功能性鼻内镜手术中减少出血的麻醉管理研究进展

功能性鼻内镜手术(FESS)已被广泛应用于鼻窦炎和鼻息肉患者的临床治疗。外科医师必须依赖最佳的手术视野来确认解剖位置,但鼻腔空间狭小,即使是少量出血也会造成解剖结构难以辨别,导致手术时间延长,手术并发症的发生率增加。目前,鼻内镜手术出血原因主要包括3个方面,即手术因素、患者自身因素以及麻醉因素。本文从麻醉方式、机械通气、术中控制性降压、围术期用药等方面对能够减少鼻内镜手术中出血的麻醉技术进行综述,以期为该类手术的麻醉管理提供参考。     

雷米芬太尼-硝普钠用于鼻内镜手术控制性降压

目的研究雷米芬太尼或雷米芬太尼-硝普钠用于鼻内镜手术控制性降压的效果及对血浆内分泌激素的影响。方法48例择期全麻下行鼻内镜手术病人,采用硝普钠（N组）、雷米芬太尼（R组）或雷米芬太尼复合微量硝普钠（RN组）控制性降压,维持MAP在60～70mmHg。记录降压前即刻（T0）、降压30min（T1）和停降压待BP自然恢复稳定后（T2）时的MAP、HR,并在以上各时点抽取动脉血测定血浆皮质醇（Cor）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（A-Ⅱ）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和血糖（BG）的浓度。结果R组17例（70．8％）单纯用雷米芬太尼可达到降压目的。降压期间,N组HR明显增快（P〈0．05）,停降压后出现反跳性高血压;R和RN组HR减慢（P〈0．05）,停降压后MAP回复至降压前水平。降压后BG、Cor、A-Ⅱ的浓度和T0时相比,N组明显增高（P〈0．05）;三组IL-6的浓度均明显升高（P〈0,05）,N组升高幅度大于R、RN组（P〈0．05）。结论雷米芬太尼用于鼻内镜手术行控制性降压安全可行,有效抑制了机体的应激反应;复合微量硝普钠能减少雷米芬太尼的用量,降压效果可靠。     

右美托咪啶在全麻鼻内镜手术控制性低血压中的应用

目的 探讨右美托咪啶在全麻鼻内镜手术控制性低血压中应用的安全性及有效性.方法 对60例择期全麻下行鼻内镜手术患者按随机数字表法随机分为两组(每组30例),采用硝普钠(N组)、右美托咪啶(D组)行控制性低血压,维持平均动脉压( MAP)在60 mm Hg～70 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa).记录诱导前5min(T0)、手术开始后30 min(T1及拔管即刻(T2)时的心率(HR)、MAP及达标时间、手术时间、降压持续时间、拔管时间、出血量及尿量,对术野质量和苏醒期清醒镇静程度进行平定并观察有无副作用.结果 两 组患者年龄、体重、性别比、手术时间、控制降压持续时间组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).所有患者术中MAP均能维持在目标范围.两组患者T0时点MAP、HR组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P ＞.05)；降压达标时间D组(16.7±3.7) min较N组(10.1±1.8) min慢(P＜0.05)；T2、T1时点与T0时点比较,N组HR(105+7)、(82±5)次/min较(78±6)次/min明显增快(P＜0.05),D组HR(74±7)、(69±8)次/min较(79±8)次/min明显减慢(P＜0.05)；组间比较,T2、T1时点N组HR(105±7)、(82±5)次/min明显高于D组(74±7) 、(69±8)J/min(P＜0.05).N组拔管时出现反跳性高血压,D组拔管时MAP(84+10) mm Hg仍低于诱导前水平(95±8) mm Hg(P＜0.05).D组术野质量评定(scores of surgical field quality,SSFQ)(1.2±0.4)分优于N组的(1.9±0.5)分(P＜0.05)；N组的拔管时间(14.5±1.8) min要短于D组的(16.5±2.7)min(P＜0.05)；N组苏醒期清醒镇静评分(1.5±A5)分优于D组的(2.0±0.3)分(P＜0.05),但N组有6例出现术后躁动；D组出血量(111±45) ml较N组的(191±43)ml少(P＜0.05),D组尿量(390±105) ml较N组的(230±83) ml多(P＜0.05).所有患者术后随访无术中知晓、呼吸抑制等麻醉并发症发生.结论在全麻鼻内镜手术中应用右美托咪啶行控制性低血压安全可行,能提供更好的术野质量,同时副作用更少,值得推广应用.     

