极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治分析

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症（FLLDH）的诊治特点和术式选择。方法23例FLLDH患者中,其中椎间孔型14例,椎间孔外型9例。23例患者中腰痛8例（占31％）,下肢痛21例（占91％）,直腿抬高试验10例（43％）,CT或MRI可清楚地显示位于椎间孔或孔外缘突出的椎间盘。分别采用经后正中入路椎板扩大开窗术,椎间孔切开和椎弓根内固定植骨融合术,或经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。疗效按Macnab标准评估。结果22例患者经平均3．6年随访,优15例,良4例,可3例,无差,优良率达86％。在可的3例中,其中1例为经旁正中入路手术,另2例为椎间孔型FLLDH,周缘钙化。结论症状和体征表现常以较高神经节段受损为主,下肢痛是主要症状,CT或MRI是诊断的主要依据。对椎间孔型FLLDH可采用椎板间扩大开窗术;对椎间孔外型FLLDH则需行经椎间孔切开术并辅以经椎弓根内固定植骨融合,亦可采用经肌间隙入路髓核摘除术。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症

本文总结了近２年我院收治的极外侧腰椎间盘突出症４例，认为临床医生如对其临床表现、影像学（主要是ＣＴ）特点有较深入认识时，极外侧椎间盘突出症的诊断不难，并总结了此症的诊断要点；同时对手术入路进行了讨论，认为大多数病人可通过经椎板入路作髓核摘除术，从而保留大部分关节突关节，以避免腰椎术后不稳。     

A minimally invasive transmuscular approach to far-lateral L5-S1 level disc herniations: a prospective study

BACKGROUND: Among all lumbar disc herniations, L5-S1 far-lateral disc herniations are rare entities. Besides, surgical approach may be difficult because of the very narrow passage at this level. For these 2 reasons, most spine surgeons are not experienced in herniations at this level. According to new microanatomic studies, previous lateral approaches at this level often do not allow access to the neuroforamen without partial or total destruction of the L5-S1 facet joint. To preserve the facet joint, an approach was developed. PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy of a surgical technique that is a minimally invasive intermuscular approach (MIIMA) for decompression of L5-S1 far-lateral level disc herniation (FLLDH). STUDY DESIGN: We present a prospective clinical study analysis of 14 patients with L5-S1 far-lateral disc herniations in a period between 2000 and 2004, treated with microsurgical technique. METHODS: An imaging study revealed consistency with the patient's clinical presentation. In our department, a total of 580 patients underwent discectomy between 2000 and 2004 for lumbar disc herniation. RESULT: Twenty-eight patients had foraminal or extraforaminal herniations (4.8%). Fourteen patients had FLLDH at the L4-L5 level (2.4%), whereas the other 14 were cases of FLLDH at the L5-S1 level (2.4%). One patient had FLLDH at both L5-S1 and L4-L5 levels (7.1%). The mean age of patients was 53.6 years, and the male:female ratio was approximately 5:9. All patients failed to recover after at least 6 weeks of conservative therapy. The mean duration of symptoms until the time of surgery was 7.2 months. Using this MIIMA technique, the authors removed the herniated discs compressing the (L5) nerve roots. Clinical outcome was measured using the visual analog scale. Every patient was discharged within 24 hours. Satisfactory (excellent or good) results were demonstrated in 13 patients (92.9%), because, except for 1 (7.1) permanent dysesthesia case, 4 cases (21.3%) were temporary dysesthesia. Postoperatively all patients reported excellent relief of their sciatic pains, and there were no technique-associated complications. No recurrence was observed during the follow-up period ranging from 10 to 60 months (mean, 29 mo). This is one of the major complications of any approach to a far-lateral disc. CONCLUSIONS: The authors describe a MIIMA for excising herniated discs that is applicable to all types of far-lateral lumbar herniations. Postoperative dysesthesia is the most important complication and may persist as it did in our cases. Consequently, manipulation of the ganglion should be avoided at all costs, if possible. The MIIMA procedure provides a simple alternative for treating lumbar foraminal or lateral exit zone herniated discs in selected cases. This approach is effective, allowing the preservation of the L5-S1 facet joint, saving the facet joint, preventing postoperative instability, and offering a direct view of the L5-S1 neuroforamen.     

