2型糖尿病与柯萨奇B组病毒感染及IL-6、TNF-α的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)与柯萨奇B组病毒感染关系,分析T2DM并柯萨奇B(CoxB)组病毒感染患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)及白细胞介素6(IL-6)的水平意义。方法随机收集40例T2DM及38例健康对照组,检测CoxBIgM、CoxB中和抗体,测定IL-6、TNF-α、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、血糖(BG),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),比较上述指标在糖尿病患者与正常人群之间、T2DM并柯萨奇B组病毒感染与无柯萨奇B组病毒感染的T2DM的差异,分析TNF-α、IL-6与胰岛素抵抗的关系。结果T2DM患者中CoxBIgM、CoxB中和抗体明显高于对照组;T2DM并CoxB感染患者BG、HOMA-IR、TNF-α、IL-6明显高于无CoxB感染的T2DM。结论CoxB感染在T2DM的发生发展有一定作用,可能与TNF-α、IL-6作用相关。     

2型糖尿病与柯萨奇B组病毒感染及IL-6、TNF-α的相关性研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）与柯萨奇B组病毒感染关系;分析T2DM并柯萨奇B（CoxB） 组病毒感染患者血清肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）及白细胞介素6（IL-6）的水平意义。方法 随机收集 40例T2DM及30例健康对照组,检测CoxB IgM、CoxB中和抗体,测定IL-6、TNF-α、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、血糖（BS）,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,比较上述指标在糖尿病患者与正常人群之间、T2DM并柯萨奇B组病毒感染与无柯萨奇B组病毒感染的T2DM的差异,分析TNF-α、IL-6与胰岛素抵抗的关系。结果 T2DM患者中CoxB IgM、CoxB中和抗体明显高于对照组;T2DM并CoxB感染患者BG、HOMA-IR、TNF-α、IL-6明显高于无CoxB感染的T2DM。结论 CoxB感染在T2DM的发生发展有一定作用,可能与TNF-α、IL-6作用相关。     

2型糖尿病患者空腹、餐后血清TNF-α、IL-6水平的研究

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者空腹、餐后血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平的变化及其与胰岛素抵抗的相关性.方法 T2DM患者35例,对照组非糖尿病患者30例,分别测定空腹血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(IRI)、TNF-α、IL-6、总胆固醇(TC)及甘油三酯(TG)水平;T2DM组加测餐后血糖、胰岛素、TNF-α、IL-6水平.结果 T2DM组的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、TNF-α、IL-6明显高于对照组(分别P＜0.01或＜0.05),T2DM组餐后的TNF-α、IL-6与空腹组比较无明显差异(P＞0.05).T2DM组TNF-α与FIG、IRI、HOMA-IR、TG成明显正相关(分别P＜0.01或＜0.05).IL-6与各项指标无明显相关性(P＞0.05).结论 T2DM患者的TNF-α、IL-6明显高于非糖尿病患者.TNF-α参与胰岛素抵抗的发生.进食引起的血糖、胰岛素水平波动不影响TNF-α、IL-6水平.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the fasting and postprandial serum level of TNF-α,IL-6 in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) and to investigate their correlation with insulin resistance.Methods Thirty-five patients of T2DM and thirty nondiabetic persons were included in the study.Basting plasma glucose(FPG) ,fasting insulin(Fins) ,TNF-α,IL-6,total cholesterol(TC) ,triglyceride(TG) were measured in both groups.Postprandial blood glucose,insulin,TNF-α,IL-6 were measured in the T2DM group.Results The levels of HOMA-IR,seYllm TNF-α and IL-6 in T2DM group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.01 or<0.05).The level of postprandial TNF-α,IL-6 tended to increase,but the change was not significant(P>0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that TNF-α was positively correlated to FBG,HOMA-IR and TG in T2DM group(P<0.01).There was also a positive correlation between TNF-α and FINS in T2DM group(P<0.05).There was no correlation between IL-6 and other parameters(P>0.05).Conclusion The serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 of T2DM patients were significantly higher than those in the nondiabetic persons.TNF-α was involved in insulin resistance.Postprandial brief elevation of serum levels of blood glucose and insulin did not have effect on those of TNF-α and IL-6.     

