经阴道超声在诊断异位妊娠中的应用

目的：探讨阴道超声诊断异位妊娠在临床治疗中的价值。方法：对疑为早期异位妊娠的病人经阴道超声检查和随访。结果：48例经阴道超声诊断出的异位妊娠，破裂型9例，未破裂型38例，宫内宫外同时妊娠1例，而未破裂型异位妊娠的诊断尤为重要，占总数79％，其声像图为附件区可见妊娠囊、空妊娠囊、Dount征和混合性回声四种。结论：经阴道超声检查，特别对未破裂型异位妊娠的检查，使异位妊娠的诊断时间大大提高，从而减少失血性休克，降低死亡率，指导临床治疗有着极其重要的意义。     

异位妊娠B型超声早期诊断探讨

为提高异位妊娠的诊断率，我们对本院应用B型超声诊断并有手术和病理对照的114例异位妊娠作了回顾性分析(1986年5月-1994年12月)。其中破裂壁和流产型97例，未破裂型17例。B超诊断符合89例(78．1％)。不符合25例(21．9％)。并试图探讨未破裂壁异位妊娠的早期诊断。     

经阴道超声诊断异位妊娠:209例分析

目的 评估经阴道超声诊断异位妊娠的价值.方法 回顾性分析临床确诊为异位妊娠的209例患者的经阴道超声声像图特征,并与腹腔镜结果相对照.结果 经阴道超声诊断异位妊娠的准确率为99.04％(207/209).已破裂的异位妊娠包块主要为混合性回声型(36/38,94.73％);孕囊型、卵黄囊或胚芽型仅见于未破裂包块;直径＞5 cm的异位妊娠包块发生破裂的比例为92.00％(23/25);经阴道超声诊断盆腔积液的假阴性率为64.55％(51/79);当超声测量积液深度＞3 cm时,腹腔镜检查显示盆腔出血量＞500ml,96.30％(26/27)发生破裂.结论 经阴道超声能够为临床诊断异位妊娠、拟定治疗方案提供丰富的信息,具有重要临床应用价值.     

经阴道超声和HCG测定诊断早期异位妊娠

目的：探讨经阴道超声,HCG测定对早期异位妊娠的诊断价值。方法：临床疑似异位妊娠患者102例,应用阴道超声检查,HCG测定诊断与手术病理结果进行分析。结果：诊断准确率为98．8％,漏诊2例,误诊3例。结合HCG测定诊断97例,其诊断准确率为96．9％。结论：经阴道超声是早期诊断异位妊娠最有价值的方法,结合HCG测定,使诊断准确率提高了2．0％,漏诊为0。     

经阴道超声诊断早期异位妊娠的临床价值

目的探讨早期异位妊娠经阴道超声诊断的应用价值。方法对73例早期未破裂型异位妊娠患者经阴道超声检查结果与手术结果对比分析。结果73例中，右宫角妊娠2例，卵巢黄体破裂3例，余68例均为输卵管妊娠，符合率93％。结论经阴道超声简单、无创、准确率高，应作为诊断早期异位妊娠的首选方法。     

超声诊断异位妊娠68例分析

目的：探讨超声检查在异位妊娠中的应用价值。方法：经腹部和经阴道超声检查,对68例诊断异位妊娠与手术结果对比分析。结果：68例中,子宫角妊娠4例,黄体囊肿破裂2例,巧克力囊肿破裂1例,陈旧型异位妊娠2例,宫颈妊娠1例;余58例均为输卵管妊娠。检出率为95．6％（65／68）。结论：超声检查能准确检出异位妊娠,且能提高诊断符合率,早孕者均应做超声检查,早期诊断以排除异位妊娠。     

阴道超声检查在异位妊娠早期诊断处理中的价值

本文报道了对17例异位妊娠在未破裂之前应用阴道超声检查作出诊断，经手术及病理检查证实其诊断符合率为92．7％。结合文献，本文讨论了阴道超声检查在异位妊娠早期诊断，治疗中的价值及异位妊娠阴道超声图像特点。     

经阴道超声诊断输卵管妊娠的临床价值与药物治疗的观察

目的 探讨经阴道超声检查，对输卵管妊娠早期诊断的检测价值，以及对药物治疗的分析。方法 对60例早期输卵管妊娠患进行阴道超声检查，对未破裂型输卵管妊娠给予静脉点滴MTX(氨甲喋啶)保守治疗，连续动态观察异位妊娠组织及混合性包块的形态。发展和转归。结果 本60例早期输卵管妊娠阴道超声检查的准确率100％。对于未破裂型及早期流产型早期输卵管妊娠．经血β-HCG确认后给药物保守治疗显效率81％，有效率12％，无效率7％。药物治疗成功34例，手术治疗26例。结论 阴道超声检查是目前诊断输卵管妊娠较有价值的检测手段，对于指导临床采取有效治疗措施具重要意义。     

