硫酸镁对子痫前期产妇硬膜外分娩镇痛产时发热的影响

目的 探讨硫酸镁对子痫前期产妇硬膜外分娩镇痛产时发热的疗效及安全性.方法 选择单胎、头位、子痫前期初产妇125例,年龄23～33岁,BMI 23～29 kg/m2,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级.随机分为两组,硫酸镁组(M组,n=66)和对照组(C组,n=59).M组分娩镇痛前经静脉输注硫酸镁50 mg/kg,持续20 min;C组同...     

瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外麻醉用于开胸手术的临床观察

目的 观察瑞芬太尼全麻复合硬膜外麻醉在开胸手术中的应用效果和安全性. 方法 200例择期行开胸手术患者,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,按完全随机分组方法分为两组,瑞芬太尼组(R组)与芬太尼组(F组),均采用硬膜外复合气管插管全麻,R组与F组分别采用瑞芬太尼和芬太尼麻醉,观察术前(T0)、气管插管后1 min(T1)、5 min(T2)、切皮(T3)和术后5 min(T4)的血压、心率、血氧饱和度和血中皮质醇水平,记录术后拔管时间及患者的认知能力恢复情况. 结果 两组气管插管反应发生率相比较,F组(14/26,53.8%)明显高于R组(4/26,15.4%)(P<0.05).结论 瑞芬太尼较芬太尼能更好地抑制气管插管引起的应激反应,术后患者较早恢复认知能力,且瑞芬太尼静脉全麻复合胸段硬膜外阻滞能提供有效的镇痛和抑制手术刺激引起的血流动力学反应,术后苏醒快,有利于患者术后排痰,康复快.     

Preoperative epidural fentanyl reduces postoperative pain after upper abdominal surgery

Forty patients, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) physical status 1–2, undergoing subtotal gastrectomy were enrolled in this study. The patients were allocated to two groups with or (group P) and without (group C) preoperative epidural fentanyl 100 μg. Postoperatively, all patients received continuous infusion of the study solution, containing fentanyl 30 μg·ml⁻¹ and 2 mg/ml bupivacaine, at a rate of 0.7 ml·h⁻¹ for 72 h. The scores on the Prince Henry Hospital self-assessed pain scale (PHPS) were recorded at 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after the surgery. We compared the total rescue doses of analgesics during each period of 24 h until 72 h postoperatively. Although the total rescue doses of analgesics were not different between the groups, the median PHPS score was lower in group P than in group C, except at 0 h after the surgery. Preoperative epidural fentanyl 100 μg may increase the analgesic potency of postoperative epidural low-dose infusion of bupivacaine with fentanyl.     

The value of epidural magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant to bupivacaine and fentanyl for labor analgesia

ObjectiveWe conducted this clinical study to assess the adjuvant effects of single dose magnesium sulfate (Mg) when administered epidurally during labor with fentanyl and bupivacaine.MethodsEighty healthy nulliparous women in labor requesting epidural analgesia were divided into two groups. Group 1 received bupivacaine 0.125% with magnesium sulfate 50 mg and fentanyl 50 μg as a loading dose; group 2, received bupivacaine 0.125% and fentanyl 50 μg only. Hemodynamic parameters, motor and sensory evaluation, cervical dilation at time of consenting, the progress of labor, the visual analog pain score (VAS), Apgar score, cord blood acid base status, side effects as nausea, vomiting, itching and respiratory depression were recorded. Fetal heart rate tracings were also documented.ResultsEpidural single dose magnesium sulfate added to bupivacaine and fentanyl in labor resulted in significantly faster onset and longer duration of epidural analgesia (169 ± 50 min) in comparison to those patients who received bupivacaine and fentanyl only (105 ± 41 min), also there was a significant reduction in the number of women requiring additional boluses of bupivacaine when Mg was added (P = 0.016). The two groups had no significant differences as regards maternal satisfaction score, maternal and neonatal adverse effects.ConclusionMagnesium sulfate added to bupivacaine and fentanyl for labor epidural analgesia resulted in faster onset, longer duration of action and reduced the break through pain.     

