交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折并发症防治

目的：观察交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折的并发症及防治。方法：1997年2月-2000年6月用交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折46例。男36例。女10例。新鲜闭合性骨折27例，开放性骨折15例。陈旧性骨折4例。左侧24例，右侧22例。年龄25-65岁，平均37岁，均采用扩髓及静力型固定。结果：46例均得到随访，平均20个月（6个月-3年）。愈合时间为3-12个月，平均4个月，感染4例均为开放性骨折，肢体短缩1例。成角畸形2例。延迟愈合7例。结论：交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折的一些并发症存在必须引起重视。开放性骨折以不扩髓为宜。     

不扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折

目的 :评估不扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折的疗效。方法 :应用不扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折 46例 ,CustiloⅠ型 15例 ,CustiloⅡ型 17型 ,CustiloⅢA型 7例 ,CustiloⅢB型 5例。结果 :平均随访 17.1个月 ,平均愈合时间 2 5周 ,采用Joher Wruh评分 :优 3 0例、良 13例、中 1例、差 2例 ;无主钉弯、断、旋 ,锁钉脱出现象 ,感染 2例 ,骨折全部愈合。结论 :不扩髓交锁髓内钉在治疗胫骨开放性骨折中具有创伤小、固定坚强、感染率低、骨折愈合率高等优点 ,只要掌握好适应证及手术时机 ,是治疗胫骨开放性骨折的较好方法。     

髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折适应范围及疗效探讨

[目的]探讨带锁髓内钉、髓内扩张自锁髓内钉的适应范围。了解上述固定物的特点以提高疗效。[方法]回顾性分析了自2000年6月～2003年9月应用带锁髓内钉、髓内扩张自锁髓内钉治疗116例胫腓骨骨折病人，其中男83例，女33例，年龄16～74岁，平均38岁。带锁髓内钉固定者60例；自锁髓内钉固定者56例。随访时间12～24个月，平均17．9个月，对于上述2种手术方法列表进行了比较。[结果]在带锁钉组优良率、愈合率、闭合复位率、扩髓率、并发症、抗旋转能力分别为89．5％、96．7％、71．6％、51．6％、21．6％和＋＋＋。髓内扩张自锁髓内钉组对应相关数据分别是91．5％，98．2％，89．3％，5．3％，3．5％和＋。[结论]带锁髓内钉是治疗胫骨骨折比较理想的内固定材料。自锁钉的手术适应症基本上同带锁钉。但自锁钉弹性固定，保持微动状态，有利于骨折早期愈合，手术更易达到微创水平。胫骨中段或中下1／3横断、斜行骨折尽量选用自锁钉。带锁钉则适宜粉碎、多段骨折。本文带锁钉扩髓与自锁钉不扩髓术式比较，两者愈合方面未显出不同。胫腓骨骨折髓内钉固定一般不必要扩髓。     

急诊行交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨交锁髓内钉急诊治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折的效果,并分析促进骨愈合的方法.方法 2003年12月-2006年6月,通过收集扩髓骨碎屑断端植骨,急诊清创、交锁髓内钉固定胫骨骨折联合重建钢板固定腓骨骨折,治疗35例新鲜开放粉碎性胫腓骨骨折.男27例,女8例;年龄19～65岁,平均34.7岁.左侧22例,右侧13例.骨折位于胫腓骨中段16例,中下1/3 12例,中上1/3 7例.按照Gusitilo分型:Ⅰ型7例,Ⅱ型19例,Ⅲa型8例,Ⅲ b型1例.术前膝关节活动度为45～70°,平均48.30°.受伤至手术时间为50 min～7 h,平均4.3 h.结果 手术时间60～132 min,平均94 min;术中出血量100～350 mL,平均122 mL.32例术中缝合切口并Ⅰ期愈合;2例Ⅲ a型骨折患者术后4d缝合减张切口后愈合;1例Ⅲb型骨折患者术中腓肠肌瓣覆盖创面,术后1周植皮,愈合良好.未出现骨折劈裂、医源性神经血管损伤、骨筋膜室综合征及深静脉血栓等并发症.1例Ⅱ型骨折患者皮肤出现张力性水疱,5 d后自行消退.术后患者均获随访,随访14～43个月,平均22个月.X线片示34例骨折于术后14～22周愈合,平均15.2周;1例Ⅰ型骨折胫骨外侧约2 cm皮质未愈合,对症处理后愈合.术后13～22个月取出内固定,随访期间无再次骨折.术后膝关节活动度为121～135°,平均127°.随访期末膝关节HSS评分为87～100分,平均96.5分,优良率100%.结论 急诊行交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折疗效确切,术中行扩髓骨碎屑断端植骨可促进骨愈合.     

