早年创伤对认知功能影响的研究进展

早年创伤是一个全球普遍存在的问题,严重影响儿童、青少年的大脑发育,继而导致认知功能、人格水平、社会行为的改变。早年创伤主要是父母、监护人或其他年长者对孩子施加躯体虐待、躯体忽视、情感虐待、情感忽视或性虐待。美国一项调查显示：儿童虐待事件的发生率高达1．2％[1]。早年创伤影响认知功能的多个领域,包括学习／工作记忆、视觉空间能力、执行功能、言语智能、复杂推理搜决策、学业表现等比]。创伤造成的认知功能改变是目前国内外神经科学和精神医学领域研究的热点,但其发病机制仍不明确,鉴于早年创伤与认知功能的关系问题,现就早年创伤对大脑发育、神经认知的影响加以综述。     

Brain network markers of abnormal cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow in Parkinson＇s disease

Neuroimaging of cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow is ideally suited to assay widely-distributed brain circuits as a result of local molecular events and behavioral modulation in the central nervous system. With the progress in novel analytical methodology, this endeavor has succeeded in unraveling the mechanisms underlying a wide spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, statistical brain mapping studies have made significant strides in describing the pathophysiology of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） and related disorders by providing signature biomarkers to determine the systemic abnormalities in brain function and evaluate disease progression, therapeutic responses, and clinical correlates in patients. In this article, we review the relevant clinical applications in patients in relation to healthy volunteers with a focus on the generation of unique spatial covariance patterns associated with the motor and cognitive symptoms underlying PD. These characteristic biomarkers can be potentially used not only to improve patient recruitment but also to predict outcomes in clinical trials.     

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and neuronal apoptosis in the epileptic rat brain*★

BACKGROUND：It has been reported that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, a very well known Chinese traditional medicine, can affect immunoregulation, free radical scavenging, and anti-hypoxia responses. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）, nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and neuronal apoptosis in rats with pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）-induced epilepsy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cellular and molecular biology experiment with randomized controlled study design was performed at the Central Laboratory of Basic Medical College of Jiamusi University from June to August 2005. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy, adult, male, Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups （10 rats per group）： control, epilepsy model, and Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. A sub-eclampsia PTZ dose （35 mg/kg） was intraperitoneally injected to induce epilepsy in the latter two groups. Wild Ganoderma lucidum spore powder （30 g/L） was provided by the wild Ganoderma lucidum plant nursery at Jiamusi, China. Immunohistochemical detection and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediate dUTP nick end-labeling （TUNEL） kits were purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China. METHODS： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was intragastrically administered at a dose of 10.0 mL/kg, once a day for 28 days. In the epilepsy and control groups, an equivalent volume of normal saline was intragastrically administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunoreactivity for IGF-1 and NF-κB/P65 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Neuronal apoptosis was detected using TUNEL methods. RESULTS： The hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats with PTZ-induced epilepsy exhibited a higher number of apoptotic cells at high magnification （×400）, compared with the control group. Expression of IGF-1 and NF-κB were higher in the epilepsy group, compared with the control group （P 〈 0.01）. In Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated rats,     

Distribution of serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors in the Onuf’s nucleus of the rat spinal cord*★

BACKGROUND：Motoneurons from the Onuf’s nucleus of the spinal cord, which innervate the striated muscle of the pelvic floor, play an important role in erection, ejaculation, and urine control. Serotonin （5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT） regulates motoneuron activity from the Onuf’s nucleus of the spinal cord. However, few studies exist that describe 5-HT receptor distribution in the Onuf’s nucleus. In addition, the nature of the effects of 5-HT receptor on the innervating striated muscle of the pelvic floor is controversial. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the distribution of serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors in motoneurons of Onuf’s nucleus in the spinal cord of male rats, and to analyze the relationship of 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptor to central modulation of urogenital function. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The neural morphology experiment was performed at the Ultramicro-structure Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, China from April to December 2007. MATERIALS： Ten adult, Sprague Dawley rats （eight males and two females） were randomly divided into gender control group （n = 4, 50% male and 50% female） and a retrograde tracing group （n = 6, 100% male） Recombinant pseudorabies virus （PRV-152） was provided by Professor LW Enquist from Princeton University, USA. Rabbit anti-5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptor antibodies were purchased from Diasorin, France. METHODS： In the gender control group, the spinal L5-6 segments were harvested, sliced, and then incubate antibodies specific against 5-HT2A or 5-HT7 receptors for immunohistochemical staining. In the retrograde tracing group, PRV-152 was separately injected into the right ischiocavernosus （ischiocavernosus subgroup, n = 3） and the right external urethral sphincter （external urethral sphincter subgroup, n = 3）. Four days after injection, L5-6 segments were harvested, sliced, and incubated with antibodies specific against 5-HT2A or 5-HT7 receptors for double-labeling immunofluorescence stain     