慢性阻塞性肺病合并肺部感染患者IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α测定的临床意义

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者合并肺部感染时外周血细胞因子的白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)的变化,及其与感染的相互关系.方法采用放射免疫法检测IL-6、IL-8,酶联免疫吸附试验法检测TNF-α水平.分别检测了31例正常人(A组),47例老年COPD合并肺部感染急性期(B组),35例老年COPD合并肺部感染好转期(C组)患者外周血IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的水平.结果B组的血IL-6及IL-8的水平明显高于A组(P＜0.01),而C组IL-6、IL8水平高于A组,低于B组(P＜0.05);B组的TNF-α水平最高,C组次之,分别与A组比较均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01),B组与C组比较,也有显著差异(P＜0.05).结论细胞因子IL-6、IL8、TNF-α水平与老年COPD合并肺部感染的严重程度有关,并且三者之间呈正相关,对其监测有利于疾病的分期,可作为观察疗效和判断预后的可靠指标.     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清白细胞介素-6水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的研究血清白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)与妊娠糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)的关系。方法GDM组(病例组)选取GDM58例,2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)组(阳性对照组),选取T2DM34例,正常对照组选取同期正常孕妇84例。测定他们的空腹血糖、血脂、糖化血红蛋白(HbAIC)、血清胰岛素及IL-6；多元回归法分析IL-6与IR、血脂的相关性。结果与正常孕妇相比,GDM组及T2DM组的IL-6、IR均显著升高(P＜0．05,P＜0．01)但两组间无显著性差异。多元回归分析显示,在GDM组及T2DM组中,IL-6与IR、甘油三酯(TG)、HbAlC成正相关。结论GDM与T2DM有共同的发病基础；IR及炎症因子参与了GDM的发病。     

乌司他丁对食管癌根治术中肺损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨乌司他丁在全麻食管癌根治术单肺通气(OLV)中的肺保护作用及其机制.方法 全麻OLV下食管癌根治术患者40例,随机分为乌司他丁组(A组)和对照组(B组),每组20例.A组OLV开始后,静脉泵注乌司他丁10 000 IU/kg,1 h内注完;B组给予等量生理盐水.两组分别在麻醉诱导后(T0)、OLV 后1 h(T1)、OLV 后2 h(T2)、术后2 h(T3)及术后24 h(T4)5个时点采集动脉血,检测HMGB1、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)浓度.结果 两组T0时点的HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-6 、IL-8、IL-10的血清浓度无明显差异(P＞0.05);两组病人T1、T2、T3、T4时点与T0比较HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-6 、IL-8、IL-10血清浓度显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与B组相比,A组T1、T2、T3、T4时点HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-8水平显著降低(P<0.05),IL-10水平明显升高(P<0.05).结论 乌司他丁显著增加食管癌根治术OLV患者血清IL-10的浓度,抑制HMGB1、TNF-α、IL-6 、IL-8浓度的升高,在食管癌根治术OLV过程中起肺保护作用.     

