联合血管切除的胰十二指肠切除术61例临床分析

目的 探讨联合血管切除的胰十二指肠切除术的方法及临床意义。方法 回顾性总结61例联合血管切除的胰十二指肠切除术经验。结果 联合血管切除的胰十二指肠切除术围手术期死亡率为4．9％（3／61），并发症发生率为18％（11／61）。获随访的47例胰腺癌病人，术后生存5～36个月，平均18个月。有9例血管受侵病人术后存活超过24个月，1例已生存42个月至今，无肿瘤复发。结论 严格掌握手术适应证，联合血管切除的胰十二指肠切除术并不增加手术死亡率和并发症发生率，并可在一定程度上延长病人的生存期。     

80岁以上胰十二指肠切除术16例分析

目的:分析80岁以上病人的胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)的可行性与结果。方法:回顾性分析16例行PD的80岁以上病人资料并与同期80岁以下病人对比。结果:80岁以上组7例病人发生术后并发症(43.8%),腹腔感染和胃排空延迟各2例(12.5%),肺部感染4例(25.0%),心功能不全、腹腔出血、切口感染和泌尿系感染各1例(6.3%)。术后胰瘘4例(25.0%),A级1例,B级2例,C级1例。术后死亡1例(6.3%),原因为胰瘘并发腹腔感染、腹腔出血、肺部感染引起的多脏器功能衰竭,对比80岁以下病人术后死亡率及术后并发症发生率无统计学差异。结论:80岁以上高龄病人不是手术禁忌,该手术安全可行。专业的手术团队,合理评估病人术前情况,围手术期正确处理是降低术后死亡率和并发症发生率的有效措施。     

胰十二指肠切除术在胰头部慢性胰腺炎治疗中的应用和选择

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术在胰头部慢性胰腺炎治疗中的应用和选择。方法 回顾性分析我院1988年7月至1999年11月经胰十二指肠切除术和病理证实的10例胰头部慢性胰腺炎临床资料。结果 本组病人男性7例，妇性3例，年龄41－75岁，平均57.2岁。主要临床表现为腹痛、黄疸。影像学检查（B超、CT和ERCP）发现胰头部局限性肿大。9例行典型的Whipple手术，1例行保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术。7例随访均无腹痛、糖尿病。结论 胰头部慢性胰腺炎早期诊断困难，重要的是与胰头癌相鉴别。胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头部慢性胰腺炎的手术效果良好，其手术适应证的选择和手术时机的掌握至关重要。     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发深部真菌感染的相关因素分析

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后并发深部真菌感染的相关因素，为预防术后深部真菌感染提供理论依据。方法对1995年1月至2005年1月期间我院562例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的相关资料进行单因素和非条件Logistic回归分析。结果①562例中有78例患者术后并发深部真菌感染，感染率为13．9％；共检出真菌88株，其中白色念珠菌59株（67．0％），光滑念珠菌10株（11．4％），近平滑念珠菌7株（8．0％），热带念珠菌5株（5．7％），曲霉菌4株（4．5％），其他3株（3．4％）。常见感染部位前3位是消化道66．7％（52／78），呼吸道21．8％（17／78），腹腔10．3％（8／78）。②本组病例中发生感染组与未感染组在术后发生的胰瘘、胆瘘、腹腔感染等并发症，长期使用抗生素，长时间肠外营养等方面差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论①胰十二指肠切除术后深部真菌感染最常见的部位和病原菌分别是肠道和白色念珠菌。②胰瘘、胆瘘、腹腔感染等并发症，长期使用抗生素，长时间肠外营养等方面是胰十二指肠切除术后并发深部真菌感染的最常见危险因素；减少各种危险因素有利于预防深部真菌感染。     

胰十二指肠切除术后出血

近年来胰十二指肠切除手术死亡率有所降低，但并发症发生率仍很高。本文对过去24年内共559例胰十二指肠切除术后早期出血性并发症进行了分析。病例和方法收集病例男374冽，女185例，年龄19～85岁。手术适应证包括胰腺腺癌和壶腹周恶性病变408例，慢性胰腺炎151例。手术总死亡率2．7％。结果术后出血42例（7.5％），其中胃肠道出血22例，手术野出血20例（包括胰漏腐蚀性出血11例，4例死亡），13例胃肠道腔内出血通过内窥镜止血，其余9例和所有手术野出血需再次剖腹手术。42例出血中，38例发生于WhiPPle切除后，4例见于全胰切除，7例为慢性…     

