小肝癌CT和血管造影诊断——自内向外顺序染色征象的意义

作者报告14例直径在3.0cm 以下小肝癌的 CT、血管造影和 CT 血管造影检查征象和结果,其中10例经手术和病理证实。提出自内向外顺序染色征象,及其对小肝癌的检测和诊断价值进行了讨论,强调 CT 和血管造影显示此征象对诊断小肝癌具有重要意义。     

CTAP诊断小肝癌及门静脉受侵的应用进展

通过对经动脉门静脉CT成像技术和影像学特点的回顾，了解小肝癌及小转移瘤的影像学诊断、肝癌门脉受侵的横断位及三维重组处理的影像学特点，就近年来此方面的应用进展予以综述。     

肝硬化螺旋CT门静脉血管造影表现分析

目的 探讨螺旋ＣＴ对门脉系造影术的可行性,分析肝硬化患者门脉系的螺旋ＣＴ血管造影（ＳＣＴＡ）改变。方法 经外周静脉注射对比剂后,采用ＥｌｓｃｉｎｔＣＴ－Ｔｗｉｎ对２１例正常对照组和３４例肝硬化组行门脉系的ＳＣＴＡ检查。三维重组用最大信号强度投影（ＭＩＰ）法。并对两组门脉显示级别行χ＾２检验,门脉系血管直径比较用ｔ检验。结果 ＳＣＴＡ清晰显示了正常和肝硬化组的门脉系血管情况。正常组可显示３￣５级门脉     

肝癌射频治疗后的血管造影表现

目的　了解肝癌射频治疗后的DSA征象 ,为评价肝癌射频治疗的疗效和选择理想的术后影像学随访手段提供参考。资料与方法　本组共 8例 ,原发性肝癌 7例 ,转移性肝癌 1例 ;6例为单发病灶 ,2例各为 2个病灶 (1例为原发 ,1例为转移 ) ;肿瘤直径 3～ 7.5cm(平均 4 .3cm)。肝总动脉及可疑区域供血动脉超选择性造影。结果　DSA表现 :射频治疗的肿瘤区多为圆形或类圆形无染色的低密度区 ;边缘区可见以下几种征象 :(1)局部染色 ;(2 )肝动脉门静脉瘘 ;(3)边缘区出血 ;(4 )边缘复发 ;(5 )无异常造影征象。肝内异位复发灶造影表现同其原发肿瘤常见造影表现。本组 7例造影发现原位边缘复发和 /或肝内异位复发灶。结论　发现和鉴别射频治疗区域的边缘征象是判断局部复发的关键。 (1)肉芽组织染色为治疗区边缘常见征象 ,多见于治疗后 1个月内。 (2 )局部肝动脉门静脉瘘是射频治疗的并发症 ,常因局部肝动脉灌注不足和门静脉异常灌注 ,掩盖局部复发征象。 (3)边缘出血与局部复发的鉴别要点在于 :前者为片状染色 ,时相更早 ,门静脉显影后仍有对比剂存留 ;边缘复发多为结节状 ,分布不均 ,突出于治疗轮廓以外。 (4 )射频治疗 3个月后 ,原肿瘤病灶边缘应无异常血管征象 ,若有染色应考虑复发。DSA在检出 <1cm的边缘结节复发和肝     

小肝癌的CTA和CTAP影像学表现

多层螺旋CT是检查小肝癌的一种相当敏感的方法，经病理检测证实，证实的敏感性为80％，多层螺旋CT血管造影对肝内小的瘤灶检出率，高于常规CT和动态CT。 CT血管造影是CT与血管造影两种技术相结合的一种检查方法。根据插管的部位、扫描的方法分为两种：一种为动脉造影CT（computed tomographic artemgraphy，CTA）；     

肝癌侵犯门静脉的影像表现及临床意义

笔者报告96例肝癌侵犯门静脉，结合文献讨论了其在血管造影、B超及CT上的表现和相互关系。肝癌侵犯门静脉提示预后不良。但对这些病人仍应采取积极的态度进行动脉内化疗或栓塞，提高患者的生存质量具有积极意义。门静脉癌栓并非栓塞的绝对禁忌症，对有动脉一门静脉短路的患者，仍可用适量酒精或明胶海绵进行栓塞。     

CTAP诊断小肝癌及门静脉受侵的应用进展

通过对经动脉门静脉CT成像技术和影像学特点的回顾,了解小肝癌及小转移瘤的影像学诊断、肝癌门脉受侵的横断位及三维重组处理的影像学特点,就近年来此方面的应用进展予以综述.     