Much ado about functional endoscopic sinus surgery

BACKGROUND: Reported success rates in endoscopic sinus surgery vary from 74 to 97%. However, the methods of evaluation and the functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) techniques are not standard in these series. In our practice, some patients failed to attend the 3-monthly follow up claiming all was well. With this experience, the aim of this study is to document a standard minimal technique with minimal follow up, which may be applicable to selected patients. METHODS: An open prospective clinical trial was conducted. A total of 102 selected patients were subjected to minimal FESS surgery and discharged after a 3-month follow up with instructions to return if problems re-ensued. RESULTS: In a telephone follow up ranging from 28 to 40 months postoperatively, 12 patients could not be traced. All of the other patients expressed satisfaction with the results. There were no patients who were dissatisfied with the outcome. However, two patients have persisted with postoperative check-up visits on their own accord. CONCLUSION: It is possible in selected patients to resort to minimal FESS surgery with expectation of a good clinical outcome. It is stressed that, 'rigid selection criteria' apply.     

瑞芬太尼用于鼻内镜手术控制性降压对应激反应的影响

目的观察瑞芬太尼用于鼻内镜手术控制性降压对应激反应的影响。方法择期全麻下鼻内镜手术患者60例,ASAI-Ⅱ级,根据降压所用药物不同分为硝普钠组（N组,n=20）、瑞芬太尼组（R组,n=28）及瑞芬太尼复合硝普钠组（RN组,n=12）。常规麻醉诱导后,术者进行消毒时开始行控制性降压,维持MAP在60mmHg-70mmHg之间。分别记录控制性降压前即刻（L）,维持降压30min时（T1）及停止降压待血压自然恢复稳定后（T2）的HR、MAP。于T0、T1、T2时分别抽取动脉血测定血管紧张素Ⅱ（AT-Ⅱ）、醛固酮（ALD）、血栓烷B2（TXB2）、6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-keto-PGFlα）、内皮素（ET）和一氧化氮（NO）的浓度。结果三组患者相比T1时点,N组HR比R组和RN组明显增快（P〈0．05）,N组降压停止后出现反跳性高血压,R组和RN组停止降压后MAP回复至降压前水平。T1、T2时点N组AT-Ⅱ、ALD的浓度比R和RN组明显升高（P〈0．05）。T1、T2时点RN组NO／ET比值明显高于同时点N组（P〈0．05）,T2时点R组NO／ET比值明显高于同时点N组（P〈0．05）。T1、T2时点R、RN组TXB2／PGF1α比值明显高于同时点R和RN组（P〈0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼持续输注用于异氟醚吸入麻醉下鼻内镜手术中控制性降压能够降低AT-Ⅱ和ALD的分泌,改善NO／ET平衡,降低TXB2／PGF1α比值,有效抑制机体应激反应。     

Navigated control in functional endoscopic sinus surgery

This study designs and evaluates a mechatronic system to assist ENT surgery, taking as an example a navigation controlled shaver as used in paranasal sinus surgery. The on/off status of the shaver is regulated automatically, depending on the current position of the shaver tip. The working space for the navigation controlled shaver is planned preoperatively as a three-dimensional model and is based on the individual patient's CT data. Within this area the shaver reacts to signals from the surgeon. If the tip of the shaver moves outside the predefined working space, the shaver's automatic drive control is interrupted by an electrical pulse. The planning software was evaluated using CT data sets from 32 patients. The accuracy of the registration was analysed on an anatomical model with the aid of 451 measurements on titanium screws attached endonasally, whilst the implementation of the working space was evaluated on 5 technical models. The average time taken for segmenting the working space was found to be 4.23 minutes. The average accuracy of the shaver registration was 1.08 mm. The selected cavity was to be resected without any restrictions. The preoperatively determined working space was implemented with a mean deviation of 3.1 mm over all levels. The study proves the feasibility of a mechatronic assistance system taking as an example the navigation controlled shaver used in paranasal sinus surgery. In contrast to isolated CAS solutions, this conceptual approach provides for the redundancy of the surgeon and eases their cognitive burden. We can foresee numerous applications in ENT surgery of the future following the principle presented here, in the control systems of power tools such as cutters, high frequency scalpels and lasers.     

