椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的：探讨在椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下有限化手术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症。方法：选取退行性腰椎管狭窄症病例，在椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下行椎管有限减压。咬除病变间隙上位椎板下缘、肥厚的黄韧带和下位椎板上缘，摘除突出椎间盘髓核，松解神经根粘连，侧隐窝减压，必要时切除部分关节突。结果：应用椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜治疗迟行性腰椎管狭窄症，行椎管有限减压87例，减压彻底。82例得到随访，优良串92．7％，手术效果满意。结论：单纯腰椎间盘膨出或突出、黄韧带肥厚和小关节增生引起的退行性腰椎管狭窄症是椎板间隙入路椎间盘镜下椎管有限减压的适应证。满意的手术效果取决于：病人选择适当，术中操作精细，减压彻底。     

下腰椎单纯黄韧带肥厚症

下腰椎单纯黄韧带肥厚症张长明李晓林张作者回顾１９８５～１９９２年８年中经手术治疗的１７８例腰椎管狭窄症病例，从中发现２１例腰椎管狭窄症系黄韧带肥厚或钙化所致。腰椎管狭窄症的原因很多，分类繁杂［１，２］，单纯黄韧带肥厚症引起的腰椎管狭窄未引起重视。本...     

颈椎管狭窄症患者黄韧带肥厚的组织学研究及临床意义

目的：探讨颈椎管狭窄症患者黄韧带肥厚的组织学变化及其临床意义。方法：对68例颈椎管狭窄症患者肥厚的黄韧带进行组织学及免疫组化染色研究。结果：58例（85．3％）肥厚的黄韧带内有血管增生及大量炎细胞浸润；其免疫组化染色KP—1均为阳性，49例LCA染色阳性。10例（14．7％）肥厚的黄韧带组织内未见炎细胞浸润，其免疫组化染色KP—1及LCA染色均阴性。11例（16．2％）肥厚黄韧带中发现了钙化或骨化灶。本组9例术前影像学显永不稳定节段的肥厚黄韧带内均发现了炎症反应。结论：颈椎管狭窄症患者黄韧带肥厚的原因之一可能是组织中出现了慢性炎症反应；颈椎不稳定可能是造成黄韧带内炎症反应的原因之一。     

前后路联合手术治疗黄韧带肥厚并后纵韧带骨化的颈椎病患者17例

目的探讨黄韧带肥厚并后纵韧带骨化的颈椎病患者行一期前后路手术临床疗效。方法自2012年5月-2017年1月收治黄韧带肥厚并后纵韧带骨化的颈椎病患者17例,均采用一期前后路联合手术,首先予以俯卧位进行后路减压、黄韧带切除,而后翻转体位,予以前路减压椎间植骨融合处理。结果 17例患者均顺利完成前后路联合减压手术,术后未发生脑脊液漏、神经根误伤或切口感染等并发症。所有患者均获随访1年以上,术后3、12个月的JOA评分、颈椎曲度和椎管前后径均有显著提高(P0.05),颈椎活动度则有显著降低(P0.05);术后3个月的椎管扩大率为(49.06±7.34)%,术后12个月为(48.25±6.23)%。结论一期前后路联合手术治疗黄韧带肥厚并后纵韧带骨化的颈椎病患者,手术安全性较好,减压效果可靠,且可重建颈椎稳定性,可取得较好疗效。     

腰椎黄韧带骨化并椎管狭窄

黄韧带骨化可见于脊柱各节段，临床相关报道均集中于颈椎及胸椎，腰椎黄韧带骨化较少提及。与胸椎黄韧带骨化的起因不同，腰椎黄韧带骨化多为腰椎管狭窄症中黄韧带增生、肥厚及钙盐沉着为特征的一种退行性变，严重者易导致不可逆性重度椎管狭窄。自2000年7月至2006年10月共收治该类患者5例，本文就其临床表现、影像学特征、治疗方法等问题进行探讨。     

后路椎间盘镜在治疗腰椎管狭窄症中的应用

目的：探讨后路椎间盘镜在治疗腰椎管狭窄症中的应用。方法：2000年2月--2001年12月退行性腰椎管狭窄症142例行后路椎间盘镜下椎管有限减压、全椎板或半椎板切除减压、开窗减压术。结果：应用后路椎间盘镜行椎管有限减压87例，减压松解充分。82例随访平均18月，优良率92．7％(优58例，良18例)。无并发症。结论：单纯腰椎间盘膨出或突出、黄韧带肥厚和小关节增生引起的退行性腰椎管狭窄症是后路椎间盘镜下椎管有限减压的适应证。满意的手术效果取决于：病人选择适当，术中操作精细，减压彻底。     

