煤烟型大气污染对儿童免疫功能的影响

为了研究煤烟型大气污染对儿童免疫功能的影响 ,在煤烟型大气污染城市太原市的三个污染水平不同的研究区选取居住 3年以上 4 - 5年级的小学生测试T淋巴细胞亚群分类 (CD3+、CD4+、CD8+)、唾液溶菌酶含量和免疫球蛋白含量。结果发现小学生的唾液溶菌酶含量和免疫球蛋白 (IgG、IgA、IgM)均低于对照区 ,且有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5) ;T淋巴细胞亚群分类 (CD3+、CD4+、CD8+百分含量 )有同样的趋势 ,但差异不显著 (P >0 0 5)。结果表明太原市煤烟型大气污染对小学生的非特异性免疫、体液免疫产生一定的影响 ,对细胞免疫影响不显著     

石油化工城市（区）大气污染对儿童免疫机能的影响

为了解石油化工城市(区)大气污染对儿童免疫机能的影响,我们于1987年6月对石油化工城市4～6岁儿童免疫机能进行了调查。1 内容和方法1.1 调查区及对象的选择选在石油化工集中的龙凤化工总厂厂前幼儿园和厂西幼儿园为调查区;选无工业企业的乘风庄为对照区,此区为钻井、建筑公司的居民区,与调查区生活水平和生活习惯基本一致。在调查区和对照区分别选择在本区居住4年以上,无免疫缺陷,发育正常的4～6周岁儿童,男女各半,为监测对象。     

大气污染对儿童非特异性免疫功能影响研究

目的了解大气污染对小学生非特异性免疫功能的影响 ,并筛选大气污染对健康损害的早期灵敏指标。方法根据本溪、沈阳二市环保局提供的大气污染资料 ,在二城市采用整群抽样方法在轻、重污染区各选取一、六年级150名儿童。男女各半 ,进行唾液中SIgA(放射免疫法)和溶菌酶(琼脂扩散法)测定。结果本溪市重污染区一年级儿童唾液中的SIgA为70.60μg/ml ,低于轻污染区儿童97.77μg/ml(P<0.01)。六年级儿童之间未见差异。沈阳市轻重污染区一、六年级儿童的SIgA均未见差异。沈阳市一、六年级儿童的唾液中SIgA均高于本溪市儿童 ,差异显著(P<0.01)。从本溪市和沈阳市大气污染资料表明本溪市的空气污染物浓度高于沈阳。本溪市轻重污染区儿童唾液溶菌酶的水平未见差异 ,从而沈阳市一年级儿童出现重污染区高于轻污染区的现象 ,本溪市儿童唾液溶菌酶水平较高。结论大气污染能引起儿童唾液中SIgA水平下降 ,对唾液溶菌酶的影响还有待今后进一步研究     

本溪市大气污染对儿童非特异性免疫功能的影响监测分析

目的了解大气污染对儿童非特异性免疫功能的影响.方法对本溪市重污染区和轻污染区内一年级、六年级儿童的唾液溶菌酶和分泌型免疫球蛋白(SIgA)及皮肤自生菌丛和皮肤碱抗力等非特异性免疫功能指标进行了测定.结果重污染区儿童各项指标均低于轻污染区,尤以唾液分泌型免疫球蛋白(SIgA)和皮肤自生菌丛的变化为明显.相同地区一年级儿童的非特异性免疫功能指标优于六年级.结论大气污染物对儿童非特异性免疫功能的影响与年龄、接触污染物的时间、浓度有明显的正相关关系.     

燃气型大气污染及儿童非特异性免疫功能调查

随着天然气工业的发展，许多城市相继以天然气为主要燃料，笔者对以天然气为主要燃料的四川省自贡市各功能区的大气污染状况进行了监测，同时对儿童非特异性免疫功能和血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）进行了测定和分析，以探讨燃气型大气污染对居民健康的影响。１内容与方法在工业区、商...     