Efficacy of different dexmedetomidine regimens in producing controlled hypotensive anesthesia during functional endoscopic sinus surgery

BackgroundThe study was designed to assess the ability of dexmedetomidine in different regimens to produce controlled hypotensive anesthesia during functional endoscopic sinus surgery in adults and the need to add an additional hypotensive agent in the form of nitroglycerin to achieve the target MAP.MethodsIn this blinded randomized controlled trail, 45 Patients, aged from 18 to 50 years, ASA physical status I and II, underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were enrolled in the study. Before induction of GA, all patients received bolus dexmedetomidine 1 μ/kg iv more than 10 min. After induction, Patients were randomly allocated into three groups, group Dex-0.4, in which patients received dexmedetomidine infusion as 0.4 μg/kg/h, group Dex-0.8, in which patients received dexmedetomidine infusion as 0.8 μg/kg/h and group Dex-P, in which patients received saline infusion. The target MAP was 55–65 mmHg, if not achieved by the infused study drug, nitroglycerin infusion was added in a titrating manner started with 0.1 μg/kg/min and increased gradually till the target MAP is reached. The surgical field quality was assessed by using Fromme et al. bleeding score.ResultsThe intraoperative MAP in group Dex-P and group Dex-0.8 was maintained within target range at all time intervals. In group Dex-0.4, the MAP showed fluctuation to fall below and increased above the target range at different time intervals. Unlike the other two groups, no nitroglycerin infusion was needed in group Dex-0.8. Fromme et al. bleeding score showed the lowest values in Dex-0.8 group and the highest values in group Dex-0.4. The differences between the three groups were statistically significant with (P < 0.05).ConclusionDexmedetomidine as bolus 1 μg/kg iv followed by iv infusion of 0.8 μg/kg/h or dexmedetomidine as pre-induction bolus 1 μg/kg iv followed by nitroglycerine iv infusion significantly decreased the mean arterial blood pressure to target values and provide satisfactory field quality.     

Effect of infraorbital nerve block under general anesthesia on consumption of isoflurane and postoperative pain in endoscopic endonasal maxillary sinus surgery

Purpose. The efficacy of infraorbital nerve block in reducing isoflurane consumption and postoperative pain was evaluated in patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal maxillary sinus surgery (ESS) under general anesthesia. Methods. Fifty patients were randomly allocated to either the block group (n = 15) or the nonblock group (n = 25). After the establishment of general anesthesia with isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen, the patients received infraorbital nerve block with 1.0 ml of either 0.5% bupivacaine (block group) or normal saline (nonblock group) administered into the soft tissue in front of the infraorbital foramen. Systolic blood pressure during anesthesia and surgery was maintained at 85–90 mmHg by adjusting the inspiratory concentration of isoflurane, and its consumption was evaluated in both groups. Pain intensity at 15 min after the end of anesthesia was also evaluated on a five-point pain scale. Results. The consumption of isoflurane under a fresh gas flow of 6 l·min⁻¹ was 17.3 ± 6.5 ml·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ (mean ± SD) in the block group and 27.4 ± 9.4 ml·kg⁻¹·h⁻¹ in the nonblock group during surgery (P < 0.001). Nicardipine was required during surgery less frequently in the block group than in the nonblock group (P < 0.01). Postoperative pain intensity was lower in the block group than in the nonblock group (P < 0.01). Conclusion. General anesthesia combined with infraorbital nerve block is effective in reducing the consumption of isoflurane and postoperative pain intensity in ESS. Received: April 4, 2000 / Accepted: February 13, 2001     

阿芬太尼与瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于鼻内镜手术效果的比较

目的 比较全凭静脉麻醉(TIVA)应用阿芬太尼或瑞芬太尼对鼻内镜手术(ESS)效果的影响。方法 选择择期行鼻内镜手术的患者130例，男62例，女68例，年龄18～64岁，BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机将患者分为两组：阿芬太尼组(A组)和瑞芬太尼组(R组)。A组麻醉诱导依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg、丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)3μg/ml、阿芬太尼20μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,麻醉维持采用丙泊酚靶控输注复合阿芬太尼泵注。R组麻醉诱导依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg、丙泊酚TCI 3μg/ml、瑞芬太尼1μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,麻醉维持采用丙泊酚靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼泵注。记录术中高血压、心动过速、低血压、心动过缓等血流动力学不良反应发生情况，术后30、60 min、24 h的疼痛程度，拔管时间，术后24 h内补救镇痛情况和恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况。结果 与R组比较，A组术中低血压发生率明显降低(P<0.05),术后30、60 min无痛发生率明显升高(P<0.05),...     

The effect of intravenous tranexamic acid on blood loss and surgical field quality during endoscopic sinus surgery: a placebo-controlled clinical trial

Study Objectives

To evaluate the effects of intravenous (IV) tranexamic acid on blood loss and surgical field quality during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).

Design

Randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial.

