中国人群瘢痕疙瘩家系与染色体 2q23 和 7p11 的连锁分析

目的 探讨中国人群瘢痕疙瘩家系是否与2q23和7p11存在连锁关系.方法 选择两个中国人群瘢痕疙瘩大家系,从中共选出51名成员,采集其外周静脉血样,提取基因组DNA;参照国外最近相似研究的文献报道,在染色体2q23和7p11上,分别选取6个和4个微卫星标记,经多重PCR扩增,产物片断基因分型,再进行连锁分析.结果 在重组率θ=0时,这些微卫星标记的两点LOD值绝大部分都小于-2,排除连锁关系存在.结论 本研究首次发现了中国人群瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因位点不在染色体2q23和7p11上的遗传学证据,说明瘢痕疙瘩易感基因位点存在异质性.     

福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因位点与染色体7p11的连锁分析

目的：探讨福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因位点是否与7p11存在连锁关系。方法：从来自福建省2个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系中选出26名具有较高遗传学研究意义的成员作为研究对象,采集他们的外周静脉血样,提取基因组DNA,参照国外最近相似研究的方法,在染色体7p11上选取已知的4个最大两点LOD值的微卫星为遗传标记,经PCR扩增,产物基因分型,再进行连锁分析。结果：在重组率Θ=0～0．1时,这些微卫星标记的两点LOD值都小于-2,排除这些标记与染色体7p11的连锁关系。结论：本研究发现福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因位点不在染色体7p11上的遗传学证据,说明瘢痕疙瘩易感基因位点存在异质性。     

福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因位点与染色体2q23的连锁分析

目的：探讨福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因位点是否与2q23存在连锁关系。方法：从来自福建省2个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系中选出26名具有较高遗传学研究意义的成员作为研究对象,采集他们的外周静脉血样,提取基因组DNA,参照国外最近相似研究的方法,在染色体2q23上选取已知的6个最大两点LOD值的微卫星为遗传标记,经PCR扩增,产物基因分型,再进行连锁分析。结果：在重组率θ=0时,这些微卫星标记的两点LOD值都小于-2;在重组率θ=0.05时,它们的两点LOD值均小于-1;可以否定这些标记与2q23的连锁关系。结论：本研究发现福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因位点不在染色体2q23上的遗传学证据,说明瘢痕疙瘩易感基因位点存在异质性。     

中国汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因位点的定位分析研究

目的 定位中国汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因位点.方法 采集2个4代发病的中国汉族瘢痕疙瘩大家系51例成员的外周静脉血样.提取基因组DNA;假定Fas基因为该家系致病基因的候选基因位点.选取位于10q23.31上Fas基因周围共约10Mbp范围内与细胞凋亡障碍有关的已知基因相邻的微卫星标记D10S1687、D10S1765、D10S1735和D10S1562,对这些微卫星位点进行PCR扩增,产物片断基因分型,再进行连锁分析.结果 在重组率θ=0～0.5时,这些微卫星标记的两点LOD值绝大部分都小于1,排除连锁关系存在.结论 研究发现中国汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因位点不在染色体10q23.31区域.     

瘢痕疙瘩易感基因的家系连锁分析定位研究

目的:探讨瘢痕疙瘩(keloid)家系中易感基因与15q22.31￣q23及18q21.1区域的连锁关系。方法:1个中国东北地区4代瘢痕疙瘩家系,采集家系中32名成员的外周血标本提取DNA,选择位于15q22.31￣q23及18q21.1区域7个微卫星标记,应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)得到扩增产物片断,测定PCR产物片段大小,得到每个样本的基因型。运用连锁分析软件LINKAGE的MLINK程序计算每个标记的LOD值,根据两点间LOD值判断连锁关系。结果:D15S108、D15S216、D15S534、D18S363、D18S846五个位点的两点LOD值在重组率为0时均小于-2,可以排除此家系疾病候选基因与上述位点的连锁关系,而D18S460、D18S467两位点在重组率为0.05和0.10时的两点LOD值均大于1,且外显率为90%的条件下,D18S460在θ=0时LOD值大于2,提示此家系瘢痕疙瘩易感基因与这两个位点存在一定的连锁关系。结论:此瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因可能位于18q21.1区域内。     

一汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因定位分析研究

目的采用连锁分析方法探讨瘢痕疙瘩(keloid)家系的疾病易感基因与15q22.31-q23及18q21.1区域的连锁关系。方法1个中国东北地区5代keloid家系,采集家系中32名成员的外周血标本提取DNA,选择位于15q22.31-q23及18q21.1区域7个微卫星标记,应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)得到扩增产物片断,测定PCR产物片段大小,得到每个样本的基因型,运用连锁分析软件Linkage5.11的MLINK程序计算每个标记的LOD值,根据两点间LOD值判断连锁关系。结果D15S108、D15S216、D15S534、D18S363、D18S846五个位点的两点LOD值在重组率为0时均小于-2,可以排除连锁关系,而D18S460、D18S467两位点在重组率θ为0.05和0.10时的两点LOD值均大于1,D18S460在θ=0时大于2,提示此家系keloid易感基因与这两个位点存在一定连锁关系。结论此汉族keloid家系的易感基因可能位于染色体18q21.1区域内,初步确定SMAD2和PIAS2基因为可能的易感基因。     