天津市某工业区大气污染对儿童健康影响的研究

为探讨天津市区大气污染对儿童健康的影响,于１９９５年１０－１１月对天津市某工业区对对照区进行了充行病学调查。调查对象为７－１２岁儿童,结果表明污泥区大气ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ,ＴＳＰ、ＣＯ浓度均显著高于对照区;     

室内外空气污染对儿童免疫指标的影响

本文选择了不同大气污染环境下以及家庭使用不同燃料的小学生,检测其免疫功能。综合PHA皮试、唾液溶菌酶含量,外用血T淋巴细胞转化功能,血清IgG、A、M的结果,大气轻污染区煤饼组的小学生免疫功能受抑制最明显,大气重污染区煤气组的小学生次之,大气轻污染区煤气组的小学生免疫功能最好。计算了三组小学生颗粒物的时间加权平均接触量分别为1.108,0.462和0.220mg/m~3。对影响小学生免疫功能变化因素的贡献率分析,发现室内燃料性质是最重要因素,大气污染其次。     

大气污染对儿童免疫球蛋白水平的影响的研究

大气污染是备受国内外学者关注的环境问题，研究证明大气污染可影响儿童免疫球蛋白的分泌水平，是使免疫功能受到损害，微生态失调，呼吸道疾病感染率增高的重要因素。本文就近年来国内外学者进行的大气污染与儿童免疫球蛋白分泌水平之间的相关性的研究做一综述。     

城市大气污染对儿童呼吸功能的影响

大气污染是全球性的重大问题。日益恶化的生活环境，给人类生存带来了极大的威胁。随着经济的发展，中国大中型城市大气污染物的排放逐年增加，城市大气污染问题日益受到人们的重视。儿童处于生长发育期，对空气污染是最为敏感的人群。本课题着重研究城市大气污染对儿童呼吸功能的影响。     

茂名市大气污染对小学生肺功能的影响

对茂名市两个污染区和对照区共239名11～13岁小学生进行肺功能测定。结果指出污染区Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组小学生的FVC、FEV_1及Ⅰ组的PEF、V_(76)和V_(25)异常率显著高于对照组。Ⅱ组FVC、FEV_1、PEF和V_(25)的异常率也高于Ⅰ组。这种现象与学生家庭成员吸烟因素无关,与茂名市大气污染,特别与SO_2和IP浓度有关。     

Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Wheeze in Asthmatic Children in Fresno,California

Background

Although studies have demonstrated that air pollution is associated with exacerbation of asthma symptoms in children with asthma, little is known about the susceptibility of subgroups, particularly those with atopy.

Objective

This study was designed to evaluate our a priori hypothesis that identifiable subgroups of asthmatic children are more likely to wheeze with exposure to ambient air pollution.

Methods

A cohort of 315 children with asthma, 6–11 years of age, was recruited for longitudinal follow-up in Fresno, California (USA). During the baseline visit, children were administered a respiratory symptom questionnaire and allergen skin-prick test. Three times a year, participants completed 14-day panels during which they answered symptom questions twice daily. Ambient air quality data from a central monitoring station were used to assign exposures to the following pollutants: particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, particulate matter between 2.5 and 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_10–2.5), elemental carbon, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitrate, and O₃.

Results

For the group as a whole, wheeze was significantly associated with short-term exposures to NO₂ [odds ratio (OR) = 1.10 for 8.7-ppb increase; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–1.20] and PM_10–2.5 (OR = 1.11 for 14.7-μg/m³ increase; 95% CI, 1.01–1.22). The association with wheeze was stronger for these two pollutants in children who were skin-test positive to cat or common fungi and in boys with mild intermittent asthma.

Conclusion

A pollutant associated with traffic emissions, NO₂, and a pollutant with bioactive constituents, PM_10–2.5, were associated with increased risk of wheeze in asthmatic children living in Fresno, California. Children with atopy to cat or common fungi and boys with mild intermittent asthma were the subgroups for which we observed the largest associations.     