Setting

Operating room and postoperative recovery area of a university-affiliated hospital.

Patients

84 consecutive, adult, ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients undergoing FESS.

Interventions

Patients were randomized to receive either IV tranexamic acid 10 mg/kg (TA group) or sterile water 0.1 mL/kg (placebo group) as a bolus dose immediately after induction of anesthesia.

Measurements

Amount of blood loss and bleeding and satisfaction scores were obtained from the surgeon.

Main Results

Blood loss in the TA group was 184 ± 64 mL and in the placebo group, 312 ± 75 mL on average (P < 0.01). The median (range) bleeding score in the TA group was significantly lower than the placebo group [2 (1-3) vs 2.5 (2-4); P < 0.0001]. The surgeon was more satisfied with the surgical field in the TA group than the placebo group [median score: 4 (3-5) vs 3 (1-5), P < 0.001].

Conclusion

Intravenous tranexamic acid effectively reduces bleeding and improves the surgical field during FESS.     

两种麻醉维持方式对合并高血压病患者鼻内窥镜手术出血量的影响

目的观察两种麻醉维持方式对合并原发性高血压病患者行鼻内窥镜手术出血量的影响。方法选择Ⅰ或Ⅱ期原发性高血压病患者40例,男25例,女15例,年龄35~54岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,患者随机分为两组,每组20例。A组为全凭静脉麻醉组;B组为静-吸复合麻醉组。两组麻醉诱导方法相同,气管插管后,A组麻醉维持以丙泊酚及瑞芬太尼持续泵注至手术结束前5min停药;B组麻醉维持以吸入七氟醚,手术结束前5min停药。手术期间维持BIS值在40~60。麻醉诱导插管后至手术开始通过调节麻醉深度并辅以硝酸甘油及艾司洛尔适当降低BP并进行高容量血液稀释。记录术中出血量及手术时间。分别在手术开始前30min(T0)、手术开始后30min(T1)、90min(T2)及手术结束后30min(T3)采血测动脉血气、静脉血乳酸浓度、凝血功能。结果 A组手术出血量(175±32)ml明显少于B组(212±41)ml(P0.05)。两组患者手术时间差异无统计学意义。手术开始前15min,两组MAP逐渐下降、HR逐渐减慢,未见反跳性心率增快现象。两组患者各时点动脉血pH、PaCO2、静脉血乳酸浓度、凝血酶原时间及活化部分凝血活酶时间差异无统计学意义。结论采用全凭静脉麻醉有助于减少原发性高血压病患者鼻内窥镜手术中出血量。     

Preoperative hypnosis reduces postoperative vomiting after surgery of the breasts

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after general anesthesia and surgery may have an incidence as high as 70% irrespective of antiemetic drug therapy. The use of preoperative hypnosis and mental preparation by means of an audio tape was investigated in the prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting before elective breast reduction surgery. Similar interventions have not been found in the literature.
Methods: Fifty women were randomized to a control group or a hypnosis group; the latter listened to an audio tape daily 4–6 days prior to surgery. A hypnotic induction was followed by suggestions as to how to relax and experience states incompatible with nausea and vomiting postoperatively (e.g. thirst and hunger). There was a training part on the tape where the patients were asked to rehearse their own model for stress reduction. Premedication and anesthetic procedures were standardized.
Results: Patients in the hypnosis group had significantly less vomiting, 39% compared to 68% in the control group, less nausea and less need of analgesics postoperatively.
Conclusions: Preoperative relaxation and/or hypnotic techniques in breast surgery contribute to a reduction of both PONV and postoperative analgesic requirements.     