Differential cognitive responses to guqin music and piano music in Chinese subjects： an event-related potential study

Objective To compare the cognitive effects of guqin （the oldest Chinese instrument） music and piano music. Methods Behavioral and event-related potential （ERP） data in a standard two-stimulus auditory oddball task were recorded and analyzed. Results This study replicated the previous results of culture-familiar music effect on Chinese subjects： the greater P300 amplitude in frontal areas in a culture-familiar music environment. At the same time, the difference between guqin music and piano music was observed in NI and later positive complex （LPC： including P300 and P500）： a relatively higher participation of right anterior-temporal areas in Chinese subjects. Conclusion The results suggest that the special features of ERP responses to guqin music are the outcome of Chinese tonal language environments given the similarity between Guqin＇s tones and Mandarin lexical tones.     

Chaotic electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus – mossy fiber sprouting, epileptic seizures, and brain electrical activity in pentylenetetrazol-kindled rats★

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have demonstrated that appropriate interventions can alter brain electrical activity of epileptic patients prior to and during a seizure, leading to maintenance of a highly chaotic state, thereby inhibiting abnormal epileptic discharges, and eventually controlling epileptic seizure. OBJECTIVE： This study was designed to observe the effects of chaotic electrical stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus on mossy fiber sprouting, epileptic seizures, and electrical discharges, and to summarize the most suitable intervention. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized grouping, neuroelectrophysiological study was performed at the Laboratory of Neurology, Union Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University in September 2007. MATERIALS： Fifty-five healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to an epileptic model by an intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazol. The YC-2 programmed electrical stimulator was provided by Chengdu Instrument Factory, China; the video electroencephalographic system （KT-88-2400） and 24-hour active electroencephalographic system were products of Contec Medical System Co., Ltd., China; pentylenetetrazol was purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： The present interventional method consisted of electrical stimulation to the subthalamic nucleus with an intensity of 500 μA, pulse width 0.05 ms, frequency 30 Hz, and a duration of 20 minutes for 14 successive days. Fifty-five rats were divided into 6 groups： （1） pre-stimulation （n = 10）, pentylenetetrazol was administered and 30 minutes later, chaotic electrical stimulation was performed; （2） synchronous stimulation （n = 10）, rats received pentylenetetrazol and chaotic electrical stimulation concurrently; （3） post-administration stimulation （n = 10）, after pentylenetetrazol administration, chaotic electrical stimulation was performed immediately after cessation of a seizure; （4） sham-stimulation （n = 10）, following pentylenetetrazol administration, an electrode was con     

Effect of bilobalide B on cholinergic hippocampal neurons exposed to cholesterol and apolipoprotein E4*☆

BACKGROUND： Extracts of ginkgo biloba leaves have been reported to improve nerve function and activity in Alzheimer＇s disease, which is associated with reduced secretion of cholinergic neurotransmitter in hippocampal neurons. OBJECTIVE： To validate the protective effect of bilobalide B against in vitro injury of cholinergic neurons of the hippocampus induced by combined cholesterol and apoE4 DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed in the Pathology Laboratory, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2003 to July 2006. MATERIALS： Neonatal Wistar rats, 1-day-old, both male and female, and mean body mass of 5 g were selected for this study. Cholesterol and apolipoprotein E4 （apoE4） were purchased from Sigma Company （USA）, bilobalide B was purchased from Tianjin Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Factory, batch number 20050312. METHODS： Hippocampal neurons were divided into three groups： a normal control group （routinely added media）, a model group （exposed to media containing 40 mg/L cholesterol and 30 mg/L apoE4 for 24 hours） and a bilobalide B group （exposed to media containing 160 mg/L bilobalide B for 16 hours, and then with addition of 40 mg/L cholesterol and 30 mg/L apoE4 for an additional 24 hours）. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Levels of acetylcholine （ACh） and activity of acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） and choline acetyltransferase （CHAT） in hippocampal neurons were determined by microdosage hydroxylamine colorimetry, hydroxylamine colorimetry and radiological chemistry, respectively. RESULTS： The ACh level was significantly lower in the model group than that in the normal control group （P 〈 0.01）, while it was markedly higher in the bilobalide B group than in the model group （P 〈 0.05）. Activity of AChE was significantly decreased in the model group compared with the normal control group （P 〈 0.05）. However, there was no significant difference between the model group and the bilobalide B group ?     

