管炎症严重及肝内外结石较多、胆总管下端结石嵌顿者需慎重选择腹腔镜手术。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石方法探讨

目的 :探讨腹腔镜下胆总管探查胆道取石的方法。方法 :于腹腔镜下对胆总管结石 4 5例按由简单到复杂 ,由损伤轻到损伤重的原则应用冲洗、挤压及分离钳、胆道镜、改良取石钳取石。结果 :用冲吸法取净结石 3例 ,占 6 .6 % ;挤压和分离钳取净结石 13例 ,占 2 8 9% ;胆道镜取净结石 11例 ,占 2 4 % ;取石钳取净结石 18例 ,占 4 0 %。结论 :腹腔镜下胆总管取石应遵循由简到繁的原则 ,用取石钳取石较为可靠