Minimally invasive strategies and options for far-lateral Iumbar disc herniation

Objective: To investigate the surgical procedlures,options and surgical indications for far-lateral lumbar disc herniation between three different minimally invasive procedures.Methods: From January 2000 to October 2006, 52 patients with far-lateral lumbar disc herniation (29 males and 23 females, with the average age of 41.5 years) were treated with minimally invasive procedures. All the patients were assessed by X-ray and CT. Some were given additional myeography, discography, Computerized tomography myelography (CTM) and MRI examination. Yeung Endoscopy Spine System (YESS), METRx and X-tube procedures were performed in 25, 13 and 14 cases, respectively. All patients were followed up for a mean period of 13.5 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed by visual analog score (VAS) and Nakai criteria. Results: The results indicated that the three procedures could significantly improve the radiating leg symptoms (P<0.05). The postoperative overall excellent and good rates of YESS, METRx and X-tube procedures were 84.0%,84.6% and 92.8% respectively, with no statistical difference among three groups (P>O.05). The YESS procedure had several advantages including shortest operation time, simplest anesthesia and least trauma as compared with the other two procedures, especially for simple type I far-lateral lumbar disc herniation. METRx procedure was specially suitable for simple type II. And the procedure of posterior endoscopic facetectomy, posterior lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation with X-tube was designed for far-lateral disc herniation combined with degenerative lumbar instability. Conclusion: Minimally invasive strategies and options should be determined by different types of far-lateral lumbar disc herniation.     

Minimally invasive strategies and options for far-lateral lumbar disc herniation

Objective： To investigate the surgical procedures, options and surgical indications for far-lateral lumbar disc herniation between three different minimally invasive procedures.
Methods： From January 2000 to October 2006, 52 patients with far-lateral lumbar disc herniation （29 males and 23 females, with the average age of 41.5 years） were treated with minimally invasive procedures. All the patients were assessed by X-ray and CT. Some were given additional myeography, discography, Computerized tomography myelography （CTM） and MRI examination. Yeung Endoscopy Spine System （YESS）, METRx and X-tube procedures were performed in 25, 13 and 14 cases, respectively. All patients were followed up for a mean period of 13.5 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed by visual analog score （VAS） and Nakai criteria.
Results： The results indicated that the three procedures could significantly improve the radiating leg symptoms （P〈0.05）. The postoperative overall excellent and goodrates of YESS, METRx and X-tube procedures were 84.0%, 84.6% and 92.8% respectively, with no statistical difference among three groups （P〉0.05）. The YESS procedure had several advantages including shortest operation time, simplest anesthesia and least trauma as compared with the other two procedures, especially for simple type I far-lateral lum- bar disc herniation. METRx procedure was specially suitable for simple type II. And the procedure of posterior endoscopic facetectomy, posterior lumbar interbody fusion and unilateral pedicle screw instrumentation with X-tube was designed for far-lateral disc herniation combined with degenerative lumbar instability.
Conclusion： Minimally invasive strategies and options should be determined by different types of far-lateral lumbar disc herniation.     

Minimally invasive approach to far lateral lumbar disc herniation: technique and clinical results

Background  

To describe our minimally invasive technique for the surgical treatment of far lateral lumbar disc herniation (FLLDH) using MetRx tissue dilators system and a surgical microscope; and to report our experience with this method.     

