姜黄素联合伊立替康对结肠癌SW620细胞的体外抑制作用

目的研究姜黄素增强伊立替康对结肠癌SW620细胞的体外抑制作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 MTT法检测不同质量浓度伊立替康和姜黄素单用或联合用药对SW620细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞仪检测不同质量浓度伊立替康和姜黄素单用或联合用药对SW620细胞凋亡的影响,比较细胞凋亡率;采用蛋白质印记法检测不同质量浓度伊立替康和姜黄素单用或联合用药对SW620细胞内拓扑异构酶I蛋白表达水平的影响。结果伊立替康和姜黄素单用均对SW620细胞增殖具有抑制作用,呈浓度和时间相关性。5、50μg/mL伊立替康分别与0~30μg/mL姜黄素联合处理SW620细胞12、24、48 h均具有协同抑制细胞活性的作用,且呈浓度和时间相关性。高质量浓度比低质量浓度的伊立替康与姜黄素联合用药抑制效果显著(P0.01)。0、20μg/mL姜黄素分别与0、5、50μg/mL伊立替康联合处理SW620细胞12、24、48 h,姜黄素可以增强伊立替康诱导的SW620细胞凋亡率。20μg/mL姜黄素联合5、50μg/mL伊立替康显著上调了SW620细胞内拓扑异构酶-Ⅰ蛋白的表达,协同诱导了SW620细胞内拓扑异构酶-Ⅰ蛋白的表达。结论伊立替康联合姜黄素可以协同增强对SW620细胞活性的抑制作用,协同诱导SW620细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与伊立替康、姜黄素上调拓扑异构酶-Ⅰ表达有关。     

HPLC法测定盐酸伊立替康注射液的含量和有关物质

目的：建立盐酸伊立替康注射液含量及有关物质测定的方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Hypersile Luna（2）C18,流动相为水溶液（含0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钠和0.008mol/L辛烷磺酸钠）-乙腈-甲醇（59∶17∶24,V/V/V）,流速为1.5ml/min,检测波长为255nm,柱温为40℃。结果：盐酸伊立替康检测质量浓度线性范围为98.5～985.0μg/m（lr=0.99997）,检测限为1.2ng;高、中、低3种浓度水平的平均回收率分别为99.4%、99.8%、99.6%（n=3）,RSD分别为0.12%、0.10%、0.15%（n=3）。结论：建立的方法准确,适用于盐酸伊立替康制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定力康洗剂中硝酸益康唑含量

目的用高效液相色谱法（HPLC法）测定力康洗剂中硝酸益康唑含量。方法采用C18色谱柱，流动相为甲醇-0．05m01／L磷酸二氢钾（82：18），检测波长为235Bin。结果硝酸益康唑浓度线性范围为4．0～45．0μg／mL（r=0．9999），日内、日间精密度的RSD〈1％，平均回收率为99．85％，RSD为0．27％。结论HPLC法简单易行，快速准确，可用于该制剂的质量分析。     

HPLC法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量。方法：采用C18拄，以乙腈-0．05mol／LKH2PO4溶液-三乙胺-H2PO4（10：90：0．02：0．03）为流动相，检测波长249nm。结果：维生素C的浓度在10～160μg／ml范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9999，对乙酰氨基酚的浓度在20～320μg／ml范围内线性关系良好，r=0.9997。平均回收率：维生素C 98．6％，RSD=1．2％（n=5）；对乙酰氨基酚99．7％，RSD％=0．8％（n=5）。结论：本方法测定Vc银翘片中维生素C和对乙酰氨基酚的含量准确，方便快捷，且分离效果好。     

盐酸伊立替康及注射液的HPLC测定

采用RP-HPLC法测定盐酸伊立替康及注射液的含量和有关物质。用十八烷基键合硅胶为固定相,0．05mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液（pH4．0）－甲醇－乙腈（45：55：5）为流动相,检测波长254nm,最低检出量为0．2ng,线性范围10－100mg/L(r=0.9998),精度度（RSD）为0．012％,平均回收率为99．0％,RSD＝0．013％。     

高效液相色谱法测定麻氟滴鼻液中两组分的含量

目的建立测定麻氟滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱和地塞米松磷酸钠含量的方法。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，色谱柱为Hypersil BDS C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为0.025mol／L磷酸二氢钾（加入0．5％三乙胺，用磷酸调节pH值至3．5）-甲醇-乙腈（52：38．4：9．6），流速为0．9mL／min，检测波长为257nm，柱温为40℃。结果盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在100～600μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9998），平均回收率为100．54％，RSD=1．0％（n=6）；地塞米松磷酸钠质量浓度在10～60μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0．9998），平均回收率为100．20％，RSD=1．2％（n=6）。结论HPLC法专属性好，操作简便、快速，结果准确，可用于麻氟滴鼻液的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定茶碱麻黄碱片中茶碱与盐酸麻黄碱含量

目的用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定茶碱麻黄碱片中茶碱与盐酸麻黄碱的含量。方法采用Kromasil C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇-三乙胺（72：28：0．2），检测波长为215nm，流速为1．0mL／min，柱温为42℃。结果茶碱质量浓度的线性范围为22．34～111．7μg／mL，r=0．9999（n=6），平均回收率为99．85％，RSD为0．14％（n=9）；盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度的线性范围为5．17～25．86μg／mL，r=0．9997（n=6），平均回收率为99．25％，RSD为0．39％（n=9）。结论HPLC法简便易行，结果准确，重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定土霉素片的含量

目的建立测定土霉素片含量的高效液相色谱（HPLc）法。方法色谱柱为EclipseXDB—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以0．05mol／L草酸铵溶液-N,N-二甲基甲酰胺-0．2mol／L磷酸氢二胺溶液（75：20：5）为流动相,检测波长为267nm,流速1．0mL／min,进样量20μL,柱温35℃。结果土霉素质量浓度在10～140μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0．9999（n=5）;平均回收率为99．74％,RSD为0．50％（n=6）。结论HPLC法操作简便、快速,结果准确,专属性强。     

复方卡托普利片中卡托普利和氢氯噻嗪的HPLC测定

建立了HPLC法同时测定复方卡托普利片中卡托普利和氢氯噻嗪的含量。采用C18柱，流动相为0．01mol／L磷酸二氢钠溶液-甲醇-乙腈(65：25：10，pH3．0)，检测波长229nm。卡托普利和氢氯噻嗪分别在48-576μg／ml(r=0．9994)和30～150μg／ml(r=0．9994)范围内浓度与峰面积成线性关系，平均回收率为100．4％(RSD=l.6％)和101．3％(RSD=1．9％)。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊中左氧氟沙星含量

目的建立测定盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊中左氧氟沙星含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为0．05mol／L枸橼酸溶液-1mol／L醋酸铵溶液-乙腈（77：1：14）,流速为1．0mL／min,检测波长为293／lm,进样量10μL,柱温为30℃。结果左氧氟沙星检测质量浓度的线性范围为10．44～104．4μg／mL（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为99．50％,RSD=0．45％（n=6）。结论该方法快速、准确、重现性好,可用于该制剂的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.