超声诊断以急腹症就诊的非典型异位妊娠

目的：探讨非典型异位妊娠的声像图特点以降低误诊率。方法：超声诊断结果与临床诊断（包括手术及病理结果）对照。结果：本组26例，超声诊断准确率为96．2％，特异性92．3％；提示流产型、破裂型准确率50．0％，提示病灶部位准确率87．5％，特异性95．8％，其异位妊娠类型为：输卵管妊娠、宫颈部妊娠、继发腹腔妊娠。结论：对于本类型病例当超声探及腹腔积液，盆腔结构紊乱且探及实性包块或囊实性不均质回声区，探头加压痛异常敏感时，应高度提示异位妊娠，但有时黄体破裂与之较难鉴别。另外超声提示病灶部位对于手术治疗的切口选择有参考价值。     

经阴道彩色多普勒超声对未破裂型异位妊娠的临床诊断价值

目的探讨阴道彩色多普勒超声对未破裂型异位妊娠的临床诊断价值。方法回顾分析61例未破裂型异位妊娠患者的经阴道超声的二维图像与彩色多普勒检查结果,及手术病理结果对照。结果未破裂型异位妊娠声像图分为胚囊型与不均质包块型,多普勒检测及滋养动脉血流流速曲线,呈低阻力型,阻力指数<0.6(0.34～0.58)。结论经阴道彩色多普勒超声对诊断未破裂型异位妊娠有重要临床应用价值。     

休克型异位妊娠30例早期临床表现

目的探讨休克型异位妊娠的早期预测方法。方法将我院333例出院诊断及病理诊断为异位妊娠的病例按临床特征、手术所见及病理结果分为四组：破裂休克组（23例）,流产休克组（7例）,破裂组（52例）和流产组（251例）。比较各组间无阴道流血、有下腹痛及腹痛≤1d三项指标的差异情况。结果本研究中各种类型异位妊娠的构成比依次为流产型75．4％（251／333）、破裂型15．6％（52／333）、破裂休克型6．9％（23／333）、流产休克型2．1％（7／333）。在四组病例中,破裂休克型患者无阴道流血的发生率最高,为65．2％,流产型患者无阴道流血的发生率最低,为11．5％,P〈0．05,差异有统计学意义。腹痛症状仍是破裂休克型者中居多,P=0．048,以≤1d的腹痛为比较项目,则破裂休克型病例中发生最多,为68．2％（15／23）,破裂型中发生最少,为33．3％（15／52）,差异有统计学意义,P=0．025。结论有停经史、无阴道流血、有近期的短时腹痛（≤1d）及尿HCG阳性可被看作是破裂休克型异位妊娠的预兆。     

异位妊娠的超声诊断

目的:为评价二维超声诊断异位妊娠中的应用价值.方法:514例进行二维超声检查,经均手术,病理等证实,结果:声像图表现未破型15例,流产型51例,破裂型448例,超声诊断符合率95%,结论:二维超声可帮助诊断及鉴别诊断异位妊娠,而且对临床确定治疗方案有实用价值.     

动态观察阴道超声对异位妊娠早期诊断的前瞻性研究

目的　通过阴道超声检查临床疑诊异位妊娠患者 ,进行动态观察对异位妊娠早期诊断的前瞻性研究 .方法　采用HPImagePoint多特色超声系统 ,探头频率 7.5MHz。应用阴道超声反复多次检查 ,参照异位妊娠阴道超声诊断标准 ,结合手术对照 ,比较阴道超声单次检查与多次检查对异位妊娠早期诊断的准确性。结果　 15 5例临床疑诊异位妊娠经过阴道超声反复多次检查 ,异位妊娠 80例 ,占 5 1.6 % ,宫内妊娠 75例 ,占 4 8.4 %。异位妊娠诊断率初次检查82 .5 % ,二次检查 94 .0 % ,三次检查 10 0 %。异位妊娠假阳性 2例 (初次检查诊断 ) ,假阳性率 1.3%。结论　阴道超声较腹部超声能较早地确定宫内妊娠和发现异位妊娠 ;反复多次检查较单次检查对异位妊娠的早期诊断准确性有较大的提高 ;动态观察可降低异位妊娠的假阳性率。     