118例腰椎间盘突出症的手术和非手术治疗对比

目的：探讨腰椎间盘突出症的手术及非手术治疗的适应症,方法：回顾性分析118例确诊的腰椎间盘突出症患者分为2组,A组（手术组）68例确诊后1周进行手术治疗。术后1周行腰背肌功能锻炼,B组（非手术组）50例采用臣硬板床休息,骨盆牵引,理疗,β-七叶皂甙钠静滴,疼痛缓解后进行腰背肌功能锻炼。平均随访2．1年,结果：手术组治愈率为94．1％,非手术组治愈率为90．0％,再组比较经x2检验无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论：并非所有的腰椎间盘突出症都需要手术治疗,应严格掌握手术及非手术治疗的适应证。     

Posterior and anterior epidural and intradural migration of the sequestered intervertebral disc: Three cases and review of the literature

Context: Dorsal migration of the sequestered lumbar intervertebral disc is an unusual and underrecognized pattern of lumbar disc herniation associated with pain and neurological deficit.Findings: Three patients presented with lower limb- and low back pain. MR imaging showed intracanalicular mass lesions with compression of the spinal cord and allowed precise localization of lesions in the extradural or intradural space. Diagnosis was straightforward for the patients with the posterior and anterior epidural disc fragments, whereas various differential diagnostic considerations were entertained for the patient with the intradural mass lesion. All patients underwent surgical removal of the sequestered disc fragments, and recovered full motosensory function. Surgical repair of the dura mater due to CSF leak was required for the patient with intradural disc herniation.Conclusion/clinical relevance: Posterior and anterior epidural, and intradural disc migration may manifest with clinical symptoms indistinguishable from those associated with non-sequestered lumbar disc hernias. Missed, migrated disc fragments can be implicated as a cause of low back pain, radiculopathy or cauda equina syndrome, especially in the absence of visible disc herniation. A high index of suspicion needs to be maintained in those cases with unexplained and persistent symptoms and/or no obvious disc herniation on MR images.     

胸腰椎多间隙椎间盘突出的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨多发性椎间盘突出诊治特点。方法　对 58例多发性椎间盘包括腰椎多发性椎间盘突出 38例、胸腰椎椎间盘突出 1 2例、胸椎椎间盘突出 8例 ,曾有一次手术史 1 1例。从临床特点、影像学改变及手术效果进行分析。所有病例均作分段小切口椎间盘摘除。结果　所有病例经术后 6个月～ 1 0年的随访 ,其疗效令人满意。结论　详尽病史采集 ,仔细物理检查 ,针对性MRI、CT检查或椎管造影 ,能使多发性椎间盘突出获得早期正确诊断。节段性小切口 ,开窗式椎间盘组织摘除 ,潜在式椎管扩大 ,可最大限度减少腰背肌损伤 ,维持脊柱的稳定性     

腰椎间盘突出与有无临床症状的影像对照研究

目的：探讨应用区域定位评分法研究腰椎间盘突出（膨出、突出、脱出）有临床症状与无临床症状的相关性及原因分析。方法：将符合要求的CT病理分型为膨出、突出、脱出的体检或住院或门诊患者120例,按有临床症状与无临床症状分为2组,每组按CT病理分型分3组,年龄20-59岁,平均38．5岁,有临床症状与无临床症状两组间在性别、年龄、病程及椎间盘分布节段差异均无统计学意义;应用区域定位评分法对各组评分;用游标卡尺分别测量矢状径指数（SI）、盘黄韧带前间隙、侧隐窝上口宽度、硬膜囊前后径。CT值由X线断层扫描测定,分别测量3次,取平均值。结果：④腰椎间盘突出有临床症状与无临床症状两组在SI、CT值、CT评分、硬膜囊前后径之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;在侧隐窝上口宽度、盘黄韧带前间隙之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②腰椎间盘突出有临床症状与无临床症状两组突出类型比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;腰椎间盘脱出有临床症状与无临床症状两组突出节段比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：①腰椎间盘突出大小、部位、类型不一定与临床症状存在必然关系,腰椎间盘突出症与压迫程度无正比关系;②椎管内突出髓核是否导致相应的临床症状存在着诸多或必然因素,可能与椎间盘突出物可代偿的椎管储备容量、受累神经根对机械压迫的逃逸避让与弹性延长功能,以及受累神经根低氧消耗与抗缺血性损伤代偿作用等因素有关。     

Painful internal disc derangements of the lumbosacral spine: discographic diagnosis and treatment by posterior lumbar interbody fusion.