The effect of adding intrathecal magnesium sulphate to morphine-fentanyl spinal analgesia after thoracic surgery. A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled research study

Background

We investigated whether intrathecally magnesium sulphate added to morphine and fentanyl reduces patients’ postoperative analgesia requirements and prolongs spinal opioid analgesia after thoracotomy.

Methods

In a single-center, prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, we enrolled 58 adult patients undergoing elective posterolateral thoracotomy. Patients were randomized to receive either 25 μg of fentanyl citrate (0.5 mL) + 300 μg of morphine + 1.0 mL of preservative-free 0.9% sodium chloride (Group S) or 25 μg of fentanyl citrate (0.5 mL) + 300 μg of morphine + 50 mg of magnesium sulphate 5% (1.0 mL) (Group MgSO₄) for intrathecal analgesia. Opioid consumption and postoperative pain were assessed for 36 hours.

Results

VAS pain scores at rest and on coughing were similar in all groups. The total 36-h intravenous morphine requirements were significantly lower in group MgSO₄ (14 [9.50-26.50] mg vs. 33 [30-41] mg, p < 0.001); i.e. 57% less for the group MgSO₄. The total dose of intravenous morphine administered during titration was significantly lower in this group (4 [2-8] mg vs. 8 [6-10] mg, p = 0.001). Morphine consumption was significantly lower in the group MgSO₄ at intervals 0-12, 12-24 and 24-36 h. The number of patients requiring titration was significantly lower in group MgSO₄ (68% vs. 96%, p = 0.001). There is no difference in opioid side effects. No patient experienced side effects resulting from lumbar puncture, or neurological deficit or signs of systemic magnesium toxicity.

Conclusion

We found that in patients undergoing pulmonary resection with elective posterolateral thoracotomy, magnesium sulphate (50 mg), when added to spinal morphine analgesia reduces postoperative morphine requirements, the number of patients requiring morphine titration without increasing opioid side effects.     

The incidence of epidural abscess following epidural analgesia in open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

INTRODUCTION

Complications of epidural catheterisation can cause significant morbidity. Epidural abscess following epidural catheterisation is rare and the reported incidence is variable. The purpose of this study was to review the incidence of epidural abscess in patients undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A retrospective case note review of all patients having open AAA repair over a 5-year period.

RESULTS

A total of 415 patients underwent open AAA repair between January 2003 and March 2008. Of these, 290 were elective procedures and 125 were for ruptured aneurysms. Six patients underwent postoperative magnetic resonance imaging of the spine for clinical suspicion of an epidural abscess. Two of these (0.48%) had confirmed epidural abscess and two superficial infection at the epidural site.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of epidural abscess following epidural analgesia in patients undergoing open AAA repair within our department was 0.48%. Although a rare complication, epidural abscess can cause significant morbidity. Epidural abscesses rarely develop before the third postoperative day.     

Labor epidural analgesia onset time and subsequent analgesic requirements: a prospective observational single-center cohort study

BackgroundWe investigated the correlation between lumbar epidural analgesia onset time and pain intensity at 60 and 120 min after initiation.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study of nulliparous women receiving lumbar epidural analgesia (initial bolus 15 mL bupivacaine 0.1% with fentanyl 3.33 μg/mL), followed by patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA). The measured variable was lumbar epidural analgesia onset time (time to pain numerical rating score ≤3). Secondary outcomes were pain score at 60 and 120 min and at full dilatation; and analgesic requirements through the labor.ResultsOne-hundred-and-five women were eligible for analysis. There was a significant correlation between lumbar epidural analgesia onset time and pain intensity at 60 min (Spearman’s R²=0.286, P=0.003), but not at 120 min (R²=0.030, P=0.76). Women who requested more PCEA boluses during the first 120 min had a longer lumbar epidural analgesia onset time (R²=0.321, P=0.001) and reported higher pain scores at 60 min (R²=0.588, P <0.001) and at 120 min (R²=0.539, P <0.001). Women who reported higher pain scores at 60 min had more pain at 120 min (R²=0.47, P <0.001) and higher analgesic consumption during labor (R²=0.403, P <0.001). Women who were at a greater cervical dilatation at 60 and 120 min had higher pain scores at the same time point (R²=0.259, P=0.008 and R²=0.243, P=0.013 respectively).ConclusionThere was a correlation between the onset time of lumbar epidural analgesia during labor and the pain score 60 min later but this had disappeared by 120 min.     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后硬膜外自控镇痛