非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨干骨折

目的:评估非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨干骨折的疗效。方法:应用非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗21例开放性胫骨干骨折。男18例,女3例,年龄23岁～59岁,平均36.3岁。AO/ASIF分类A型10例,B型9例,C型2例。Gustilo分类Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型11例,ⅢA型1例。结果:所有患者得到4～21个月随访(平均14.3个月)。所用髓内钉直径平均8.9mm。骨折平均愈合时间27周(13～34周)。采用Johner-Wruh评分,结果优14例,良6例,差1例,无感染,无断钉和骨不连。结论:非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨干骨折,只要严格掌握适应证和手术时机,彻底清创,熟练掌握操作技术,具有创伤小、能早期活动、骨折愈合率高和感染率低等优点。     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折46例报告

目的 探讨应用交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折的疗效。方法本组共收治46例胫腓骨开放性骨折，按改良的Gustilo分类法I型12例，Ⅱ型9例，ⅢA型6例，ⅢB型7例，ⅢC型2例。全部患均急诊行清创术及胫骨交锁髓内钉内固定术。创面均给予一期缝合，但有2例另行减长切口、二期缝合。结果 本组患随访8～36个月，平均20个月。创面愈合情况：一期愈合36例，坏死组织再次清创术后行自体植皮术6例，骨外露以比目鱼肌肌瓣覆盖后行自体植皮术1例。骨折愈合情况：正常愈合39例，6例延迟愈合(ⅢB4例，ⅢC2例)。本组中有4例发生浅表软组织感染(ⅢB1例，ⅢC3例)，经用抗菌素及局部加强换药后治愈，无骨髓炎病例发生。结论 对于I、Ⅱ及ⅢA型开放性胫腓骨骨折的患，若病程短、生命体征平稳，急诊行清创及交锁髓内钉固定是一个比较合适的治疗方法。     

交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的并发症及其防治

目的观察交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的并发症及防治。方法自2000年10月～2003年8月用交锁髓内钉共治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折58例。均采用不扩髓开放复位及静力型固定，6～8周后改动力型固定30例。结果58例均得到随访，平均16个月(6个月～2年)。愈合时间为16～40周，平均22周。伤口浅层感染5例，延期愈合8例，大隐静脉损伤2例。结论交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的一些并发症必须引起重视，并尽力预以防治。严格掌握手术适应证和早期彻底清创是防止肢体深部感染的关键。     

交锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折并发症的处理及原因分析

[目的]探讨交锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折术后并发症的发生原因和处理方法。[方法]本院1999年1月～2004年12月对243例股骨骨折行交锁髓内钉治疗，发生并发症14例，其中骨延迟愈合2例、骨不愈合3例、锁钉失败6例（锁钉松动退出4例，锁钉折弯1例，锁钉断钉1例）、主钉断钉伴骨不愈合1例、术后再骨折1例、膝关节僵直1例。2例骨延迟愈合及时改静力交锁为动力交锁；3例骨不愈合行植骨治疗；主钉断钉和再骨折行扩髓、换钉、植骨治疗；1例锁钉松动退出伴骨不愈合行换钉、植骨治疗；膝关节僵直行股四头肌成形术。[结果]14例患者经过对症治疗，骨延迟愈合、骨不愈合均骨愈合，膝关节功能恢复满意。[结论]交锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折虽有一定并发症，比其他内固定具有较明显的优势。出现并发症后，及时采取正确有效的处理方法，能达到满意的效果。     

非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折

目的：评估非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的疗效。方法：应用非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折53例。男38例，女15例。年龄20～68岁，平均34．7岁。Gustilo分型：Ⅰ型27例，Ⅱ型19例，ⅢA型5例，ⅢB型2例。结果：53例患者中49例得到随访，随访时间最长49月，最短7月。平均18．6月。结果：采用Johner-Wruh评分：优35例，良13例，差1例。骨折愈合时间最长37周，最短12周，平均23．6周。所有患者无断钉、骨不连发生。结论：非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折，是一种具有创伤小、感染率低、骨折愈合率高和能早期活动等优点的新方法。     

顺行扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折(附237例报告)

目的：探讨顺行扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折的治疗效果。方法：对1996年6月～2002年7月应用顺行扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗237例股骨干骨折进行回顾分析。骨折类型根据AO／ASIF分类，A型骨折88例，B型124例，C型25例。其中开放性骨折36例，包括Gustilo Ⅰ型至ⅢA型，闭合性骨折201例。全部应用静力固定。结果：平均随访时间12个月(6～22个月)，闭合性骨折平均愈合时间15周(10～22周)，开放性骨折18周(13～36周)。12例延迟愈合，无深部感染、骨髓炎、畸形愈合、骨不连及断钉等并发症。全部患者术后邻近关节的功能均恢复正常。结论：扩髓交锁髓内钉是治疗股骨干骨折较理想的方法，骨折愈合率高，并发症较少。     