前后路联合手术治疗脊髓型颈椎病

目的：探讨采用前、后路联合手术治疗严重颈椎问盘突出伴有明显颈椎管狭窄的脊髓型颈椎病的方法。方法：13例严重的脊髓型颈椎病患者，影像学显示9例椎管／椎体比值为0．70～0．64不等，均存在黄韧带肥厚、椎体后缘或小关节突骨质增生及明显的颈椎问盘突出。13例均行后路扩大半椎板切除 前路椎间盘刮除植骨钢板固定术，手术次序为先行后路手术，然后再行前路手术。结果：13例患者在术后数天内均感到神经症状有明显改善，术后1年复查，行椎间盘摘除减压的椎间隙已融合，3例原术前坐轮椅者已可自己缓慢行走，所有病例四肢感觉、肌力均较术前有明显改善。平均JOA评分从术前9分提高到术后13分。结论：对颈椎管前后方均有明显压迫的严重脊髓型颈椎病采用前后路联合手术的方法可取得满意疗效。     

腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄的治疗

目的:探讨腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄影像学特点和手术治疗效果。方法 :2013年1月至2016年1月治疗腰椎黄韧带骨化伴腰椎管狭窄患者9例,男5例,女4例;年龄51~63岁,平均57岁。患者均表现为间歇性跛行和下肢放射痛,CT和MRI检查提示病变部位:L4,5和L5S1双节段2例,L4,5单节段5例,L5S1单节段2例。4例单纯行椎板切除椎管减压术,5例行椎板和椎间盘切除、椎间融合及椎弓根螺钉内固定术。采用JOA评分(包括主观症状、日常活动受限度、临床体征和膀胱功能)对治疗前后的临床疗效进行评定。结果:患者术后无感染或神经损伤等并发症,9例患者均获得随访,时间12~60个月,平均24个月。末次随访腰背疼痛和下肢放射痛等明显改善,行走距离均接近正常,JOA评分较术前明显改善。结论:腰椎黄韧带骨化CT检查有特征性影像学表现,影像学表现决定具体手术方法,手术目的以最小创伤获得椎管有效减压并重建下腰椎稳定性。     

黄韧带退行性改变的组织学观察及其与腰椎椎管狭窄症的关系

黄韧带的退行性改变是腰椎椎管狭窄症的主要病理改变之一。作者报告了对腰椎椎管狭窄症患者黄韧带的组织学观察结果，发现弹力纤维明显减少和胶原纤维的增生是黄韧带退行性变的主要组织病理学特征。作者认为这一病理变化将使黄韧带的弹性受到破坏，而黄韧带的肥厚又将造成神经根管狭窄，使神经根受到卡压。     

胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗

目的探讨胸椎黄韧带骨化症的手术治疗效果。方法MRI及CT检查确定病变范围后,手术治疗黄韧带骨化所致胸椎管狭窄症患者12例38个节段（下胸段22个,中胸段6个,上胸段10个）,均采用磨钻加＂揭盖法＂切除椎管后壁减压。结果12例均获随访,时间6～41个月。参照Epstein et al标准评分：优6例,良4例,可2例。结论临床表现结合MRI及CT检查是诊断胸椎黄韧带骨化症的有效手段;用磨钻加＂揭盖法＂切除椎管后壁减压是安全、有效的方法。     

腰椎管狭窄症的影像学诊断

目的：探讨腰椎管狭窄症的X线、CT及MRI诊断价值。方法：分析130例临床诊断和影像学检查征象典型的腰椎管狭窄症的病例资料。男83例,女47例;年龄27～75岁,平均43.5岁。所有病例均行CT检查,其中23例行X线检查,57例行MRI扫描。结果：腰椎管狭窄位于L3,4水平25例,L4,5水平48例,L5S1水平57例。CT显示椎体后缘、椎板、下关节突骨质增生46例,椎板上下关节突肥大7例,黄韧带钙化、骨化13例,椎体向前滑脱5例,侧隐窝狭窄24例,椎间孔狭窄35例。MRI显示椎间盘突出伴黄韧带肥厚23例,黄韧带对称性肥厚18例,广泛多节段增生肥厚9例,局限性黄韧带肥厚7例。结论：继发性腰椎管狭窄症的最常见原因是退变。传统X线检查有很大的局限性,CT和MRI具有多方位成像和分辨率高的优点,但在韧带骨化上MRI难于显示,而CT能很好的显示韧带钙化与骨化及骨质改变,腰椎管狭窄症检查应该首选CT。     

重建椎管后部结构治疗腰椎管狭窄症

目的 介绍一种应用劈开截骨，以黄韧带为轴保留棘突、椎板和外层黄韧带行椎板回植，重建完整椎管后部结构和硬膜外腔的椎管重建术治疗腰椎管狭窄症的后路手术技术，并评价效果。方法 2001年10月～2003年4月，应用椎管重建术治疗腰椎管狭窄症39例，男19例，女20例。年龄36～77岁，平均49．6岁。病变椎体为L3、4～L5S15例，L4、5～L5S418例，L4、511例，L5S15例；病程3个月～16年，平均40．3个月。术中纵行劈开棘突，将上位椎板的下1／2梯形截断后，连同黄韧带浅层向尾侧翻开，切除深层黄韧带、两侧侧隐窝椎板的内层和增生的关节突，椎管扩大后，原位缝合截开的椎板。术后1周、3个月及1年行CT检查，并于术后1年进行疗效评定。结果 39例术后均获18～36个月随访。术后1周CT示椎管及神经根管扩大满意，术后3个月复查CT示87．2％（34／39）椎板和棘突已达骨性融合，术后1年CT示所有患者椎板原位固定融合，黄韧带愈合，无再狭窄。按标准量化评分，术后疗效评定优良率为92.3％（36／39）。结论 此术式保留了棘突、棘间韧带、椎板和黄韧带的连续性，重建完整的硬膜外腔和椎管的后部结构，阻挡了肌肉与神经组织的瘢痕粘连。截骨范围小、保留血液供给、固定方法简便、术后骨愈合时间短及腰椎稳定。     