目的 观察舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后患者硬膜外自控镇痛(patient-controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)的效果.方法 下腹部择期手术120例,年龄28 ～66岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,应用随机数字表法分为3组(每组40例):0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼复合0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅰ组)、5 mg/L芬太尼复合0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅱ组)和0.2％罗哌卡因组(Ⅲ组).所有患者术后镇痛均采用PCEA模式,观察镇痛后4、8、16、24、48 h的MAP、HR、VAS评分和Ramsay镇静评分(ramsay sedationscore,RSS)情况,并记录48 h内镇痛泵总按压次数以及恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及呼吸抑制的发生率.结果 各时点Ⅰ组VAS评分[(1.4±0.4)、(1.6±0.5)、(1.5±0.4)、(1.6±0.3)、(1.3±0.3)分]和Ⅱ组VAS评分[(1.5±0.6)、(1.6±0.4)、(1.7±0.6)、(1.5±0.4)、(1.4±0.6)分]明显低于Ⅲ组[(2.1±0.7)、(2.4±0.6)、(2.4±0.5)、(2.3±0.7)、(2.2±0.8)分](P＜0.05);在8、16、24 h,Ⅰ组RSS[(2.4±0.6)、(2.1±0.9)、(2.4±0.5)分]高于Ⅱ组[(1.4±0.7)、(1.6±0.6)、(1.6±0.4)分]和Ⅲ组RSS[(1.7±0.6)、(1.4±0.3)、(1.6±0.6)](P＜0.05);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组镇痛泵总按压次数与Ⅲ组比较,差异有统计学意义(分别为3、4、18次,P＜0.05);Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组恶心呕吐的发生率高于Ⅲ组(分别为15％、12.5％、0,P＜0.05);3组皆未发生呼吸抑制.结论 0.5 mg/L舒芬太尼配伍0.2％罗哌卡因用于下腹部手术后PCEA效果确切,且副作用发生率低.     

Epidural pressure and its relation to spread of epidural analgesia

The relationships between the epidural pressures following the injection of local anesthetic solution and the spread of epidural analgesia were investigated. In 46 patients, 15ml of 2% mepivacaine was injected into the lumbar epidural space at a constant rate (1ml/sec) using an electropowered syringe pump. Injection pressures and residual pressures were recorded and the spread of analgesia to pinprick was assessed. The changes of the epidural pressures during and following the injection of a volume of local anesthetic solution in old subjects were significantly smaller than those in young subjects (P < 0.05). The spread of analgesia closely correlated with the epidural pressures during and following the injection of local anesthetic solution. The most close correlation was found between the epidural pressure immediately after the completion of injection and the spread of analgesia (r = –0.5659, P < 0.001). In conclusion, the lower the terminal injection pressure and the residual pressures associated with higher age, the wider the spread of epidural analgesia.(Hirabayashi Y, Matsuda I, Inoue S et al.: Epidural pressure and its relation to spread of epidural analgesia. J Anesth 1: 168–172, 1987)     

胸段硬膜外镇痛对胸科患者术后机体功能的影响

术后疼痛和机体对手术创伤的过度应激反应是影响患者术后康复的重要因素.全麻复合硬膜外麻醉开胸手术后应用硬膜外镇痛能抑制机体应激反应,有效凋控机体机能,为胸科手术后镇痛提供了良好的方法.现对胸段硬膜外镇痛对胸科患者术后机体功能的影响综述如下.     