氧化应激与认知功能障碍的研究进展

氧化应激（Oxidative Stress）不仅在糖尿病、高血压病等身心疾病中起着重要作用,而且对阿尔茨海默病（AlzheimerDisease,AD）、帕金森病（Parkin-son Disease,PD）等神经精神障碍的认知功能也有一定影响。强烈或持续性的氧化应激可通过诱导细胞凋亡和炎性反应导致细胞、组织损害。流行病学及动物研究均表明,母孕期遭受应激可能会影响胎儿的神经心理发育过程,造成胎儿大脑某区域的缺陷,引起持续性认知改变、神经内分泌和行为反应,增加后代精神疾病的患病风险。现对氧化应激与认知功能障碍的机制进行综述。     

Intrathecal MK-801 inhibits formalin-induced activation of spinal p38-MAPK in rats**★

BACKGROUND： p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） plays an instrumental role in signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus, while subcutaneous injection of formalin can induce increased activation of spinal p38 MAPK. However, the mechanisms underlying the formalin-induced activation of spinal p38 MAPK in rats are unclear. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid （NMDA） receptor antagonist MK-801 on the formalin-induced activation of spinal p38 MAPK in rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized grouping, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University between May and November 2007. MATERIALS： Forty eight healthy, adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups： formalin ＋ normal saline （n = 12） and formalin ＋ MK-801 （n = 36）. The formalin ＋ MK-801 group was further divided into three subgroups according to the dosage of MK-801 （10, 50, and 100 nmol/L, 12 rats for each subgroup） METHODS： Following anesthesia, polyethylene tubing filled with sterile normal saline was implanted into the subarachnoid cavity. On postoperative days 5-8, rats received a 15 minute perfusion of normal saline or MK-801 （10, 50, and 100 nmol/L） in the formalin ＋ normal saline and formalin ＋ MK-801 groups, respectively, followed by formalin injection for the induction of nociceptive behavior. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Detection of total p38 MAPK and of phosphorylated p38 MAPK by western Blot analysis; observation of nociceptive behaviors in the 1 hour after formalin injection. RESULTS： Western Blot analysis revealed that injection of formalin had no effect on total p38 MAPK expression but resulted in increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in the spinal cord. This increase was apparent after 5 minutes, peaked at 20 minutes, and thereafter descended and reached control levels after 45 minutes. Pretreatment with MK-801 （10, 50, 100 nmol/L） resulted in a dose-dependent reduc     

Naoxintong dose effects on inflammatory factor expression in the rat brain following focal cerebral ischemia

BACKGROUND： Certain components of tetramethylpyrazine, a traditional Chinese medicine, exhibit protective effects against brain injury. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of different Naoxintong doses on expression of nuclear factor-kappa B （ kB）, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and complement 3 in rats following focal cerebral ischemia. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The randomized experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from June 2004 to June 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 150 adult, healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 280-320g, were selected. Naoxintong powder （mainly comprising szechwan lovage rhizome, milkvetch root, danshen root, and radix angelicae sinensis） was obtained from Buchang Pharmacy Co., Ltd. in Xianyang City of Shanxi Province of China, lot number 040608. METHODS： The rats were randomly assigned into sham operation, saline, high-dose Naoxintong, moderate-dose Naoxintong, and low-dose Naoxintong groups, with 30 rats in each group. Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were established using the suture method, with the exception of the sham operation group. Rats in the high-dose, moderate-dose and low-dose Naoxintong groups received 4, 2, and 1 g/kg Naoxintong respectively, by gavage. Rats in the saline group were treated with 1 mL saline by gavage All rats were administered by gavage at 5 and 23 hours following surgery, and subsequently, once per day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： At 6, 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 days following model establishment, brain water content was measured. Histopathological changes in brain tissues were detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of nuclear factor- kB, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor- α, and complement 3 was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： A total of 150 rats were included in the final analysis with no loss. Brain water content was significantly increased in the ischemic hemisphere of rats from the saline, as well as the high-dose, mo     