经阴道超声在异位妊娠诊断及治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨经阴道超声(TVS)在异位妊娠诊断及治疗中的应用价值.方法 对116例临床确诊为异位妊娠患者的临床资料及经阴道超声声像图表现进行回顾性分析.结果 116例异位妊娠患者声像图表现为6种类型:(1)妊娠囊型28例,囊内见卵黄囊和(或)胚芽稍高回声,有或无胎心搏动;(2)囊性团块型36例,团块内见条状稍高回声,未见搏动性回声;(3)混合型33例,为附件区或子宫旁实质与液性回声混合,有盆腔积液;(4)实质团块型16例,附件区较低回声不均质团块;(5)宫颈妊娠囊样结构1例,子宫体部内膜线清晰,宫颈明显增大,内见妊娠囊样图形;(6)宫内宫外同时妊娠2例,子宫内外均见妊娠囊回声.本组病例均经TVS 结合临床及实验室检查确诊,93例经手术治疗,23例药物保守治疗治愈.结论 TVS在异位妊娠诊断和指导临床治疗中有重要应用价值.     

Diagnostic accuracy of varying discriminatory zones for the prediction of ectopic pregnancy in women with a pregnancy of unknown location.

OBJECTIVES: Various serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) discriminatory zones are currently used for evaluating the likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy in women classified as having a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) following a transvaginal ultrasound examination. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of discriminatory zones for serum hCG levels of > 1000 IU/L, 1500 IU/L and 2000 IU/L for the detection of ectopic pregnancy in such women. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of women who were assessed in a specialized transvaginal scanning unit. All women with a PUL had serum hCG measured at presentation. Expectant management of PULs was adopted. These women were followed up with transvaginal ultrasound, monitoring of serum hormone levels and laparoscopy until a final diagnosis was established: a failing PUL, an intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), an ectopic pregnancy or a persisting PUL. The persisting PULs probably represented ectopic pregnancies which had been missed on ultrasound and these were incorporated into the ectopic pregnancy group. Three different discriminatory zones (1000 IU/L, 1500 IU/L and 2000 IU/L) were evaluated for predicting ectopic pregnancy in this PUL population. RESULTS: A total of 5544 consecutive women presented to the early pregnancy unit between 25 June 2001 and 14 April 2003. Of these, 569 (10.3%) women were classified as having a PUL, 42 of which were lost to follow up. Of the 527 (9.5%) cases with PUL analyzed, there were 300 (56.9%) failing PULs, 181 (34.3%) IUPs and 46 (8.7%) ectopic pregnancies. Overall, 74.6% were symptomatic and 25.4% were asymptomatic (P = 8.825E-07). The sensitivity and specificity of an hCG level of > 1000 IU/L to detect ectopic pregnancy were 21.7% (10/46) and 87.3% (420/481), respectively; for an hCG level of > 1500 IU/L these values were 15.2% (7/46) and 93.4% (449/481), respectively, and for an hCG level of > 2000 IU/L they were 10.9% (5/46) and 95.2% (458/481), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Varying the discriminatory zone does not significantly improve the detection of ectopic pregnancy in a PUL population. A single measurement of serum hCG is not only potentially falsely reassuring but also unhelpful in excluding the presence of an ectopic pregnancy.     

Subclassification of Indeterminate Pelvic Ultrasonograms: Stratifying the Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy

Objective : To determine whether the subclassification of indeterminate ultrasound readings can identify patients who are at high, intermediate, or low risk for ectopic pregnancy.
Methods : A retrospective review was made of consecutive ED patients presenting to an urban teaching hospital from August 1991 to December 1994 with abdominal pain and/or vaginal bleeding and a positive β-hCG. Patients who had transvaginal ultrasonograms obtained during the ED visit that were read as indeterminate (no extrauterine findings of ectopic pregnancy and no intrauterine fetal pole or yolk sac) were eligible. Ultrasonograms were subclassified into 5 groups (empty uterus, nonspecific intrauterine fluid, echo-genic debris within endometrial cavity, abnormal sac, normal sac) based on predetermined criteria. Patients were excluded if the final diagnosis could not be definitively determined.
Results : 248 patients were identified. 20 patients were excluded because a final diagnosis could not be determined. Patients with an empty uterus [25/94 = 27% (95% CI 18–36%)] had the highest frequency of ectopic pregnancy. Patients with nonspecific intrauterine fluid collections [4/30 = 13% (95% CI 4–31%)] had the next highest frequency of ectopic pregnancy. Patients with intrauterine echogenic debris [2/39 = 5% (95% CI 1–11%)], abnormal sacs [1/36 = 3% (95% CI 1–9%)], or normal-appearing sacs [0/29 = 0% (95% CI 0 -8%)] had low frequencies of ectopic pregnancy.
Conclusion : Subclassification of indeterminate ultrasound readings identifies patients at high, intermediate, or low risk for ectopic pregnancy and should improve the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Key words: ectopic pregnancy; tubal pregnancy; intrauterine pregnancy; ultrasound; diagnosis.     