布托啡诺与吗啡用于腹部手术后硬膜外镇痛效果的比较

目的 研究不同剂量布托啡诺用于腹部手术患者术后硬膜外镇痛的效果及副作用,并与吗啡硬膜外镇痛进行比较. 方法 择期腹部手术ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患者75例,按术后镇痛用药不同随机分为3组(n=25):M组(吗啡12 mg+0.1%罗哌卡因共150ml),B1组(布托啡诺9mg+0.1%罗哌卡因共150 ml),B2组(布托啡诺12mg+0-1%罗哌卡因共150ml).负荷量为0.25%罗哌卡因5 ml加吗啡2 mg或布托啡诺2 mg,持续背景输注剂量均为1-5 ml/h,按压追加药量均为2 ml/次,按压锁定时间20 min.观察记录3组患者术中芬太尼的总药量;术后1、4、8、12、18、24、36、48 h各时间点的疼痛视觉模拟评分(pain visual analogue scores,VAS);术后1、4、8、12 h的警觉镇静评分(observer's assessment ofalertness/sedation scores,OAA/S);术后48 h内按压总次数及总药量;肛门排气时间;术后镇痛副作用(头痛头晕、嗜睡、呼吸抑制、搔痒、恶心、呕吐、腹胀)的发生情况.结果 术后4 h时间点B1组VAS评分为2.8±1.0,高于M组的2.0±0.7及B2组的2.0±0.9(P<0-05),其余时间点3组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).M组的头痛头晕、恶心、呕吐,腹胀,搔痒发生例数分别为3、11、7、4、5例,而B1组仅有1例头痛头晕,B2组有2例头痛头晕,1例恶心,发生率均低于M组(P<0.05).3组患者术中芬太尼的总药量、48 h内按压总次数及总药量、术后不同时间点OAA/S评分及肛门排气时间的比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 每天3 mg～4 mg布托啡诺应用于腹部手术后硬膜外镇痛,镇痛效果确切,且其副作用发生率较吗啡明显降低.     

A comparison of two epidural catheter connectors

Background

Disconnection of the filter from its catheter is an established problem with epidural analgesia. Previously, it has been hypothesised that the screw cap connector is more prone to disconnection than the clamp connector design. The aim of this study was to test which of two mechanisms connecting the epidural catheter and filter was more prone to disconnection.

Methods

We recruited 20 consultant anaesthetists. First, each was asked to assemble an epidural set, either B Braun or Portex, in their normal way. Second, each anaesthetist assembled an epidural set, either B Braun or Portex, but was asked if they could improve the security of the connection, whilst avoiding catheter lumen occlusion. Each assembled set was then tested to determine adequacy of catheter connection using a standard protocol. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher’s exact test.

Results

The strength of the connection of the B Braun epidural set was similar to the Portex set when assembled for everyday practice (mean 1100 g; median 1100 g; SD 249 vs. mean 920 g; median 1050 g; SD 603). However, the incidence of inadequate connection was 0 in the B Braun group vs. 5 (25%) in the Portex group (P = 0.04). It was possible to improve the reliability of the Portex system, although episodes of weak connection were not eliminated.

Conclusions

We conclude that the Portex connection system is more prone to disconnection and that connection design is an important consideration when trying to minimise catheter disconnection.     

Mental function in elderly men after surgery during epidural analgesia

To evaluate whether there is a difference in mental function after general anaesthesia and epidural analgesia, a homogeneous group of 40 elderly men (age between 60 and 80) undergoing transurethral prostatectomy was studied. The study was prospective, randomised and double blind. Patients with all types of complications believed to impair mental function were excluded. Long-term, short-term, verbal and visual memory were tested preoperatively, and 4 days, and 3 weeks postoperatively. In conclusion, we found a significant and equal decline in test performance on the fourth postoperative day. Three weeks postoperatively, however, both groups had returned to or exceeded preoperative levels of performance.     

Preoperative evaluation and methods to reduce blood use in orthopedic surgery

Major elective orthopedic surgery may be associated with significant blood loss and allogeneic transfusion risk. Identifying patients at risk for allogeneic transfusion is best accomplished with a thorough preoperative evaluation of the patient's hematopoietic system, which, unfortunately, is not always carried out. An evaluation of the hematopoietic system begins with an evaluation of the patient's hemoglobin level a minimum of 30 days before the scheduled surgical procedure. This allows for expedited diagnosis and treatment of underlying comorbidities. An unexplained low level of hemoglobin or a hemoglobin level low enough to increase the patient's allogeneic risk should cause elective surgery to be deferred until an evaluation can be preformed and blood management strategies put in place.     