福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系与染色体18q21．1的连锁分析

目的：探讨福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系是否与18q21．1存在连锁关系。方法：收集来自福建省不同地区的两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系,分别命名为A和B家系,从中选出26名具有较高遗传学研究意义的成员作为研究对象,采集他们的外用静脉血样,提取基因组DNA。设定与瘢痕疙瘩形成关系密切的SMAD2、SMAD4、SMAD7及PIAS2基因为导致家系发病的候选基因,选取这些基因所在的染色体18q21．1区域内与其紧邻的微卫星标记D18S1312、D18S1327、D18S547、D18S1291;对这些微卫星位点进行PCR扩增,产物片断基因分型和连锁分析。结果：A家系微卫星标记D18S1291LOD。为0．89,D18S1312LODZMX。为0．82,D18S547LODZMX为0．75,可以排除连锁：在0=0．0～0．10时,D18s1327标记的所有LOD值都小于-2,排除连锁。B家系微卫星标记DI8S1291LODⅢ为0．84,D18S1312LODM为0．78,D18S547LODZMX为0．63,可以排除连锁;在O=0．0～0．10时,D18S1327标记的所有LOD值都小于一2,排除连锁。结论：本研究提示这两个来自福建的汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因位点不在染色体18q21．1区域。     

中国汉族一瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因的定位研究

目的定位中国汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因。方法采集1个5代发病的中国汉族瘢痕疙瘩大家系32名成员的外周静脉血样,提取基因组DNA;设定Fas基因为导致该家系发病的一个候选基因,选取位于10q23.31上Fas基因周围共约10Mbp范围内与细胞凋亡障碍或肿瘤发生有关的所有已知基因相邻的微卫星标记D10S1687、D10S1765、D10S1735和D10S1562共4个,对这些微卫星位点进行PCR扩增,产物片断基因分型和连锁分析。结果连锁分析发现微卫星标记D10S1765LODZMAX为1.74,D10S1735LODZMAX为1.51,支持连锁;D10S1562LODZMAX为0.59,不排除连锁;在θ=0.0～0.10时,D10S1687标记的所有LOD值都小于-2,排除连锁。结论我们的研究首次发现了该中国汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因可能位于10q23.31上D10S1765与D10S1735两位点间约1Mbp区域的遗传学证据。     

福建省两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因的定位研究

目的：开展汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系易感基因定位研究。方法：收集来自福建省不同地区的两个汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系，分别命名为A和B家系，从中选出26名具有较高遗传学研究意义的成员作为研究对象，采集他们的外周静脉血样，提取基因组DNA；设定Fas基因为导致家系发病的一个候选基因，选取位于10q23．31上Fas基因周围共约10Mbp范围内与细胞凋亡障碍或肿瘤发生有关的所有已知基因相邻的微卫星标记D10S1687、D10S1765、D10S1735和D10S1562共4个，对这些微卫星位点进行PCR扩增，产物片断基因分型和连锁分析。结果：A家系微卫星标记D10S1765LODZMAX为1．86，D10S1735LODZMAX为1．29，支持连锁；D10S1562LODZMAX为0．42，不排除连锁；在O=0．0～0．10时，D10S1687标记的所有LOD值都小于-2，排除连锁。B家系微卫星标记D10S1765LODZMAX为1．63，D10S1735LODM为1．37，支持连锁；D10S1562LODZMAX为0．25，不排除连锁；在0=0．0～0．10时，D10S1687标记的所有LOD值都小于-2，排除连锁。结论：本研究提示这两个来自福建的汉族瘢痕疙瘩家系的易感基因可能位于10q23．31上D10S1765与D10S1735两位点间约1Mbp区域。     

一个中国汉族家族性IgA肾病家系致病基因的排除性定位

目的 对一个中国汉族家族性IgA肾病（FIgAN）家系进行遗传连锁分析,并对目前国内外已知的5个致病位点进行排除性定位,从而初步定位该家系致病基因的染色体位点。 方法 判断FIgAN的遗传方式。采集家系成员外周血提取基因组DNA。在已报道的FIgAN致病区域（2q36、3p23-24、4q26-31、6q22-23、17q12-22）选取微卫星遗传标记（STR）,进行基因组扫描,应用两点间连锁分析方法对基因分型数据进行分析。结果 该FIgAN家系的遗传方式为常染色体显性遗传。对该家系5个已知致病区域内计26个STR的两点间连锁分析结果显示,最大优势对数（LOD）值为0.39（D17S1868）,不支持与上述5个染色体区域的连锁关系。 结论 该家系致病基因所在染色体区域非目前已报道的5个FIgAN致病位点,提示FIgAN存在新的致病区域,并进一步证明了该病的遗传异质性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.