微创交锁钉治疗胫骨干长节段粉碎性骨折46例分析

[目的]阐明闭合或有限切开复位交锁髓内钉内固定微创治疗胫骨干多节段粉碎性骨折的优越性和手术要点。[方法]选取46例胫骨干长节段粉碎性骨折使用微创交锁髓内钉固定为治疗组,随机选取同时期普通钛板治疗多节段骨折46例为对照组,对两组术中情况及术后疗效进行比较,其中治疗组采用闭合复位穿钉,有限切开复位螺钉固定,瞄准器锁定骨折远、近端。[结果]两组术后均随访12个月以上,两组在手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量及骨折愈合时间、远期功能疗效满意度方面均有显著性统计学差异。[结论]闭合或有限切开复位交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨干长节段粉碎性骨折较钛板有着微创、手术时间短、伤口愈合快、住院时间短,更符合胫骨生物力学、更高骨折愈合率、更少并发症等优越性。微创交锁钉为该类骨折提供了最佳骨折愈合时机、良好功能恢复,可避免关节僵硬,大部分患者可重返工作岗位。     

交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎骨折的远期疗效(附1 38例报告)

目的对应用交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎骨折的临床经验进行总结。方法施行鱼口交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎骨折138例,其中Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型98例,开放23例。结果随访平均18.4个月,优良率97.8％。迟发感染1例,断、弯髓内钉各1例,断弯螺丝钉6例,均骨性愈合。结论除个别特殊情况外,交锁髓内钉是股骨干粉碎骨折的最佳治疗     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折

目的 观察交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效及并发症防治。方法 用交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折46例,均采用扩髓及静力型固定。结果 46例均得到随访,平均20个月（6个月-3年）,愈合时间为3-12个月,平均4个月,感染4例均为开放性骨折,肢体短缩1例,成角畸形2例,延迟愈合7例,无不愈合。根据Johner-Wruh评分标准,优36例,良7例,中2例,差1例。结论 交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折是一种很好的方法。但仍有一些并发症,在应用中必须引起重视;开放性骨折以不扩髓为宜。     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折并发症分析

[目的]探讨交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折并发症的原因。[方法]回顾性分析交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折785例患者的完整资料。[结果]随访时间平均为27个月（8～40个月），发生并发症如下：感染率2．7％（21例）；骨折不愈合1．5％（12例）；骨折延迟愈合6．8％（53例）；骨折畸形愈合0．9％（7例）；膝关节痛6．8％（53例）；主钉断裂1．4％（11例）；锁钉断钉、退出2．2％（17例）。[结论]熟练掌握髓内钉的操作技术、正确选择手术适应证及恰当的术后处理是减少并发症的关键。     

Acute unreamed intramedullary nailing and soft tissue reconstruction with muscle flaps for the treatment of severe open tibial shaft fractures

BACKGROUND: The treatment of open tibial shaft fractures remains controversial. Important considerations in surgical management include surgical timing, fixation technique and soft tissue coverage. This study was performed to evaluate the results of acute surgical debridement, unreamed nailing and soft tissue reconstruction in the treatment of severe open tibial shaft fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 10-year period between January 1993 and July 2002, 927 tibial shaft fractures were treated with interlocking intramedullary nails. Among them, there were 19 consecutive patients with Gustilo type IIIB to IIIC open tibial shaft fractures with extensive soft tissue injury needing a muscle flap coverage and being suitable for intramedullary nailing. All 19 patients were called for a late follow-up which was conducted with a physical examination and a radiographic and functional outcome assessment. The radiographs were reviewed to determine the fracture healing time and the final alignment. RESULTS: All 19 open fractures with severe soft tissue injury healed without any infection complications. The fractures united in a mean of 8 months. Nine patients had delayed fracture healing (union time over 24 weeks). One of these patients needed exchange nailing, one patient autogenous bone grafting and dynamisation on the nail and seven patients needed dynamisation of the nail before the final fracture healing. In all patients, the alignment was well maintained. However, seven patients had shortening of the tibia by 1-2 cm and two of them also external rotation of 10 degrees . The functional outcome was good in 18/19 patients. INTERPRETATION: Acute surgical debridement, unreamed interlocking intramedullary nailing and soft tissue reconstruction with a muscle flap appear to be a safe and effective method of treatment for Gustilo type IIIB open tibial shaft fractures.     