不同燃料造成的室内空气污染对呼吸道症状影响的研究

本文分析了１０８９２人的调查资料，在调整了混杂因素影响后，家庭内使用有烟煤的人群产生呼吸道症状（气短、咳嗽、咳痰）的危险性高于使用无烟煤者。使用有烟煤者患有气短、咳嗽、咳痰的ＯＲ值分别为１．７１、３．３０、４．２３；使用无烟煤者发生咳嗽、咳痰的危险性分别是使用柴者的１．３５倍和１．６７倍。改炉灶可以降低这些症状的出现率。     

室内外空气污染对妇女呼吸健康的影响

目的探讨不同水平室内外空气污染对妇女呼吸健康的影响.方法选取位于太原市城区中心的坝陵桥地区为重污染点,位于太原北郊的上兰地区为轻污染点,按照国家环境监测技术规范,对2地的室内外主要空气污染物进行了监测.分别抽取2地妇女、儿童(学龄组和学前组)共510人,通过问卷调查、肺功能调查结果比较以及相关因素分析.结果2地妇女、儿童组呼吸道症状和疾病病史比较差异无显著的统计学意义.2地9～11岁儿童肺功能比较,仅在FVC、FEV和V50/V253项参数差异有显著的统计学意义,而2妇女组比较发现坝陵桥地区妇女肺功能好于上兰地区妇女,其中有7项参数差异有高度显著的统计学意义.儿童组通气功能障碍人数和主要肺功能参数低于界限值人数差异不显著,妇女组上兰地区显著多于坝陵桥地区(P＜0.01).坝陵桥地区燃气家庭和上兰地区燃煤家庭妇女、儿童进行比较后发现,儿童组肺功能参数有2项差异有显著的统计学意义,妇女组肺功能参数燃气家庭高于燃煤组,有8项指标差异有高度显著的统计学意义.燃煤组通气功能障碍和主要肺功能参数低于界限值人数多于燃气组,儿童组未见显著差别(P＞0.05).以肺功能参数为因变量进行多元逐步回归分析表明,妇女组肺功能与炉灶类型、在当地居住时间、年龄、职业有关;儿童组与性别、住房类型、房间数、家人吸烟量、取暖方式以及有无排气扇有关.结论室内外空气污染对妇女、儿童大、小气道功能均有影响,由于年龄与职业的关系,妇女肺功能受损更为严重.室内小环境污染(呼吸带水平)对健康的影响较室外污染更为严重,因此长期从事家务劳动的妇女为直接的受害者.改善住房条件、家庭燃料的类型和质量、家庭尤其是厨房的通风条件,避免被动吸烟,可以降低室内污染程度,最终达到保护妇女、儿童健康的目的.     

Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Hemostasis and Inflammation

Background

Air pollution has consistently been associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Underlying biological mechanisms are not entirely clear, and hemostasis and inflammation are suggested to be involved.

Objectives

Our aim was to study the association of the variation in local concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone with platelet aggregation, thrombin generation, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in healthy individuals.

Methods

From 40 healthy volunteers, we collected 13 consecutive blood samples within a 1-year period and measured light-transmittance platelet aggregometry, thrombin generation, fibrinogen, and CRP. We performed regression analysis using generalized additive models to study the association between the hemostatic and inflammatory variables, and local environmental concentrations of air pollutants for time lags within 24 hr before blood sampling or 24–96 hr before blood sampling.

Results

In general, air pollutants were associated with platelet aggregation [average, +8% per interquartile range (IQR), p < 0.01] and thrombin generation (average, +1% per IQR, p < 0.05). Platelet aggregation was not affected by in vitro incubation of plasma with PM. We observed no relationship between any of the air pollutants and fibrinogen or CRP levels.

Conclusions

Air pollution increased platelet aggregation as well as coagulation activity but had no clear effect on systemic inflammation. These prothrombotic effects may partly explain the relationship between air pollution and the risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease.     

鞍山市大气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的影响

目的探讨空气污染对儿童呼吸系统健康的危害.方法于2002年4月,在鞍山市轻、中、重污染区随机抽取小学和幼儿园各1所,学校内的所有学生作为调查对象(共1951人),调查不同污染区的儿童健康状况及室内外环境.结果鞍山市儿童持续咳嗽、持续咯痰、哮喘、哮喘现患、喘鸣及喘鸣样症状的发生率分别为9.48%,4.82%,1.33%,0.92%,6.30%,4.97%.幼儿哮喘、哮喘现患,喘鸣、喘鸣样症状发生率均高于学龄儿童;性别间差异无统计学意义.重污染区儿童持续咳嗽和持续咯痰的发生率高于轻污染区儿童的发生率(P＜0.05).随着住房与交通干线距离的接近,儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生率也呈增高趋势.易感因素与室外空气污染的联合作用较强,呼吸系统各种疾病的发生率均以受大气污染影响的易感儿童为高,无大气污染影响的非易感儿童发生率为低.结论室外空气污染是儿童呼吸系统健康的影响因素.     