可乐定和新斯的明复合罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床效果观察

目的:研究可乐定和新斯的明复合罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的效果。方法:80例单胎初产妇随机分为两组,每组40例。研究组硬膜外首剂量给予可乐定75μg、新斯的明500μg和罗哌卡因10mg用生理盐水稀释至10ml;对照组硬膜外给予罗哌卡因10mg用生理盐水稀释至10ml;以0.1%罗哌卡因患者自控镇痛(PCA,6ml,锁定时间15min)持续镇痛。观察分娩情况、分娩过程中疼痛的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、罗哌卡因用量和不良反应。结果:两组产妇分娩方式、新生儿评分、运动阻滞和不良反应发生率差异均无显著性。研究组硬膜外首剂量镇痛时间显著延长,罗哌卡因用量显著降低。结论:可乐定和新斯的明用于硬膜外分娩镇痛可以提高镇痛效果,降低罗哌卡因用量,没有明显的不良反应。     

The benefits of adding epidural analgesia to general anesthesia: a metaanalysis

The purpose of this metaanalysis was to determine the benefits of postoperative epidural analgesia in patients operated on under general anesthesia. By searching the American National Library of Medicine's Pubmed database from 1966 to July 10, 2004, 70 studies were identified. These included 5402 patients, of which 2660 had had epidural analgesia. Epidural analgesia reduces the incidence of arrhythmia, odds ratio (OR) = 0.59 (95%CI = 0.42, 0.81, P = 0.001); time to tracheal extubation, OR = −3.90 h (95%CI = −6.37, −1.42, P = 0.002); intensive care unit stay, OR = −2.94 h (95%CI = −5.66, −0.22, P = 0.03); visual analogical pain (VAS) scores at rest, OR = −0.78 (95%CI = −0.99, −0.57, P < 0.00001) and during movement, OR = −1.28 (95%CI = −1.81, −0.75, P < 0.00001); maximal blood epinephrine, OR = −165.70 pg·ml⁻¹ (95%CI = −252.18, −79.23, P = 0.0002); norepinephrine, OR = −134.24 pg·ml⁻¹ (95%CI = −247.92, −20.57, P = 0.02); cortisol, OR = −55.81 nmol·l⁻¹ (95%CI = −79.28, −32.34, P < 0.00001); and glucose concentrations achieved, OR = −0.87 nmol·l⁻¹ (95%CI = −1.37, −0.37, P = 0.0006). It also reduces the first 24-h morphine consumption, OR = −13.62 mg (95%CI = −22.70, −4.54, P = 0.003), and improves the forced vital capacity (FVC), OR = 0.23 l (95%CI = 0.09, 0.37, P = 0.001) at 24 h. A thoracic epidural containing a local anesthetic reduces the incidence of renal failure: OR = 0.34 (95%CI = 0.14, 0.81, P = 0.01). Epidural analgesia may thus offer many advantages over other modes of postoperative analgesia. Presented at the 30th Spring Annual Meeting of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia, Toronto, April 2005     

硬膜外镇痛联合导乐陪伴在全程分娩中的应用

目的 评估硬膜外镇痛联合导乐陪伴(助产士陪伴)用于全程分娩的效果.方法 300例初产妇进入产程潜伏期后实施分娩镇痛联合导乐陪伴(A组)、单用分娩镇痛(B组)和单用导乐陪伴(C组),每组100例.记录镇痛效果(VAS)、神经阻滞评分(MBS)、满意度评分、产程、分娩方式、催产素的使用、新生儿Apgar评分及不良反应.结果 A和B组镇痛后30 minVAS评分显著低于镇痛前[(0.9±0.6)分和(1.0±0.5)分vs.(7.6±1.2)分和(7.4±1.4)分](P<0.01).A组产妇满意度显著高于B组和C组[(98.2±3.0)分vs.(85.2±5.8)分和(83.6±6.1)分](P<0.05).A组及C组第一、二产程均短于B组(P<0.05).结论 硬膜外镇痛联合导乐陪伴用于分娩全程,镇痛效果确切,并可缩短产程.     