彭氏胰胃吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术应用32例分析

目的探讨彭氏胰胃吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2010年4月至2013年5月间接受胰十二指肠切除术后胰胃吻合术32例患者的临床资料。结果32例患者手术均顺利完成,平均手术时间（366．2±71．8）min,术中平均输血量（420．2±100．4）ml;术后平均住院时间（21．3±10．7）d;术后并发症总发生率25．0％（8／32）,其中淋巴瘘1例（3．1％）,胃排空障碍1例（3．1％）,切口感染2例（6．3％）,腹腔积液2例（6．3％）,肺部感染2例（6．3％）,均经保守治疗后痊愈,无住院期间因手术死亡病例。结论彭氏胰胃吻合术是一种安全、可靠、有效的胰腺残端重建术式。     

胰腺癌128例手术疗效的临床观察

目的探讨胰腺癌手术治疗的临床疗效及其预后。方法对1996年1月-2004年12月我院收治的128例胰腺癌病人的临床资料进行回顾性研究。按治疗方式分为胰十二指肠切除术组（28例）、姑息手术组（50例）和未手术组（50例）。结果全组根治性手术切除率为35．90％。胰十二指肠切除术组1、3、5年生存率分别为67．86％、14．29％、3．57％,显著高于其它两组（P〈0．01）;胰十二指肠切除术组生存率曲线显著高于其它两组（P〈0．01）;手术组生存质量显著高于未手术组（P〈0．05）。结论对胰腺癌施行根治性胰十二指肠切除术能显著提高治疗效果及改善预后,从而提高远期生存率并明显提高病人的生存质量。对不能行根治性切除的病人应争取行姑息性手术,亦可改善病人的生存质量。     

专业组与非专业组胰十二指肠切除之比较

目的探讨胰腺专业组与非专业组胰十二指肠切除术（PD）有无差别。方法回顾性分析我院自1986年成立胰腺专业组以来至2003年276例胰十二指肠切除术资料，其中专业组行PD197例，非专业组行PD79例。结果专业组与非专业组手术切除率、切缘阳性率、胰瘘发生率、平均切除肿瘤大小、平均清除淋巴结数、平均术中输血量、平均手术时间、术后平均住院时间、术后平均生存期、手术死亡率分别为42．7％、8．63％、2．54％、3．11cm、9．01、980ml、6．4h、17．1d、25．7个月、1．52％和28．4％、20．25％、10．12％、2．77cm、5．45、1340ml、5．46h、23．6d、17．8个月、8．86％，有显著性差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而在胆瘘、出血、胃潴留、感染方面无显著性差异。结论宜成立胰腺诊治中心或专业组，集中收治胰腺病人，以提高手术安全性和规范性。主张根治术和扩大根治术，提高疗效。     

胰十二指肠切除术后严重并发症的防治体会

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后严重并发症的防治方法。方法分析2002～2005年7例胰十二指肠切除术后严重并发症的资料。结果手术严重并发症发生率为25．9％（7／27），经积极治疗后无一例死亡。结论术中仔细操作和操作技术改进是降低胰十二指肠切除术并发症发生率的关键，并发症经积极治疗后有望痊愈。     

胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔出血的诊断和治疗

目的分析与总结胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔出血的原因、诊断及治疗策略。方法回顾性分析了2003年1月至2008年12月间开展的350例胰十二指肠切除术患者资料。结果在350例患者中,有12例出现术后腹腔出血,术后腹腔出血的发生率为3．4％,死亡率为16．7％;其中男性9例,女性3例,平均年龄（56．42±10．2）岁。7例因恶性疾病行胰十二指肠切除者术后发生腹腔出血,5例为良性疾病。术前伴有梗阻性黄疸者9例（75％）,非黄疸者3例;与未出血组相比,出血组在术前黄疸、术中联合血管切除、良性疾病以及术后合并腹腔感染等四个方面存在差异显著。结论术前积极纠正机体异常情况,术中正确操作和术后发生出血时对其严重程度的准确判断和及时治疗是预防和处理术后腹腔出血的关键。     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy for malignant pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms in elderly patients.