右美托咪定联合复方利多卡因乳膏在功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术的应用

目的 观察右美托咪定联合复方利多卡因乳膏对功能性鼻内镜鼻窦手术(functional endoscopic sinus surgery,FESS)的影响.方法 将90例ASA分级Ⅰ级、择期全身麻醉患者,完全随机分为右美托咪定(D)组、右美托咪定+复方利多卡因乳膏(DL)组和空白对照(N)组(每组30例).D组和DL组麻醉诱导前15 min,静脉输注右美托咪定0.6 μg/kg,后以0.6 μg·kg-1·h-1持续泵注,N组静脉输注等剂量0.9％氯化钠;手术开始前15 min DL组给予1g复方利多卡因乳膏的棉球涂抹鼻腔,D组、N组用不含复方利多卡因乳膏作为对照,丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼持续泵注镇痛镇静[MAP维持于70 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)左右].记录手术时间、术中出血量及丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼总用量,诱导前15 min(T0)、手术开始后15 min(T1)、30 min(T2)、45 min(T3)及拔管即刻(T4)的HR、MAP,观察术野质量评分,记录PACU停留时间、拔管后警觉/镇静评分(modified assessment of alertness/sedation,MOAMS)和术后3 h VAS评分.结果 3组患者年龄、体重、性别比、手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与N组比较,D组和DL组丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量和术中出血量明显减少(P＜0.05),而D组与DL组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与D组比较,DL组T0～T4时的MAP和HR差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),N组MAP在T0～T3时差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),T4时显著升高(P＜0.05),N组HR在T1～T4时显著升高(P＜0.05),DL和D组T4时MAP、HR显著低于T0,而N组显著高于T0(P＜0.05);D组和DL组术野质量评分优于N组(P＜0.05),D组和DL组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与D组[(49±9)min]比较,N组PACU停留时间[(35±6) min]缩短(P＜0.05),DL组[(50±10) min]无明显变化;与D组[(3.0±0.3)分]比较,N组拔管后警觉/镇静评分[(4.5±0.5)分]升高(P＜0.05),DL组拔管后警觉/镇静评分[(2.9±0.5)分]无明显变化;与D组[(1.8±0.6)分]比较,N组VAS评分[(2.8±0.5)分]升高(P＜0.05),DL组VAS评分[(0.9±0.5)分]明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 全身麻醉鼻内镜手术中应用右美托咪定联合复方利多卡因乳膏安全有效,减少术中出血,提高手术术野质量,减少拔管反应,提高患者拔管期的舒适度和术后镇痛质量,减少麻醉药物用量.     

Local anesthesia for functional endoscopic sinus surgery employing small volumes of epinephrine-containing solutions of lidocaine produces profound hypotension

BACKGROUND: Local anesthetic containing epinephrine is commonly used in many operations for the main purpose of hemostasis. A randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial was designed to find out hemodynamic changes after local infiltration of different concentrations and/or different dosages of epinephrine during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) under general anesthesia. METHODS: One hundred and eight adult patients undergoing elective FESS under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into four groups. Group I received 2% lidocaine 2 ml with epinephrine (5 microg/ml); group II received 1% lidocaine 4 ml with epinephrine (2.5 microg/ml); group III received 1% lidocaine 4 ml with epinephrine (5 microg/ml); and group IV received 1% lidocaine 4 ml for local infiltration. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored continuously in the radial artery and recorded in 6 min: before infiltration (baseline), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, and 6 min after local infiltration. The lowest blood pressure (BP) in this period was also recorded. RESULTS: Significant hemodynamic changes, particularly a decrease in BP (P < 0.001) with a slight increase in HR (P < 0.001) at approximately 1.5 min and an increase in SBP at approximately 3 min (P < 0.01) after local infiltration, were observed in group I, group II and group III compared with the baseline, but not in group IV. No significant hemodynamic differences were observed between group I, group II and group III at the same time points (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Local infiltration of low-dose epinephrine causes temporary significant hemodynamic changes particularly a marked decrease in BP during FESS under general anesthesia.     

七氟醚静吸复合麻醉控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术的临床观察

目的探讨七氟醚静吸复合麻醉控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术的安全性和可行性。方法选择择期鼻内窥镜手术患者40例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,无凝血功能障碍,随机均分为控制性降压组(Ⅰ组)和非控制性降压组(Ⅱ组)。两组麻醉诱导均为咪唑安定、丙泊酚、维库溴铵、芬太尼;麻醉维持为七氟醚、芬太尼、丙泊酚、维库溴铵。术中Ⅰ组手术开始后逐渐增加七氟醚浓度至目标血压(MAP70mmHg),并维持在65~75mmHg。比较两组术中出血量?手术时间,术中监测心电图、有创MAP、HR和SpO2,记录时点为手术开始前即刻(T0)?手术20min(T1)、手术结束后10min(T2)。于手术结束后30min行血气分析。结果与T0时比较,Ⅰ组T1时MAP显著下降(P<0.01),T2时回升。T1时Ⅰ组MAP较Ⅱ组显著下降(P<0.01)。两组各时点HR差异无统计学意义。Ⅰ组比Ⅱ组手术出血量明显减少(P<0.01)。Ⅰ组比Ⅱ组手术时间明显缩短(P<0.01)。两组血气分析值均在正常范围,两组均未出现心律失常及心肌缺血征象。结论七氟醚静吸复合麻醉控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术能有效减少出血量,缩短手术时间,无明显并发症及不良反应。