中枢神经系统中锌离子释放的相关机制及其与脑缺血损伤的关系

近年来，锌离子敏感性探针、选择性螯合剂和转基因模型动物的应用，使人们可以更加深入地了解锌离子在中枢神经系统的细胞内和细胞间离子信号通路中所扮演的重要角色。现从锌离子导入蛋白家族、锌转运体蛋白家族和金属硫蛋白家族等对锌离子浓度的影响来阐述神经系统中锌离子释放的来源和机制以及对脑缺血损伤的影响。     

Effects of acrous gramineus and its component, alpha-asarone, on apoptosis of hippocampal neurons after seizure in immature rats**☆

BACKGROUND： α-asarone and acrous gramineus have been shown to play a necessary function in enhancing the reactivity and convulsant threshold to electric stimulation of immature rats. They have also been shown to effectively suppress epileptic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol in young rats. However, the mechanisms for these roles have been still unclear. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects in immature rats of acrous gramineus and α -asarone on apoptosis of hippocampal neurons after epileptic seizure at the protein level, and to analyze the mechanism for these effects. DESIGN： A randomized controlled animal experiment. SETTINGS： Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University; Department of Histology and Embryology, Norman Bethune Medical School of Jilin University; Department of Internal Medicine, Children＇s Hospital of Changchun City; Department of Neurology, First Clinical Hospital affiliated to Harbin Medical University. MATERIALS： Fifty 3-week old Wistar rats, 34-40 g, irrespective of gender, were provided by Gaoxin Research Center of Medical Animal Experiment, Changchun. The animals were treated according to the animal ethical standards. The following chemicals were used for this study： acrous gramineus powders or infusion （Batch No, 0307113, Tianjiang Medicine Company Limited, Jiangyin）, α-asarone tablets （Batch No. 030219, Tianwei Pharmaceutical Factory, Shenyang）, and phenobarbital sodium tablets （Batch No. 020608, Xinya Medicine Company Limited, Shanghai）. The animals were divided into five groups randomly. First, ten rats were chosen as the normal controls. The remaining rats were treated with i.p. injections of pentylenetetrazol to stimulate an epileptic model. METHODS： The experiments were performed at the Neurological Laboratory of the First Hospital of Jilin University between October and December 2004. The rats were treated with i.p. injections of pentylenetetrazol （60 mg/kg） to establish an epileptic model. According to Racine＇ s standard, animal     

Effects of realgar on stress proteins, inflammatory mediators, and complement in brain tissue and serum of rats with inflammatory brain injury*☆

BACKGROUND：The Chinese herbal compound realgar exerts detoxification effects as an adjuvant. It is suggested that realgar exerts detoxification via the following pathways： in the pathological state, realgar corrects the oxidative stress state by increasing stress levels, activating some endogenous protective factors and antagonizing the excessive release of inflammatory factors, as well as inhibiting complement activation. OBJECTIVE： To observe the changes in stress proteins, inflammatory mediators, and complement in the brain tissue and serum of rats with inflammatory brain injury, which have been treated with the Chinese herbal compound Angong Niuhuang, and to compare the efficacy of Angong Niuhuang with that of realgar, to verify the mechanism of action of realgar. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled, cytological experiment, performed in the Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in March 2006. MATERIALS： Thirty-six healthy, male, Sprague Dawley rats received 250 U/kg Bordetella pertussis via the common carotid artery within 15 seconds to induce inflammatory brain injury. Reagents and kits were as follows： Realgar and Angong Niuhuang powder （Foshan Second Pharmaceutical Factory, China）, Bordetella pertussis diagnostic antigen （National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, China）, heat shock protein 70 （HSP70） enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kit （Stressgen, USA）, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） ELISA kit （Biosource, USA）, nitric oxide synthase （NOS） kit, Coomassie brilliant blue protein kit （Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co.,Ltd., China）, and complements C3 and C4 （Shanghai Kehua Dongling Diagnositic Products Co.,Ltd., China）. METHODS： Thirty-six rats were randomly and evenly divided into the following six groups： normal control, model, high-, middle-, and low-dose realgar-treated, and Angong Niuhuang-treated groups. At one hour prior to establish     