Forty-two patients (age range: 70 to 86 years) underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy between 1970 and 1990 for carcinomas of the pancreas (23), ampulla (8), common bile duct (5), duodenum (5), or islet cells (1). After resection, reconstruction was done by either pancreaticojejunostomy (13) or pancreaticogastrostomy (25); four patients had total pancreatectomy. The mean duration of operation was 5 hours, the mean blood loss was 2,200 mL, the mean transfusion requirement was 4 units of blood, and mean length of hospitalization was 22 days. There were no leaks or other complications related to the pancreatic anastomoses. Six (14%) major complications occurred including two (5%) operative deaths. Mean survival was 42 months (range: 2 to 219 months) for the entire group and 35 months for patients over the age of 80. This experience suggests: (1) pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed with low operative morbidity and mortality in elderly patients, and advanced age should not be considered a contrainindication to this potentially curative procedure; (2) pancreaticogastrostomy is a safe and easy alternate method of reconstruction; and (3) prolonged survival is possible for elderly patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy for malignant pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms.     

机器人辅助胰十二指肠切除术在高龄患者的应用

目的探讨达芬奇机器人辅助胰十二指肠切除术(robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy,RPD)在高龄患者的安全性及临床效果。方法回顾性分析2016年12月至2020年5月于中山大学附属第一医院胆胰外科接受RPD、年龄≥70岁患者的临床资料,分析术后转归。结果共16例年龄≥70岁的患者接受RPD,其中男9例、女7例;年龄70~85岁,平均(73.6±4.2)岁。所有患者均顺利完成RPD,无中转开腹。病因包括6例壶腹癌、6例胰腺导管腺癌、1例胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤、1例胰管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤、1例十二指肠乳头癌、1例十二指肠乳头腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变。中位手术时间413 min(IQR:366~522 min),中位术中出血量50 ml(IQR:50~62.5 ml),16例患者均获得R0切除。3例(18.8%)患者术后发生并发症,包括1例(6.2%)术后早期胰肠吻合口出血,通过再手术止血;3例(18.8%)B级胰瘘合并腹腔内感染;1例(6.2%)胃排空延迟。无围手术期死亡。中位术后住院时间13 d(IQR:12~18 d)。结论RPD对于高龄患者安全可靠,近期治疗效果满意。     

One hundred and forty-five consecutive pancreaticoduodenectomies without mortality.

OBJECTIVE: A review of mortality and morbidity for pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed for 145 consecutive patients who underwent the operative procedure between 1988 and 1991. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In the past, pancreaticoduodenectomy has carried a high hospital morbidity and mortality. During the 1970s, many considered that the operation should be abandoned. Recent data, however, suggest that a marked drop in both morbidity and mortality have occurred for this operative procedure. METHODS: Among the 145 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, 108 patients were 69 years of age or younger, and 37 were 70 years of age or older. Four patients were 80 years of age or older. One hundred and seven patients had a malignant neoplasm, whereas 38 patients had benign disease. There were no significant differences in preoperative risk factors when the younger and older, and benign disease and malignant disease groups were compared. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 7.3 hours. Median blood loss was 0, indicating that more than one-half of the patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomies without blood transfusions. There were no significant differences in postoperative complications when the younger and older, and benign disease and malignant disease groups were compared. There was no hospital or 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate preoperative selection, virtually any patient in any age group, with benign or malignant disease, can undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy with minimal risk of hospital mortality.     

Pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis.