Results of surgical or non-surgical treatment of patients with chronic persistent low back pain, but without clearly demonstrable diagnosis of disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or spinal instability, range between 50% to 80% of success rates in the literature. Between 1984 and 1988, the authors reviewed 25 consecutive cases of internal derangements of the lumbar disc treated by subtotal disc excision and interbody fusion. All patients had chronic, persistent, or frequently recurring low back pain resistant to active nonoperative treatments for a minimum of 3 months (mean: 16); no evidence of disc herniation, stenosis, or instability; no previous operation; single level of the pathologic condition in L-S spine; and diagnosis made by clinical information, CT, MRI, and/or discography. Ages ranged from 25 to 51 (mean: 38 to 40). Average follow up was 2 years (range: 13 to 57 months). In addition, 20 patients (32 discographics) who had available information of discography, MRI, and CT scan of the L-S spine, were reviewed for the relationship between disc morphology, pressure, volume, and pain response during discography. Overall clinical results for the 25 patients were: 58% excellent (15 of 26), 31% good (8 of 26), and 11% fair (3 of 26). No patients were in the "poor" category. The successful fusion rate was 95%.     

青少年腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨青少年腰椎间盘突出症的诊断依据与治疗方法。方法 对26例青少年腰椎间盘突出症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据其临床特征总结出诊断要点和有效的治疗方法。结果 青少年腰椎间盘突出症的诊断要点是：1．一般都有明显的外伤史或先天畸形。2．临床症状轻、体征重。3．临床检查和X线片检查不易确诊和定位。4．CT、MRI检查能明确诊断。非手术治疗效果差,胶原酶溶核和经皮穿刺抽吸疗效不理想,手术治疗优良率高。结论 青少年腰椎间盘突出症临床特征突,CT、MRI有助于明确诊断,手术是理想的治疗方法。     

椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术后再次手术的原因及对策

目的 :研究了椎间盘镜下髓核摘除术后再次手术的原因 ,并探讨相应的对策。方法 :经临床观察和治疗腰椎间盘突出症椎间盘镜下术后再次手术患者 17例 ,对各个病案手术失败的原因进行仔细分析。结果 :17例患者需再次手术的原因有 :过于依赖CT等检查、定位错误、术前适应证掌握不当、术中髓核摘除不够、术后限制活动时间不足、疤痕组织的形成、多节段突出处理不当、神经根未彻底松解及影像假象误导等。结论 :为避免再次手术应做到不能过分依赖CT等检查 ,应该进行严格的体格检查、必须术前有足够大范围的摄片及仔细认真的阅片、严格掌握腰椎间盘突出症的手术适应证、术后需避免剧烈活动或搬抬重物、多节段椎间盘突出症摘除突出物的取舍应将术前症状体征与术中探查结合起来而决定。     

动态脊髓造影诊断腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨动态脊髓造影对于腰椎间盘突出症的诊断价值。方法：对186例腰椎间盘突出症患者进行脊髓造影，动态观察，拍摄不同体位的X线片。186例均经CT检查，110例经CTM检查，106例经手术治疗。结果：186例中213个椎间隙诊断为腰椎间盘突出，96个椎间隙诊断为腰椎间盘膨出，动念脊髓造影检查结果与手术诊断符合率为93．62％，CT检查结果与手术诊断符合率为86．74％，CTM检查结果与手术诊断符合率为96．88％。结论：动态脊髓造影检查克服了传统脊髓造影、CT、MRI检查静态观察的缺陷，降低了假阳性率和假阴性率，对L5／S1间盘突出诊断效果更为明显，并可鉴别诊断腰椎问盘突出和膨出。     