增强CT与超声造影对小肝癌的鉴别诊断价值分析

目的:探讨CT与超声对小肝癌的鉴别诊断价值.方法:收集2010年1月至2015年12月经手术病理证实的100例小肝癌患者的临床资料,回顾性分析其超声表现和三期动态CT的图像特征.结果:100例患者中共103个病灶,超声正确诊断出62个(60.19％),CT正确诊断出89个(86.41％),超声联合CT正确诊断出97个(94.17％),超声联合CT正确诊断率明显高于超声与CT的单独检测,而CT的正确诊断率亦明显高于超声,差异比较具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:在小肝癌的鉴别诊断中,CT的诊断率高于超声检查,而两者联合后的鉴别诊断价值更高.     

CTHA和CTAP在肝癌介入治疗中的应用

目的:研究肝动脉造影CT和经动脉门脉造影CT在肝癌介入治疗中的应用价值和意义。方法:10例原发性肝癌介入治疗前行肝动脉造影CT(CTHA)和经动脉门脉造影CT(CTAP)检查;术中行数字减影肝动脉造影(DSA)。结果:CTHA、CTAP联合检查与常规CT、DSA比较,分别多发现新癌灶11个(26/37)和12个(25/37)。准确判断非复发癌灶2个和1个坏死灶。结论:CTHA、CTAP是肝癌介入治疗前准确判断肿瘤数量和存活度最敏感和准确的方法,对于介入治疗方案的实施、疗效评价有很重要的作用。     

Preoperative evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma: combined use of CT with arterial portography and hepatic arteriography

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine the usefulness of combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography in the preoperative evaluation of patients with known or suspected hepatocellular carcinoma and to describe the findings on CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography by which hepatocellular carcinomas may be differentiated from pseudolesions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study included 137 patients who underwent combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for the preoperative evaluation of known or suspected hepatocellular carcinoma. The images were prospectively evaluated to identify focal hepatic lesions and their differential diagnoses (hepatocellular carcinoma versus pseudolesion). We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of our prospective interpretation by comparing the interpretations with the results of histopathology or follow-up imaging. We also retrospectively analyzed imaging features seen on CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography-the size, shape, and location of the lesion within the liver; attenuation of the lesion; and opacification of the peripheral portal vein branches on CT hepatic arteriography. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-nine hepatocellular carcinomas (75 lesions confirmed at histopathology and 74 lesions on follow-up imaging) were found in 120 patients, and 104 pseudolesions (15 lesions confirmed at histopathology and 89 lesions on follow-up imaging) were found in 91 patients. The sensitivity of our prospective interpretations was 98.7%, and the specificity of our prospective interpretations was 90.4%. Our positive and negative predictive values were 93.6% and 97.9%, respectively. We found that hepatocellular carcinomas were larger, more frequently nodular, and more likely to be located intraparenchymally than were the pseudolesions (p < 0.01). Opacification of the peripheral portal vein branches on CT hepatic arteriography was detected in 36 pseudolesions (34.6%) but in none of the hepatocellular carcinomas (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Combining CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography is useful for the preoperative evaluation of patients with known or suspected hepatocellular carcinoma. Familiarity with the imaging features of hepatocellular carcinomas and pseudolesions can help in the accurate differentiation of hepatocellular carcinomas from pseudolesions.     