Of one hundred and forty-nine patients (101 male and 48 female) 4-67 years of age, 117 were alcoholics and underwent pancreatectomy because of episodic or continuous abdominal pain or complications or chronic pancreatitis. Nineteen patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, seventy-seven 80-95% distal resection, anf fifty-three 40-80% distal pancreatic resection. There were 3 operative death and 30 late deaths 6 months to 11 years post pancreatectomy. Twenty-one patients were lost to followup, 1 to 11 years post pancreatectomy. Ninety-five patients are known to be alive, 4 of whom are institutionalized. Indications for pancreatectomy in addition to abdominal pain include recurrent or multiple pseudocysts, failure to relieve pain after decompression of a pseudocyst, pseudoaneurysm of the visceral arteries associated with a pseudocyst, recurrent attacks of pancreatitis unrelived by non-resective operations, duodenal stenosis and left side portal hypertension. The choice between pancreaticoduodenectomy or distal resection of 40-80% or 80-95% of the pancreas should be based on the principle site of inflammation whether proximal or distal in the gland, the size of the common bile duct, the ability to rule out carcinoma, and the anticipated deficits in exocrine and endocrine function. The risk of diabetes is very significant after 80-95% distal resection and of steatorrhea after pancreaticoduodenectomy. When the disease process can be encompassed by 40-80% distal pancreatectomy this is the procedure of choice.     

80岁以上髋部骨折术后早期并发症分析

目的探讨80岁以上髋部骨折早期并发症的发生原因及预防。方法回顾1995年5月～2002年12月62例80岁以上高手术风险性髋部骨折的手术治疗，对其出现的早期并发症的原因进行分析。结果本组术后早期发生并发症共14例，其中下肢深静脉血栓形成3例，心功能衰竭3例，肺部感染3例，消化道应急性溃疡2例，切口感染2例，术后早期死亡1例。结论高龄髋部骨折术后早期并发症率高，应给予认真对待，对其有可能出现的并发症应进行积极的预防。     

Analysis of problems in patients over 70 years of age undergoing open-heart surgery for ischemic heart disease

The operative results of ischemic heart disease in 102 patients over 70 years of age were compared with the results in 296 patients under 70 years, operated on between January 1985 and February 1991. The incidence of emergent or urgent operations increased significantly with the increase of age (under 64 yrs; 29% of 217 patients, 65 to 69 yrs; 46% of 79, 70 to 74 yrs; 49% of 70, over 75 yrs; 75% of 32) and the mortality rates increased accordingly (5.9%, 11.3%, 15.7%, 37.5% respectively). The mortality rate of isolated coronary artery bypass grafting over 70 years was significantly higher than under 70 years. The mortality rate of mechanical complication after myocardial infarction increased in the patients over 70 years. The incidence of postoperative complication in the patients over 70 years was higher and infectious (11%), pulmonary (10%) and embolic (9%) complications were prominent among others. The tendency of increase in the in-hospital expenses was seen with the increase of age. Although elderly patients have increased morbidity and mortality, particularly when operated on emergency or urgently, survivors quality of life are excellent and justify continued performance of open-heart surgery in the patient over 70 year of age.     

Should pancreaticoduodenectomy be performed in octogenarians?

As the population in the United States ages, an increasing number of elderly patients may be considered for pancreaticoduodenal resection. This high-volume, single-institution experience examines the morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival of 727 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between December 1986 and June 1996. Outcomes of patients 80 years of age and older (n = 46) were compared to those of patients younger than 80 years. In these older patients, pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 25; 54%), ampullary adenocarcinoma (n = 9; 20%), distal bile duct adenocarcinoma (n = 5; 1 l%), duodenal adenocarcinoma (n = 2; 4%), cystadenocarcinoma (n = 2; 4%), cystadenoma (n = 1; 2%), and chronic pancreatitis (n = 2; 4%). When compared to the 681 concurrent patients younger than 80 years who were undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, the two groups were statistically similar with respect to sex, race, intraoperative blood loss, and type of pancreaticoduodenectomy performed. Patients 80 years of age or older had a shorter median operative time (6.4 hours vs. 7.0 hours; P = 0.02) but a longer postoperative length of stay (median = 15 days vs. 13 days; P = 0.01) and a higher complication rate (57% vs. 41%; P = 0.05) when compared to their younger counterparts. Pancreaticoduodenectomy in the older group resulted in a 4.3% perioperative mortality rate compared to 1.6% in the younger group (P = NS). In the subset of patients undergoing pancreati-coduodenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma (n = 495), patients 80 years of age or older (n = 41) had a median survival of 32 months and a 5-year survival rate of 19%, compared to 20 months and 27%, respectively, in patients younger than 80 years (n = 4.54; P = 0.77). These data demonstrate that pancreaticoduodenectomy can be performed safely in selected patients 80 years of age or older, with morbidity and mortality rates approaching those observed in younger patients. Based on these data, age alone should not be a contraindication to pancreaticoduodenectomy. Presented at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Washington, D.C., May 11–14, 1997 (poster presentation). An abstract of this work was published in Ga.rtmenteroiogy 112:A1475, 1997. Supported in part by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (ROl-CA56130).     