Spontaneous resorption in recurrent intradural lumbar disc herniation. Case report

The authors report a case of spontaneous resorption of intradural disc material in a patient with recurrent intradural lumbar disc herniation and review magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histopathological findings. Intradural lumbar disc herniation is rare, and most patients with this condition require surgical intervention due to severe leg pain and vesicorectal disturbance. In the present case, however, the recurrent intradural herniated mass had completely disappeared by 9 months after onset. Histological examination of intradural herniated disc tissue demonstrated infiltrated macrophages and angiogenesis within the herniated tissue, and Gd-enhanced MR images showed rim enhancement not only at the initial presentation, but also at recurrence. The authors conclude that when rim enhancement is present on Gd-enhanced MR images, there is a possibility of spontaneous resorption even though the herniated mass may be located within the intradural space. Moreover, when radiculopathy is controllable and cauda equina syndrome is absent, conservative therapy can be selected.     

Reoperation after lumbar disc surgery: Results in 130 cases

Summary Out of a series of 1850 cases operated upon for lumbar disc herniation 130 underwent re-operation because of persistent or recurrent symptoms. Re-operation was successful in 62%. The prognosis of re-operation was not related to special clinical symptoms and signs but only to the operative findings.Herniations at other levels and recurrences of lumbar disc herniations had the best results (excellent in 98% respectively 54%), but scar formations alone came out much less satisfactory (only 38% excellent results).Computed tomography (CT) findings were less reliable in distinguishing between disc prolapse and fibrosis than magnet resonance imaging (MR). Therefore MR is the diagnostic method of choice in these conditions, and scar formations alone should be considered a contra-indication for re-operation.     

破裂型腰椎间盘突出症的影像学诊断

对经手术治疗的９２例（１０７个）腰椎间盘突出症患者做ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ和椎管造影（Ｍｙｅ）检查，进行破裂型椎间盘突出症诊断的前瞻性研究。以手术所见髓核突出状态为标准诊断，确诊破裂型椎间盘突出３８例（４０个椎间盘），占３７％，其准确率依次为：ＭＲＩ＋ＣＴ＋Ｍｙｅ９６．７％（２９／３０），ＭＲＩ＋ＣＴ９１．２％（３１／３４），ＭＲＩ＋Ｍｙｅ８１．１％（３０／３７），ＣＴ＋Ｍｙｅ８０．Ｏ％（３２／４０），ＭＲＩ７６．９％（３０／３９），ＣＴ６５．２％（３０／４６），Ｍｙｅ６４．４％（２９／４５）。经统计学处理各组差异无显著意义。运用ＭＲＩ不同脉冲序列成像，可清楚地显示髓核、纤维环及后纵韧带和硬膜囊等结构。分别经椎间盘、椎间孔和椎弓根三个断层做ＣＴ扫描，并测量髓核突出率及动力位椎管造影有助于诊断破裂型椎间盘突出。文章讨论了椎间盘突出的分类及各种影像学检查的意义。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床分型及手术方式选择