Effect of propofol on glutamate-induced activation and related inflammatory cytokines of astrocytes from spinal cord dorsal horn★

BACKGROUND： Astrocytes participate in central nervous system-mediated physiological or pathological processes, such as pain. Activated dorsal horn astrocytes from the spinal cord produce nerve active substances and proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-lbeta （IL-1 β ）, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor- α （TNF-α ）, which play important roles in pain transduction and regulation. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of different doses of propofol on activation of cultured spinal cord dorsal horn astrocytes induced by glutamate, as well as changes in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF- α, and 1L-10 （anti-inflammatory cytokine） expression in rats, and to explore the dose relationship of propofol. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： The cellular and molecular biology experiment was performed at the Central Laboratory of Yunyang Medical College between March 2006 and December 2007. MATERIALS： Forty healthy, Wistar rats, aged 2-3 days, were selected. Propofol was provided by Zeneca, UK; glutamate by Sigma, USA; EPICS XL flow cytometry by Beckman culture, USA; rabbit-anti-mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） antibody kit and inflammatory cytokine detection kit were provided by Zhongshan Biotechnology Company Ltd., Beijing; multimedia color pathologic image analysis system was a product of Nikon, Japan. METHODS： Astrocytes were harvested from T11- L6 spinal cord dorsal horn of Wistar rats and incubated for 3 weeks. The cells were divided into seven groups, according to various treatment conditions： control group was cells cultured in Hank＇s buffered saline solution; intralipid group was cells cultured in intralipid （0.2 mL/L）; glutamate group was cells cultured with 100 u mol/L glutamate; propofol group was cells cultured with 250 u mol/L propofol; three glutamate plus propofol groups were cultured in 100 11 mol/L of glutamate, followed by 5, 25, and 250 u mol/L of propofol 10 minutes later. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： GFAP-labeled astrocytes were analyzed using a multimedia pathology imaging a     

Effects of transection of cervical sympathetic trunk on cerebral infarct volume and oxygen free radical levels in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury*★

BACKGROUND： Stellate ganglion block （SGB） plays a protective role on the brain, but the precise mechanism of action is not clear. OBJECTIVE： To simulate SGB by transection of the cervical sympathetic trunk （TCST） and to investigate the TCST effects on changes in cerebral infarct volume and oxygen free radical levels in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A complete randomized control animal experiment was performed at the Institute of Neurological Diseases of Taihe Hospital, Yunyang Medical College from February to December 2005. MATERIALS： A total of 101 healthy Wistar rats, weighing 280-320 g, of both genders, aged 17-18 weeks, were used in this study. 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） was purchased from Changsha Hongyuan Biological Company. Superoxide dismutase （SOD）, malondialdehyde （MDA） and nitric oxide （NO） assay kits were provided by Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute. METHODS： Rats were randomly divided into a TCST group, a model group and a sham operation group. Successful models were included in the final analysis, with at least 20 rats in each group. After TCST, rat models of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established in the TCST group by receiving middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） by the intraluminal suture method for 2 hours, followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Rat models of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were made in the model group. Rats in the sham operation group underwent experimental procedures as for the model group, threading depth of 10 mm, and middle cerebral artery was not ligated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Brain tissue sections of ten rats from each group were used to measure cerebral infarct volume by TTC staining. Brain tissue homogenate of another ten rats from each group was used to detect SOD activities, MDA contents and NO levels. Rat neurological function was assessed by neurobehavioral measures. RESULTS： Cerebral infarct volume was bigger in the     

Influence of Ginkgo Biloba extract on beta-secretase in rat hippocampal neuronal cultures following chronic hypoxic and hypoglycemic conditions

