Occupational injuries in the mining industry and their association with statewide cold ambient temperatures in the USA

BACKGROUND: Relatively few occupational epidemiological studies have been conducted concerning the association between cold ambient temperatures and cold exposure injuries, and fewer still of traumatic occupational injuries and cold ambient temperatures. METHODS: The association of ambient temperature and wind data from the National Climatic Data Center with injury data from mines reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) was evaluated over a 6 year period from 1985-1990; 72,716 injuries from the seven states with the most numerous injuries were included. Temperature and wind data from each state's metropolitan weather stations were averaged for each day of the 6 year period. A weighted linear regression tested the relationship of ungrouped daily temperature and injury rate for all injury classes. For cold exposure injuries and fall injuries, relative incidence rates for grouped temperature data were fit with Poisson regression. RESULTS: As temperatures decreased, injury rates increased for both cold exposure injuries and slip and fall injuries. The association of slip and fall injuries with temperature was inverse but not strictly linear. The strongest association appeared with temperatures 29 degrees F and below. The injury rates for other accident categories increased with increasing ambient temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that statewide average ambient temperature reflects the expected association between the thermal environment and cold exposure injuries for workers, but more importantly, documents an association between ambient temperatures and occupational slip and fall injuries. Copyright Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Slip and fall-related injuries in relation to environmental cold and work location in above-ground coal mining operations

BACKGROUND: The association between slip and fall-related injuries and environmental temperature was examined for mostly enclosed (inside vehicles, machinery, or buildings), outdoor (outside, not enclosed), and enclosed/outdoor jobs in the coal mining industry to see if differences existed among the three work locations that had varying exposure to cold temperatures. METHODS: Temperature data from the National Climatic Data Center and injury data from the Mine Safety and Health Administration were evaluated from 1985-1990 for seven states. Proportionate methods were used to examine the relationship between slips and falls and temperature. RESULTS: Proportionate injury ratios of slips and fall-related injuries increased as temperature declined for all three work locations. Proportion of slips and fall-related injuries that occurred while running/walking increased with declining temperature, with the ground outside as the most common source of these injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Outside movement becomes a greater hazard at freezing temperatures for workers in all locations, not just outdoor workers. Any intervention methods geared toward reducing injury incidents facilitated by cold weather must also be directed toward workers who spend time in more enclosed locations. Copyright Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

胸部损伤

胸部损伤包括胸壁软组织损伤、肋骨骨折、气胸、血胸、创伤性窒息、肺爆震伤、心脏挫伤、心脏破裂 (心包填塞 )等 ,治疗方法各异。下面对最常见的胸部损伤性疾病予以介绍。1　多根多处肋骨骨折根据外力对胸壁作用的部位与范围不同 ,发生骨折的肋骨数量与部位也不相同 ,最简单的为单根单折 ,范围大者可出现多根多折 ,有时甚至发生双侧多根多处肋骨骨折。多根多处肋骨骨折对病人的呼吸与循环影响较大 ,本节作重点阐述。1 1　病理生理　 (1 )纵隔移位 :由于胸壁软化无支撑作用而下陷 ,使负压减小 ,病人在静止状态下 ,纵隔向负压大的一侧 (健侧…     

Fingertip injuries

The fingertip is a complex anatomic unit highly specialized in function and particularly prone to injury. Its complex design and the difficulty of secondary repairs demand great care in initial evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment for optimal long-term outcome. The goals of treatment should be to preserve length, maintain sensation, mobilize early, return function expediently, and be mindful of cosmesis.     

居家缓解宝宝感冒症状

宝宝感冒了,新手爸妈也许会马上想到给宝宝吃药。其实,爸爸妈妈在家里对宝宝的正确护理也是十分重要的,如果给宝宝补充大量液体,并让宝宝充分休息,多半就能缓解宝宝的感冒症状。