程控硬膜外脉冲式注射或连续硬膜外输注复合硬膜外自控镇痛用于分娩镇痛的比较

目的评价不同间隔时间行程控硬膜外脉冲式注射(programmed intermittent epidural bolus,PIEB)或连续硬膜外输注(continuous infusion epiduaral,CEI)复合PCEA用于分娩镇痛的效果。方法选择有分娩镇痛要求的足月初产妇186例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,采用数字表法随机分为三组,每组62例。三组均使用首次剂量(0.125%罗哌卡因+0.4μg/ml舒芬太尼)10 ml,镇痛泵均使用(0.08%罗哌卡因+0.4μg/ml舒芬太尼)100ml。PIEB1组(P1组):5ml/30min,首次剂量注入30min后开始脉冲给药;PIEB2组(P2组):10 ml/60 min,首次剂量注入60 min后开始脉冲给药;CEI组(C组):10ml/h,首次剂量注入后立即开始持续给予背景剂量。三组均设置PCA量5ml,锁定时间30min。记录镇痛期间宫缩疼痛VAS评分、运动阻滞程度Bromage评分、VAS评分3分的例数和(MBS)评分1分的例数;记录最高感觉阻滞平面、镇痛药物用药总量、催产素使用量、PCEA按压次数,第一次追加药物时间、产程时间、分娩方式和产间发热的例数;记录不良反应的发生情况。结果三组在分娩镇痛开始后VAS评分均明显低于镇痛前,P2组VAS3分的比率明显低于P1组和C组(P0.05)。镇痛期间,P1组最高感觉阻滞平面明显高于P2组和C组,P2组单侧阻滞发生率明显低于C组(P0.05)。P2组镇痛药物用药总量、PCEA按压次数明显少于,第一次追加药物时间明显长于P1组和C组(P0.05)。P1组与P2组器械助产与产间发热的例数明显少于C组(P0.05)。结论在分娩镇痛中给予首次剂量后,间隔60min行PIEB模式注射技术,是一种更有效的给药方法。     

An observational study of factors leading to difficulty in resident anaesthesiologists identifying the epidural space in obstetric patients

Background

Multiple attempts at needle placement for neuraxial block may cause patient discomfort, a higher incidence of spinal haematomas, postdural puncture headache and nerve trauma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors predicting difficult epidural analgesia for inexperienced residents.

Methods

In this prospective observational study, conducted in a teaching hospital, four anaesthesiology residents without prior experience in obstetric anaesthesia performed all epidural procedures. A difficult epidural was defined as a need for more than one attempt at catheter placement. The following patient data were recorded: body mass index, abdominal circumference (classified as <105 or ?105 cm), ability to palpate anatomical landmarks and spinal abnormality.

Results

Four hundred and twelve pregnant women in labour were recruited. Residents achieved successful cannulation of the epidural space in 74% of attempts. Factors associated with difficult epidural placement in the univariate analysis were body mass index >30 kg/m², an abdominal circumference >105 cm, inability to palpate spinous processes and spinal abnormality. With the exception of abdominal circumference, all factors were independently predictive of difficult placement in the multivariate analysis with spinal abnormality being the most significant factor.

Conclusions

For residents with no prior experience in obstetric anaesthesia, the most reliable factor in predicting difficult epidural cannulation was spinal abnormality.     

Effects of epidural analgesia on scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potentials to posterior tibial nerve stimulation

The effect of epidural analgesia with plain bupivacaine 0.5% on somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) to electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve was examined in six patients. Epidural analgesia significantly increased onset time and latencies of the early components in SEP, while the amplitudes decreased. These results suggest that SEP may be valuable in the objective evaluation of possible differential neural effects of local anaesthetic agents following epidural or intrathecal administration.