BACKGROUND： Preparation of Ginkgo leaf has been widely used to improve cognitive deficits and dementia, in particular in Alzheirner＇s disease patients. However, the precise mechanism of action of Ginkgo leaf remains unclear. OBJECTIVE： To explore the effect of Ginkgo Biloba extract （Egb761）, Ginaton, on β -secretase expression in rat hippocampal neuronal cultures following chronic hypoxic and hypoglycemic conditions. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTNG： Completely by randomized, grouping study. The experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Southeast University between August 2006 and August 2007. MATERIALS： A total of 128 Wistar rats aged 24 hours were selected, and hippocampal neurons were harvested for primary cultures. METHODS： On day 7, primary hippocampal neuronal cultures were treated with Egb761 （0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200μg/mL） under hypoxic/hypoglycemic or hypoglycemic culture conditions for 12, 24, and 36 hours, respectively. Hippocampal neurons cultured in primary culture medium served as control. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cell viability was assayed using 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT）; fluorescence detection of β -secretase activity was performed; Western Blot was used to measure β -secretase expression. RESULTS： Cell viability under hypoxic/hypoglycemic or hypoglycemic culture conditions was significantly less than control cells （P 〈 0.05）. Under hypoxic/hypoglycemic or hypoglycemic culture conditions, treatment with 25 μg/mL Egb761 did not alter cell viability. However, 〉 25 μg/mL Egb761 induced greater cell viability （P 〈 0.05）. No differences were observed between hypoxic/hypoglycemic or hypoglycemic cells （P 〉 0.05）. α -secretase activity was increased after 12 hours in hypoxic/hypoglycemic culture （P 〈 0.01）. There were no significant differences between the 12-, 24-, or 36-hour Egb761 groups and the hypoxic/hypoglycemic groups （P 〉 0.05）. β -secretase activity was greater after     

海马神经发生在重复经颅磁刺激抗抑郁作用中的研究进展

重复经颅磁刺激（Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation,rTMS）是一种安全,有效,无创的物理治疗技术,现广泛应用于抑郁症发病机制的基础研究及抑郁症患者的临床治疗中.现对rTMS促进海马神经并由此发挥抗抑郁效应的机制做一综述.     

晚发性精神分裂症的研究进展

精神分裂症是一种常见的病因尚未完全阐明的精神病,常有特殊的思维、知觉、情感和行为等多方面的障碍和精神活动与环境的不协调。多起病于青壮年,而临床上起病年龄为40岁以上的精神分裂症患者并不少见。Bleuler于1943年首次提出“晚发性精神分裂症”（Late—onset Schizophrenia）,指出发病年龄在40岁以后的为晚发性精神分裂症。     

Hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer effects on the femoral and intramuscular nerve in a canine model of lower limb ischemia*☆

BACKGROUND： Recent advancements in gene therapy have provided new methodology for treating ischemia in lower extremities. Gene transfer of angiogenic factors to ischemic tissues may promote local proliferation of new vessels and form collateral circulation. OBJECTIVE： To observe histopathological changes in the femoral and intramuscular nerve three months after intramuscular injection of hepatocyte growth factor （HGF） into the peripheral skeletal muscle in a canine model of lower limb ischemia. DESIGN： Randomized occlusion modelled and verification animal study. SETTING： Experimental Center, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS： This study was performed at Animal Experimental Center, Lanzhou General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA from September to November 2006. A total of eight male mongrel dogs, weighing 12–15 kg and 1.5–3 years of age, were selected for this study. This experimental study was in accordance with local ethics standards. Recombinant plasmid carrying HGF （pUDKH） and occlusion model plasmid （pUDK） were provided by the Third Laboratory of Radiation Medical Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences of PLA. METHODS： Grouping and model establishment： under anesthesia, complete vascular occlusion models were established on the left lower extremities. The experimental dogs were randomly divided into a model group and a pUDKH treatment group, with four dogs in each group. Dogs in the pUDKH group were injected with 0.15 mg/kg pUDKH. Ten minutes later, intramuscular injections were performed at three spots into the peripheral skeletal muscle of the left hind limb, as well as lateral injections at two spots. The injection volume at each spot was 0.2 mL. Dogs in the model group were injected with pUDK, and dosage and injection method were identical to the treatment group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Histopathological changes in the femoral nerve, as well as internal and external intramuscular nerve tissue