奇应内消巴布剂定性定量方法研究

目的:建立奇应内消巴布剂定性定量方法。方法:采用TLC法鉴别方中重楼、大黄、山柰;采用HPLC法测定大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚含量。HPLC色谱条件:采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液(87∶13),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长440 nm,柱温30℃。结果:定性鉴别薄层色谱特征明显;HPLC测定,大黄酸浓度在4.00～25.00μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9994),平均回收率(n=5)为98.39%(RSD=2.0%);大黄素浓度在17.92～112.00μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率(n=5)为97.25%(RSD=1.5%);大黄酚浓度在33.92～212.00μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9992),平均回收率(n=5)为96.55%(RSD=1.8%)。结论:该法可以准确地对奇应内消巴布剂进行定性、定量检测,有效地控制该制剂的质量。     

大黄滴眼液质量标准研究

目的建立大黄滴眼液的质量标准。方法选用TLC法鉴别制剂中大黄有效成分大黄酸;进行pH等项目的检查;选用HPLC法测定芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚的含量。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰,分离度好。芦荟大黄素在2.532~50.646μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为91.8%,RSD为0.79%。大黄酸在3.764~75.280μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为1.46%。大黄素在2.608~52.160μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为92.4%,RSD为0.87%。大黄酚在2.499~49.989μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为92.6%,RSD为0.85%。结论该方法操作简单,结果可靠,可用于大黄滴眼液的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定含化上清片中白花前胡甲素和白花前胡乙素的含量

目的建立含化上清片中白花前胡甲素和白花前胡乙素含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。方法色谱柱为Agilent C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水(75∶25);流速为1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为321nm;柱温为30℃。结果白花前胡甲素质量浓度在10.13~200.26μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 2),加样回收率为98.9%,RSD为0.46%(n=6);白花前胡乙素质量浓度在10.36~200.72μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 1),加样回收率为98.6%,RSD为0.55%(n=6)。结论该方法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于含化上清片中白花前胡甲素和白花前胡乙素的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定复方甲硝唑含漱液中甲硝唑、洗必泰及呋喃西林含量

目的建立复方甲硝唑含漱液中甲硝唑、洗必泰及呋喃西林含量测定的方法。方法色谱柱Lichrospher C18(5μm,4.6×250mm),流动相为乙腈∶水(含1%磷酸,用三乙胺调至pH 3.8)=(20∶80),检测波长263nm,流速1mL.min-1,柱温:35℃。结果甲硝唑浓度在296.4~691.6μg.mL-1,浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好线性关系,回归方程为C=41.4063 6.8445×10-5A(r=0.9996),平均回收率为100.1%;醋酸洗必泰浓度在75.0~175.0μg.mL-1浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好线性关系,C=23.4434 6.9297×10-5A(r=0.9984),平均回收率为100.5%;呋喃西林浓度在4.32~10.08μg.mL-1范围内,浓度与色谱峰面积呈良好线性关系,回归方程为分别为:C=0.1340 1.4811×10-5A(r=0.9995),平均回收率为99.8%。结论该测定方法分离好、干扰少,准确可靠、操作方便,适于复方甲硝唑含漱液的含量测定。     

HPLC法同时测定血清中苯巴比妥和氯硝西泮的浓度

目的建立人血清申苯巴比妥、氯硝西泮浓度的高效液相色谱含量测定方法。方法采用ODS-Hypersil（4．6mm×100mm,5μm）色谱柱．以甲醇：水（55：45）为流动相。紫外检测波长为254nm,以苯妥英为内标。结果苯巴比妥在2．5．40μg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9996）．平均回收率为100．7％,RSD为2．2％;氯硝西泮在0．02．0．50μg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9995）,平均回收率为97．67％,RSD为2．3％。日内和日间RSD均不大于3％。结论本方法准确、快速、简便．可作为苯巴比妥和氯硝西泮血药浓度监测的常规方法。     

HPLC法同时测定腰腿痛丸中麻黄碱、士的宁及马钱子碱的含量

目的采用HPLC法同时测定腰腿痛丸中麻黄碱、士的宁和马钱子碱的含量。方法采用HPLC法。色谱柱为安捷伦C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-1mL·L-1磷酸(12∶88);流速为1.0mL·min-1;检测波长为210和254nm;柱温为30℃。结果麻黄碱在1.0²5μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.7%;士的宁在2.025μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.7%;士的宁在2.0⁵0μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.1%;马钱子碱在250μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为99.1%;马钱子碱在2⁵0μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.9%。3批腰腿痛丸中麻黄碱、士的宁及马钱子碱的平均含量分别为93.1,106.7和76.8μg·g-1。结论该方法灵敏,精密度好,结果准确可靠。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定清开灵注射液中2组分的含量

目的建立以反相高效液相色谱法同时测定清开灵注射液中黄芩苷、栀子苷含量的方法。方法色谱柱为DiamonsilTMC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-20mmol.L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(20∶80),流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为238nm。结果黄芩苷在1~50μg.mL-1浓度范围内线性良好(r=0.9995),平均回收率为100.75%(RSD=1.75%);栀子苷在0.1~10μg.mL-1浓度范围内线性良好(r=0.9997),平均回收率为100.63%(RSD=1.35%)。结论本方法快速、简便、准确、灵敏度高,可用于清开灵注射液的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的建立测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法,消除焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。方法色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为0.014mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠的0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈(78∶22);检测波长硫酸链霉素195nm,盐酸麻黄碱207nm;流速1.0mL·min-1。结果硫酸链霉素质量浓度在44.40³10.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224310.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224⁸0.896μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7),平均回收率为99.5%(RSD=1.0%)。结论该方法专属性强、测定结果准确、精密度高、线性好,加入甲醛能够消除辅料中焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。     

HPLC法同时测定华山参中山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱、阿托品的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定华山参中山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱、阿托品的含量。方法色谱柱:Agilent Zorbax SB-Aq C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-50 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(含0.08%三乙胺,用磷酸调p H至6.0)(15∶85);检测波长:210 nm;柱温:30℃;流速:1.0 m L·min-1。结果山莨菪碱在0.058 8~2.949 1μg线性范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.03%(n=6),RSD为0.13%;东莨菪碱在0.145 7~7.284 1μg线性范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.77%(n=6),RSD为0.97%;阿托品在0.161 7~8.084 4μg线性范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.20%(n=6),RSD为0.80%。结论方法稳定、可靠,可作为华山参的质量控制方法。     

超高效液相色谱法测定半夏不同炮制品中核苷类成分含量

目的建立以超高效液相色谱(UPLC)法测定不同炮制工艺半夏中尿苷、鸟苷和腺苷含量的方法。方法色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7μm),流动相为水-甲醇,梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速0.5 m L·min-1,检测波长254 nm。结果尿苷在2.214~22.140μg·m L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为:Y=93 991X-1 653(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.18%,RSD=2.40%;鸟苷在1.212~12.120μg·m L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为:Y=61 542X-806(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为98.88%,RSD=1.16%;腺苷在0.245 2~2.452 0μg·m L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,回归方程为:Y=14 994X-145(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为98.66%,RSD=0.97%。结论该方法准确、快速,能有效地测定不同炮制工艺半夏中尿苷、鸟苷和腺苷的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.