胫骨骨折的交锁髓内钉治疗

目的：观察交锁髓内钉在胫骨骨折中的治疗效果。方法：1997年2月－2000年2月对37例胫骨骨折采用交锁髓内钉治疗,男30例,女7例,年龄18－65岁,闭合性骨折28例,开放性骨折6例,陈旧性骨折2例,胫骨骨不连2例,开放性骨折采用非扩髓髓内钉,闭合性骨折采用扩髓髓内钉。结果：37例得到随访,骨折全部愈合,无锁钉及髓内钉松动、断裂,膝踝关节功能正常,迟发性感染1例。结论：交锁髓内钉在治疗胫骨骨折中具有创伤小、固定坚强、骨折愈合率高、能早期活动、感染率低等优点,是一种较好的内固定方法。     

The functional results of tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nail compressed by proximal tube

Nailing of tibial shaft fractures is considered the gold standard surgical method by many surgeons. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate and compare the clinical outcome of tibial shaft fractures treated with intramedullary nails compressed by proximal tube and conventional intramedullary interlocking nails. Fifty-seven patients with tibial shaft fractures, treated with intramedullary nails compressed by proximal tube (n = 32) and the conventional interlocking nails (n = 25), were reviewed. All fractures except for one were united without any additional surgical intervention in the proximal compression tube nail group, whereas in the conventional interlocking nail group, six patients needed dynamization surgery (p = 0.005) and three cases of nonunion were recorded. In the proximal compression tube nail group, faster union occurred in 20 ± 2 (16–24) weeks (mean ± SD; range) without failure of locking screws and proximal nail migration, whereas in the conventional interlocking nail group, union occurred in 22 ± 2.5 (17–27) weeks (p = 0.001) with two failures of locking screws and two proximal nail migration. The proximal compression tube nail system is safer than the conventional nailing methods for the treatment for transverse and oblique tibial shaft fractures with a less rate of nonunion, proximal locking screw failure and proximal nail migration.     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的并发症分析及对策

目的分析交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折并发症的原因,提出防治措施。方法 2002年1月至2009年1月行交锁髓内钉内固定手术治疗186例胫骨骨折患者,男135例,女51例;年龄18～70岁,平均34岁。胫腓骨骨折124例,单纯胫骨骨折62例;左侧98例,右侧88例。其中16例发生骨延迟愈合、锁钉断裂、主钉折弯合并小腿成角畸形等并发症。我们采用的治疗方法：（1）改静力交锁为动力交锁;（2）骨愈合刺激仪促进骨折愈合;（3）经皮自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植。结果 186例全部获得随访,随访时间为1～3.5年,平均25个月。胫骨骨折均骨愈合,无一例出现骨不连、感染和畸形愈合。结论交锁髓内钉是治疗胫腓骨骨折的有效手段,严格掌握手术指征、适时掌握静力与动力固定是减少并发症的有效措施。     

Unreamed interlocking nailing in open fractures of tibia

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical outcome of unreamed intramedullary interlocking nailing in open fractures of tibia, and to evaluate the incidence of complications in these open fractures as a result of the unreamed intramedullary nailing. METHODS: Between June 1999 and May 2000, a total of 60 cases of open tibial shaft fractures were operated on with unreamed interlocking nails at Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. Records of 56 patients (4 women and 52 men) were available for study. Only injuries associated with the tibial shaft were included. Traffic accidents were the cause of fractures in all patients. All fractures were classified according to Gustilo and Anderson system for open fractures. There were 30 (53.6%) type-I, 18 (32.1%) type-II, 4 (7.1%) type-IIIA, and 4 (7.1%) type-IIIB fractures. After thorough debridement under anaesthesia, an unreamed interlocking nail was inserted with assistance by an image intensifier. All nails were statically locked with one screw each proximally and distally. RESULTS: The patients were followed up for a mean period of 20 months (range, 18-24 months) and were evaluated according to the modified Ketenjian's criteria. Results were good to excellent in 85.8% cases, and poor in 10.7% cases. Only 2 of 8 patients with type-III fractures had good results. Two of 4 type-IIIA and all 4 type-IIIB fractures had chronic osteomyelitis. Of 56 patients, 6 had early infection, 6 had delayed union, 6 had infected non-union, 2 had nail breakage, 8 had screw breakage, and 10 had anterior knee pain. CONCLUSION: Unreamed interlocking tibial nailing can be safely used for type-I and type-II open injuries even with delayed presentation. Use of unreamed nailing in those type-III fractures with delayed presentation was not recommended, because of high incidence of complications.