肝内胆管结石的完全腹腔镜下肝切除术

目的 总结肝内胆管结石完全腹腔镜下肝切除术的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2009年4月间华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院腹腔镜外科中心因肝内胆管结石而施行了完全腹腔镜下肝切除术的72例病人临床资料.结果 病人年龄16～65岁,平均(43.8±21.7)岁.72例腹腔镜下肝叶或肝段切除术主要包括左半肝切除术34例,左外叶切除术19例,肝Ⅵ段切除术16例.手术时间125～320 min,平均(262.5±115.5)min.出血量50～400 ml,中位数150 ml.术后并发症发生率12.50%,包括胆漏6例,胃轻瘫1例,术后早期炎性肠梗阻1例,肝包膜下积液1例,均保守治疗成功.结论 微创时代治疗肝内胆管结石应以腹腔镜下肝段或肝叶切除术作为主要方式.     

胰十二指肠切除术严重并发症和病死率的多因素分析

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术的术后严重并发症及其危险因素。方法回顾性分析1987年1月至2006年8月郑州大学第五附属医院138例行胰十二指肠切除术病人的手术死亡和术后严重并发症的情况,并通过单因素分析和多因素分析评价其危险因素。结果住院期间病人病死率为13.0%(18/138),与手术相关的严重并发症发生率为41.3%(57/138)。Logistic回归分析显示,发生并发症危险因素依次是术前总胆红素升高、低蛋白血症、高血压、年龄和术中出血量多。结论低蛋白血症和术前总胆红素升高是胰十二指肠切除术术后并发症最主要的危险因素,手术者掌握好手术适应证、积极纠正或削弱危险因素,能有效降低术后并发症的发生。     

C反应蛋白/白蛋白比值对胰十二指肠切除术后并发症预测价值的探讨

目的探讨C反应蛋白/白蛋白比值(C-reactive protein/albumin ratio,CAR)对胰十二指肠切除术(pancreaticoduodenectomy,PD)后并发症的预测价值。方法回顾性收集2015–2018年期间于新疆医科大学第一附属医院胰腺外科行PD的134例患者的临床资料,探索CAR对于PD术后胰瘘(postoperative pancreatic fistula,POPF和腹腔感染的预测价值。结果 134例患者中,术后发生并发症84例,其中POPF 38例,腹腔感染32例,胆汁漏5例,胃排空延迟(delayed gastric emptying,DGE)63例,术后出血(post pancreatectomy hemorrhage,PPH)13例,切口感染8例,乳糜漏1例。并发症组和无并发症组患者的性别、年龄、BMI、美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级、肿瘤性质、肿瘤直径、手术时间、术中出血量、糖尿病史、饮酒史、吸烟史和黄疸史比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但并发症组的住院时间长于无并发症组(P<0.05)。POPF者和腹腔感染者术后1、3及5 d的CAR值均相应高于非POPF者(除外术后1 d)和非腹腔感染者(P<0.05)。术后第3天的CAR预测POPF的灵敏度为79.95%,特异度为86.46%;预测腹腔感染的灵敏度为75.00%,特异度为81.37%,结果优于单纯使用降钙素原(PCT),但与C反应蛋白(CRP)+PCT和CRP接近。结论术后CAR可以较好地预测PD后POPF和腹腔感染的发生,且效果优于单纯使用PCT。