装修后室内空气污染调查

目的 了解装修后室内空气污染状况。方法 对8家居室和7家办公场所室内空气,依据国家有关标准对甲醛、氨、细菌总数、CO、CO_2等5项空气污染指标进行检测。结果 装修后居室和办公场所均存在污染物超标,超标倍数在0.3～5倍。开门窗通风可以大大降低室内空气甲醛的浓度。刚装修完毕与装修满6个月到1年室内空气甲醛浓度比较,差别无显著性。结论 通风换气及选购符合国家标准的装饰材料是消除或预防室内空气污染的重要措施。     

室内空气污染的主要控制技术

简述室内空气污染的主要污染物及其危害,论述现阶段室内空气污染的控制方法,即通风、活性炭吸附技术、纳米TiO2光催化技术、吸附与光催化相结合的净化技术、低温等离子体技术、负离子技术和绿色植物净化技术。     

Acute Effects of Air Pollution on Pulmonary Function,Airway Inflammation,and Oxidative Stress in Asthmatic Children

Background

Air pollution is associated with respiratory symptoms, lung function decrements, and hospitalizations. However, there is little information about the influence of air pollution on lung injury.

Objective

In this study we investigated acute effects of air pollution on pulmonary function and airway oxidative stress and inflammation in asthmatic children.

Methods

We studied 182 children with asthma, 9–14 years of age, for 4 weeks. Daily ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5) were monitored from two stations. Once a week we measured spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Fe_NO), and determined thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-isoprostane—two oxidative stress markers—and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in breath condensate. We tested associations using mixed-effects regression models, adjusting for confounding variables.

Results

Interquartile-range increases in 3-day average SO₂ (5.4 ppb), NO₂ (6.8 ppb), and PM_2.5 (5.4 μg/m³) were associated with decreases in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity, with changes being −3.1% [95% confidence interval (CI), −5.8 to −0.3], −2.8% (95% CI, −4.8 to −0.8), and −3.0% (95% CI, −4.7 to −1.2), respectively. SO₂, NO₂, and PM_2.5 were associated with increases in TBARS, with changes being 36.2% (95% CI, 15.7 to 57.2), 21.8% (95% CI, 8.2 to 36.0), and 24.8% (95% CI, 10.8 to 39.4), respectively. Risk estimates appear to be larger in children not taking corticosteroids than in children taking corticosteroids. O₃ (5.3 ppb) was not associated with health end points. Fe_NO, 8-isoprostane, and IL-6 were not associated with air pollutants.

Conclusion

Air pollution may increase airway oxidative stress and decrease small airway function of asthmatic children. Inhaled corticosteroids may reduce oxidative stress and improve airway function.     

室内装修致空气污染的研究

目的 了解装修所致室内空气污染状况。方法 以装修3个月的住宅为短时间组，以装修1年的住宅为长时间组，以装修10年以上的住宅为对照组。分别测定空气中的一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲醛、COD含量。结果 4项指标中，一氧化碳、二氧化碳浓度在3个组中无显差异。装修3个月的住宅，甲醛和COD的浓度超标率均为100％；装修1年的住宅，甲醛和COD浓度超标率分别为72％和100％；装修10年以上的住宅，甲醛和COD的浓度超标率分别为8％和0。短时间组的甲醛和COD浓度明显高于长时间组；长时间组甲醛和COD浓度明显高于对照组。通风前后甲醛浓度差异具有显性。结论 在新装修住宅中甲醛和COD污染较严重，随着装修时间的延长，甲醛和COD浓度明显下降，通风后甲醛浓度低于通风前。