Ectopic pregnancy versus corpus luteum cyst revisited: best Doppler predictors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the best Doppler values for differentiating ectopic pregnancy from a corpus luteum cyst of pregnancy. METHODS: This was a prospective study of 80 consecutive patients with the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. All ectopic pregnancies were diagnosed on the basis of the presence of an extra-ovarian adnexal mass on sonography and were confirmed surgically. The last menstrual period ranged from 4 to 11 weeks (mean, 6.3 weeks), and the maximal ectopic pregnancy diameter ranged from 0.7 to 5.5 cm (mean, 2.5 cm). Seventy-six ectopic pregnancies showed color vascularity, and 40 showed corpus luteum cysts with vascular walls. The highest peak systolic velocity and the lowest resistive index of the vascular ectopic pregnancies were compared with the corresponding values in the vascular corpus luteum cysts. RESULTS: The mean peak systolic velocity of the ectopic pregnancies was 35.4 cm/s compared with 28.4 cm/s in corpus luteum cysts, with no significant statistical difference (P = .1). The resistive index of the ectopic pregnancies ranged from 0.15 to 1.6 (mean +/- SD, 0.61 +/- 0.24) compared with 0.39 to 0.7 (mean, 0.52 +/- 0.10) in corpus luteum cysts, with a significant statistical difference (P = .003). In this cohort, a resistive index of less than 0.39 had a specificity of 100% and a positive predictive value of 100% for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy but was present in only 15% (confidence interval, 7%-23%) of ectopic pregnancies. A resistive index of greater than 0.7 had a specificity of 100% and a positive predictive value of 100% for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and was present in 31% (confidence interval, 21%-41%) of ectopic pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Both low and high resistive indices discriminate ectopic pregnancy from a corpus luteum cyst.     

彩超在异位妊娠诊断中的价值

目的通过分析90例异位妊娠超声图像特征,探讨彩色多普勒超声在异位妊娠诊断中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析本院2010年1月—2010年12月90例经临床确诊为异位妊娠患者的声像图特征。结果 90例异位妊娠患者中,输卵管妊娠78例,卵巢妊娠5例,宫角妊娠4例,腹腔妊娠2例,宫颈妊娠1例;经超声确诊87例(96.7%),误诊3例(3.3%)。结论彩超检查对异位妊娠的诊断有较高的准确性,在临床诊断上有很重要的应用价值。     

Emergency Department Right Upper Quadrant Ultrasound Is Associated with a Reduced Time to Diagnosis and Treatment of Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancies

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the time to diagnosis and treatment of patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy is significantly less for patients who had emergency department (ED) right upper quadrant (RUQ) ultrasound (US) compared with those who had US in the radiology department. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective review of eligible patients presenting to an urban ED between January 1990 and December 1998. Patients were included in the study if they were seen in the ED, had a discharge diagnosis of ruptured ectopic pregnancy, were brought immediately to the operating room after a definitive diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy rupture was made, and had more than 400 mL of intraperitoneal blood found at the time of surgery. The ED, hospital, radiology, and operative records were reviewed to determine presenting vital signs, intraperitoneal blood loss, time to diagnosis, time to treatment, and type of US performed. RESULTS: There were 37 patients enrolled; 16 received ED RUQ US (group I) and 21 had a formal US in radiology (group II). The ages, pulses, systolic blood pressures, and volumes of hemoperitoneum were similar between the two groups. The average time to diagnosis from ED arrival was 58 minutes for group I (SD = 57; 95% CI = 28 to 87) and 197 minutes for group II (SD = 82; 95% CI = 162 to 232) (p < or = 0.0001). The average time to operative treatment was 111 minutes (group I) (SD = 86; 95% CI = 69 to 153) and 322 minutes (group II) (SD = 107; 95% CI = 270 to 364) (p < or = 0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ruptured ectopic pregnancy, who were selected to have RUQ US performed in the ED by emergency physicians, had an average decrease in time to diagnosis of two and a quarter hours, and an average decrease in time to treatment of three and a half hours, compared with those having a formal pelvic US in the radiology department. Further prospective investigation is needed to determine whether ED RUQ US can safely expedite care of patients with suspected ectopic pregnancy.