富硒黄芪提取物对链脲霉素诱导的糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的影响

为探索富硒黄芪提取物(extract of selenium-enriched Astragalus membranaceus,ESAM)对链脲霉素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)的作用。用STZ制造2型糖尿病大鼠模型(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM);ESAM和吡格列酮干预T2DM模型大鼠;观察各组情况,并于造模前、造模后记录体重和空腹血糖(FBG);第4周末,收集各组大鼠血液及肝脏组织;生化检测仪检测血液中总胆固醇(CHOL)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL);ELISA检测血液中空腹胰岛素(FINS)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)的含量变化;Western blot检测肝脏组织中胰岛素受体底物蛋白1(IRS1)、磷酸化IRS1(p-IRS1)、核因子κB抑制子激酶β(IKKβ)、磷酸化IKKβ(p-IKKβ)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、磷酸化JNK(p-JNK)蛋白变化。实验结果表明,与空白组相比,模型组大鼠体重显著下降,血液中FBG、CHOL、TG、LDL、TNF-α、IL-6、CRP、IL-1β以及肝脏中p-IRS1、p-IKKβ、p-JNK显著上升;药物干预后,吡格列酮组、ESAM可逆转模型大鼠体重及上述细胞因子和蛋白的变化。综上可知ESAM可通过降低T2DM大鼠炎症因子的表达,抑制游离脂肪酸(FFA)的升高,降低周围组织中IKKβ和JNK磷酸化活化,进而激活胰岛素通路,改善T2DM的IR作用。     

难治性肺炎患儿细胞因子水平变化及意义

目的：探讨难治性肺炎患儿细胞因子水平变化及临床意义。方法整群选取129例难治性肺炎支原体肺炎（RMPP）患儿为研究对象,并将其归入研究组（A组）;将同期入院体检的50例同龄健康志愿者纳入对照组（B组）。所有受试患儿均予以双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测,记录其血清白细胞介素-2(I L-2)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和肿瘤坏死因子-α（T N F-α）、γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）等指标检测情况。 A组患儿予以静注甲泼尼龙方案,对比其治疗前后检测结果差异。结果①两组受试者在IL-2及TNF-α两项炎性细胞因子水平对比上差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;A组IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10及IFN-γ水平均明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;②治疗后,A组患儿除IL-2及TNF-α水平较治疗前无明显改变外,其他炎性细胞因子水平均较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论临床可将IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和IFN-γ等炎性细胞因子作为早期诊断RMPP的重要依据推广使用。     

2型糖尿病患者血清IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α的水平变化及其意义

目的 :探讨 2型糖尿病患者血清中细胞因子水平及其临床意义。方法 :应用双抗体夹心法检测 80例 2型糖尿病患者血清白细胞介素 6( IL - 6)、白细胞介素 8( IL - 8)及肿瘤坏死因子α( TNF-α)的水平以及 T细胞亚群和自然杀伤细胞活性。结果 :2型 DM患者都有不同程度的免疫低下 ,合并感染者更明显 ,其血清 IL - 6、IL - 8、TNF-α水平均显著高于正常人 ,且它们之间成正相关 ,而它们与 T细胞亚群和自然杀伤细胞活性之间成负相关。结论 :IL- 6、IL- 8和 TNF- α可能参与 2型糖尿病的发病及病理、免疫功能变化过程 ,检测患者IL- 6、IL- 8和 TNF- α可作为判断预后、指导治疗的指标     

乌司他丁对体外循环心内直视手术中炎性细胞因子的影响

目的 观察乌司他丁在体外循环心内直视手术中对炎性细胞因子水平的影响.方法 30例体外循环心内直视手术患者随机分为乌司他丁组(U)和对照组(C),每组各15例.乌司他丁组(U)总量给予乌司他丁12000 IU/kg,分别在体外循环前静脉滴入半量,体外循环机内加入半量.对照组(C)用等量的生理盐水.分别在切皮前(T1)、体外循环开始后30 min(T2)、体外循环停止(T3)、体外循环结束后2h(T4)、体外循环结束后4h(T5)、体外循环结束后24 h(T6)采集血标本,测定血清中的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10).结果 两组T2、T3、T4、L、T6各时间点TNF-α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10均明显高于T1(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),而U组TNF-α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8明显低于C组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),IL-10均明显高于C组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 体外循环导致白细胞激活,大量炎性介质释放和自由基产生,激发全身炎症反应综合症.乌司他丁应用于体外循环心内直视手术中可以减少TNF-α、IL-2、IL-6、IL-8的释放,促进抑炎细胞因子IL-10的分泌,从而减轻有效地降低由于CPB引发的炎症反应,减轻心肌的缺血再灌注损伤,起到保护心肌的作用.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.