Hepatic arterioportal shunts not directly related to hepatocellular carcinoma: findings on CT during hepatic arteriography, CT arterial portography and dual phase spiral CT

AIM: To evaluate findings of arterioportal shunts not directly related to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which were seen within third-order portal branches on computed tomography (CT) during hepatic arteriography (CTHA), arterial portography (CTAP), and dual phase spiral CT.MATERIALS AND METHODS: At CTHA in 112 patients, we examined third-order portal vein branches to find arterioportal shunts not directly related to HCC. Six cases were found. We evaluated the findings of these shunts on CTHA and investigated whether CTAP (n = 6) and dual phase spiral CT (n = 5) showed perfusion defects in the corresponding areas on arterioportal shunts. RESULTS: Five of six cases showed abrupt visualization of portal branches without visualization of the proximal portion of CTHA. Five of six cases showed no perfusion defect on CTAP and no hyperattenuating area on CTHA. Four of five cases showed no hyperattenuating area on hepatic arterial phase spiral CT. CONCLUSION: Arterioportal shunts not directly related to HCC and occuring within third-order portal branches mainly showed abrupt visualization of portal branches on CTHA. These occurred frequently without perfusion defects on CTAP and without a hyperattenuating area on CTHA and hepatic arterial phase spiral CT.Park, C. M. (2000). Clinical Radiology55, 465-470.     

Preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: ferumoxides-enhanced mr imaging versus combined helical CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging with combined helical CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinomas. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with 30 hepatocellular carcinomas underwent ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging and combined helical CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography. The diagnosis was established by pathologic examination after surgical resection in 18 patients and by biopsy in two. The MR protocol included fast spin-echo with two echo times, T2(*)-weighted fast multiplanar gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state, proton density-weighted fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled echo, and T1-weighted fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled echo images. The MR images of all sequences and the paired CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography images were independently evaluated by three radiologists on a segment-by-segment basis. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed with receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: The accuracies (A(z) values) of ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging and combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for all observers were 0.964 and 0.948, respectively. The mean sensitivities of MR imaging and CT were 93% and 91%, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant. The mean specificity of MR imaging (99%) was significantly higher than that of combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography (94%). CONCLUSION: Ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging can be used successfully in place of combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography for the preoperative evaluation of patients with hepatocellular carcinomas.     

Combination of CT during arterial portography and double-phase CT hepatic arteriography with multi-detector row helical CT for evaluation of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the combination of computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and double-phase CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) with multidetector-row CT (MDCT) for the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in patients with cirrhosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA was performed on 46 patients with 54 nodular HCCs. Three readers reviewed the images obtained with CTAP alone, first-phase CTHA alone, double-phase CTHA, and the combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA. The review of the images was conducted on a segment-by-segment basis, with 368 hepatic segments, including 50 segments with 54 HCCs, reviewed for detection of HCCs with the aid of a five-point confidence scale. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated by comparing the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis results. RESULTS: The sensitivity for detecting HCCs was significantly higher with either double-phase CTHA or the combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA than with first-phase CTHA alone (90 and 93 versus 85%, respectively, p<0.01). The specificity for detecting HCCs was significantly higher with the combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA than with CTAP alone (97 and 94%, respectively, p<0.01). The positive predictive values for detecting HCCs were significantly higher with double-phase CTHA than with first-phase CTHA alone (86 and 82%, respectively, p<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (Az) values were significantly higher with the combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA (0.983) than with first-phase CTHA alone (0.959; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of CTAP and double-phase CTHA with MDCT significantly enhances the detection of HCC.     

Regenerative nodules in liver cirrhosis: findings at CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography with histopathologic correlation

PURPOSE: To determine the appearance of regenerative nodules in patients with liver cirrhosis at computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: CTAP and CTHA of the liver were performed in 28 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who were scheduled to undergo partial resection of the liver. Helical CTAP was performed after contrast material injection into the superior mesenteric artery followed by helical CTHA after contrast material injection into the hepatic artery. CT scans were analyzed for the presence of identifiable nodules and their size; results were correlated with gross and microscopic findings. RESULTS: Resected livers showed cirrhosis in 20 patients, chronic hepatitis in four, and normal liver in four. Among the 20 patients with cirrhosis, regenerative nodules were demonstrated as enhancing 3-10 mm nodules surrounded by lower attenuation fibrous septa 0.8-1.5 mm thick at CTAP in seven patients and nonenhancing nodules of the same size surrounded by enhancing fibrous septa at CTHA in 15 patients. The degree of fibrosis determined the conspicuity of nodules. CONCLUSION: Regenerative nodules in cirrhotic liver are visualized as enhancing nodules surrounded by lower attenuation thin septa at CTAP and nonenhancing nodules surrounded by enhancing fibrous septa at CTHA. CTHA is more sensitive than CTAP in depicting regenerative nodules (P < .005).     

Preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of combined contrast-enhanced MR imaging and combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography

The aim of this study was to compare Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic MR images, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced MR images, combined Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic and SPIO-enhanced MR images, vs combined CT arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA), in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Twenty-four patients with 38 nodular HCCs (5–60 mm, mean 23.0 mm) were retrospectively analyzed. Image reviews were conducted on a liver segment-by-segment basis. A total of 192 segments, including 36 segments with 38 HCC, were reviewed independently by three radiologists. Each radiologist read four sets of images (set 1, unenhanced and Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic MR images; set 2, unenhanced and SPIO-enhanced MR images; set 3, combined Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic and SPIO-enhanced MR images; set 4, combined CTAP and CTHA). To minimize any possible learning bias, the reviewing order was randomized and the reviewing procedure was performed in four sessions at 2-week intervals. The diagnostic accuracy (A_z values) for HCCs of combined CTAP and CTHA, combined Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic and SPIO-enhanced MR images, Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic MR images, and SPIO-enhanced MR images for all observers were 0.934, 0.963, 0.878, and 0.869, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of combined CTAP and CTHA and combined Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic and SPIO-enhanced MR images was significantly higher than Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic MR images or SPIO-enhanced MR images (p<0.005). The mean specificity of combined CTAP and CTHA (93%) and combined Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic and SPIO-enhanced MR images (95%) was significantly higher than Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic MR images (87%) or SPIO-enhanced MR images (88%; p<0.05). Combined Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic and SPIO-enhanced MR images may obviate the need for more invasive combined CTAP and CTHA for the preoperative evaluation of patients with HCC.     

Detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: combined T2-weighted and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MRI versus combined CT during arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the preoperative detectability of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) using combined T2-weighted and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MRI and combined CT during arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA). METHOD: Thirty-three patients with 43 HCCs underwent T2-weighted and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MRI and combined CTAP and CTHA. The diagnosis was established by pathologic examination following surgical resection in 26 patients and by biopsy in 7 patients. The MR protocol included fast SE with two TEs (including T2-weighted imaging) and precontrast and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted fast multiplanar spoiled gradient-recalled echo images with dynamic study. The MR images of all sequences and the paired CTAP and CTHA images were independently reviewed by three radiologists. Image review was conducted on a segment-by-segment basis. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: The accuracies (Az values) of MRI of all sequences and combined CTAP and CTHA for all observers were 0.960 and 0.959, respectively. The mean sensitivities of MRI and CT were 90 and 94%, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant. The mean specificity of MRI (99%) was significantly higher than that of combined CTAP and CTHA (92%). CONCLUSION: Combined T2-weighted and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MRI is as accurate as combined CTAP and CTHA for preoperative detection of HCCs.     

Diagnosis of hepatic neoplasms using CT arterial portography and CT hepatic arteriography

Both computed tomography arterial portography (CTAP) and CT hepatic arteriography (CTHA) are CT techniques with angiographic assistance. The detection sensitivity of these techniques is high because marked lesion contrast can be obtained using direct delivery of contrast materials to the liver parenchyma or the tumors. The use of CTAP and CTHA may improve therapeutic results after transarterial embolization therapy for hepatocellular carcinomas because of their high diagnostic accuracy. Findings on CTAP or CTHA can sometimes help characterize the hepatic focal lesions. Thus, CTAP and CTHA are frequently performed as pretreatment examinations, although they are invasive compared to intravenous (IV) contrast-enhanced CT or magnetic resonance imaging. However, there are some potential pitfalls, such as nontumorous perfusion abnormalities. CTAP and CTHA are less effective for evaluation of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. This article presents a current overview of CTAP and CTHA technique for diagnosis of hepatic neoplasms.