目的 提出极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的新的临床分型,为手术方式的选择提供依据.方法 按照椎间盘突出的位置及其临床症状将极外侧腰椎间盘突出症分为椎管内椎间孔内型(Ⅰ型)、椎间孔内型(Ⅱ型)和椎间孔外型(Ⅲ型).据此对2002年1月至2007年1月收治的38例极外侧椎间盘突出症患者进行临床分型,并结合临床分型选择(1)经横突间椎间盘切除;(2)经椎管部分关节突切除、潜行椎间盘切除;(3)经椎管椎间盘切除+经后路椎体间融合(PLIF)等手术方式.38例患者中男性25例,女性13例;平均58.4岁.其中L_(3～4) 17例、L_ (4～5) 13例、L_5S_1 8例.单纯椎间盘突出23例,合并椎管狭窄15例.所有病例均表现为突出节段出口根受压的症状和体征,其中Ⅰ型中的7例同时伴有下位神经根受压的表现,15例合并椎管狭窄者存在间歇性跛行,21例有明确的腰痛症状.手术前后行根性疼痛VAS评分,术后采用MacNab方法进行临床疗效评定.结果 按照新的临床分型,38例患者中Ⅰ型10例、Ⅱ型19例、Ⅲ型9例.经横突间行椎间盘切除5例,经椎管部分关节突切除、潜行椎间盘切除7例,经椎管椎间盘切除+PLIF 26例.随访时间6个月～4年10个月,平均2年11个月.VAS评分术前平均为7.4分,术后2周为2.7分,末次随访为3.1分.末次随访MacNab评定结果:优20例、良12例、可5例、差1例,优良率为84.2%.并发症:伤口表浅感染1例、减压不满意者1例、脑脊液漏1例.未见内固定断裂、松动等.结论 新的临床分型,对认识极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的病理变化及选择手术方式等具有重要的意义.     

游离型腰椎间盘突出症手术失败的原因分析及其再手术治疗

目的:分析游离型腰椎间盘突出症手术失败的原因,探讨再次治疗的手术方法及其疗效。方法:2001年1月～2009年5月,共收治游离型腰椎间盘突出症首次手术失败患者32例,均进行再次手术治疗。再手术方式分别采用开窗、半椎板、全椎板减压,影响脊柱稳定性的患者加用内固定融合术。对所有再次手术患者进行3个月～8年(平均3.1年)的随访。回顾性分析32例患者首次手术失败的原因,探讨其再次手术方式的正确选择,并对其再次手术术后疗效进行分析评价。结果:32例患者首次手术时,手术方式选择不当者16例,术中减压不彻底者10例,术后出现腰椎不稳或滑脱者3例;手术时遗漏突出节段者2例;手术不成功导致术后原有症状加重并出现马尾神经损伤症状者1例。再次手术后,疗效评价参考Arnoldi标准,本组患者疗效优良率达到93.7%。结论:选择合适的术式、术中彻底减压、必要时加用内固定融合术是减少游离型腰椎间盘突出症患者首次手术失败,并且提高疗效的有效手段。     

Risk factors for outcome and complications of dorsal foraminotomy in cervical disc herniation

BACKGROUND: Dorsal foraminotomy is a standard operative procedure for lateral cervical disc herniation. Factors associated with surgical complications and clinical outcome in dorsal foraminotomy of cervical disc herniation were evaluated in a retrospective cohort study. METHOD: Thirty-nine patients were operated upon for unilateral, monosegmental, mediolateral cervical disc herniation (+/- associated spondylosis) from 1997 to 1999. Preoperative radiologic imaging and surgical reports were analyzed. Motor disfunction, neck irritation, and radicular pain were evaluated. Outcome was ranked according to modified Odom's criteria at 6 weeks and 1 year postoperatively. RESULTS: Six weeks after injury 7 of 39 patients (18%) showed neck irritation. No new neurologic deficit was seen. All patients with preoperative paresis improved; two had early relapses of a medial soft disc prolapse (2/39). Residual radicular pain was seen in 3 of 39 patients (8%) within 30 days postoperatively, necessitating surgical revision. Factors of surgical failure were associated spondylosis (2/3) and residual mediolateral disc protrusion (1/3). In one patient with associated spondylosis, local pain due to a symptomatic fracture of the lateral process of D1 resolved after revision. Duration of preoperative radicular pain was identified as a risk factor for unfavorable outcome. CONCLUSION: In lateral cervical disc herniation, associated spondylosis or medial disc protrusion poses a significant risk of surgical failure and complications of dorsal foraminotomy. Reducing the radicular failure rate by enlarging the bony decompression may lead to local failure. In well-selected patients with a lateral cervical free disc fragment, dorsolateral foraminotomy is successful and safe.