腰椎狭窄软性椎管的应力改变分析

目的 探讨腰椎软性椎管改变与椎管狭窄的关系。方法 在本研究52例中分为椎管狭窄组和对照组,2003年1月至2007年12月,推管狭窄组从因腰椎管狭窄病行后路椎板减压术的患者中取黄韧带标本对照组黄韧带标本共为10例,取自青年腰椎骨折行后路椎板减压术患者,后纵韧带标本共4例取自腰椎爆裂骨折前路椎体减压术患者。分别观察两组标本切片镜下的表现并加以分析。结果 在腰椎管狭窄病组,黄韧带及后纵韧带镜下表现为纤维肥大,基质内可见脂肪及小囊肿;对照组则表现为纤维细胞排列规则、无纤维化表现。结论 腰椎管软性椎管的应力改变及退行性变,是导致腰椎管狭窄的一个因素。     

中央型腰椎管狭窄症患者黄韧带组织生化成分变化的研究

目的:通过测定中央型腰椎管狭窄症患者腰椎黄韧带胶原蛋白和蛋白多糖含量变化,观察组织显微结构改变,探讨黄韧带组织生化成分改变与中央型腰椎管狭窄症发病的相关性方法:收集中央型腰椎管狭窄症患者的腰椎黄韧带65块作为退变组,正常腰椎黄韧带27块作为对照组,采用微量羟脯氨酸测定法和硫酸-咔唑法分别测定两组黄韧带中羟脯氨酸及糖醛酸吸光度,并计算胶原蛋白和蛋白多糖含量;游标卡尺测量黄韧带厚度;并行HE染色和Masson染色,显微镜下观察各组组织结构改变。结果:退变组黄韧带厚度、胶原蛋白及蛋白多糖含量均高于对照组,差异有显著性(P0.05);病理学观察退变黄韧带弹性纤维排列紊乱,数量减少,胶原纤维增生。结论:退变腰椎黄韧带中胶原蛋白和蛋白多糖含量增加,黄韧带生化成分改变可能引起黄韧带厚度增加,参与中央型腰椎管狭窄症的发生。     

Hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis associated with increased proteinase inhibitor concentration

BACKGROUND: It is well known that age-related fibrosis, or decreases in the elastin-to-collagen ratio of the ligamentum flavum, along with hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum, are associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. However, the molecular mechanism by which this fibrosis and hypertrophy develop is unknown. Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMPs) are proteinase inhibitors that suppress extracellular matrix degradation. Elevated TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression has been implicated in various fibrotic diseases of the liver, kidney, lung, and heart. These TIMPs can also induce cellular proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in a wide range of cell types. These findings led us to postulate that TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 might also be associated with hypertrophy and fibrosis of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis. METHODS: We quantified and localized TIMP expression in ligamentum flavum tissues that had been obtained during surgery from thirty patients with spinal stenosis and from thirty gender-matched control patients with disc herniation. The thickness of the ligamentum flavum at the level of the facet joint was measured on axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. In addition, we examined ligamentum flavum tissues for the expression of markers of cellular proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS: The ligamentum flavum was significantly thicker in the patients with spinal stenosis (mean, 5.68 mm) than in the patients with disc herniation (mean, 2.70 mm) (p < 0.001). The concentration of TIMP-2 in the ligamentum flavum was significantly higher in the patients with spinal stenosis (mean, 12.62 ng/mL) than in those with disc herniation (mean, 8.85 ng/mL) (p = 0.028). TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were detected in the cytoplasm of ligamentum flavum fibroblasts. TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 concentrations were associated with hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum (p = 0.015 and p = 0.003, respectively). None of the samples from the patients with stenosis had evidence of proliferation of ligamentum flavum fibroblasts. The expression of markers for apoptosis was significantly higher in the patients with spinal stenosis (58.8%) than in those with disc herniation (26.6%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased TIMP expression has been implicated in fibrosis and hypertrophy of the extracellular matrix of several organs. Our results suggest that increased expression of TIMP-2 in ligamentum flavum fibroblasts is associated with fibrosis and hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in patients with spinal stenosis.     

Quantitative analysis of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in ligamentum flavum of lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation.

STUDY DESIGN: The concentration of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) was examined in the ligamentum flavum of lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of TGF-beta1 on hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis compared with that of lumbar disc herniation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum is known to be related to degenerative changes that are secondary to the aging process or mechanical instability. However, there has been no study to investigate the effect of biochemical factors, such as growth factors, associated with hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum. METHODS: The concentrations of TGF-beta1 were analyzed in the surgically obtained ligamentum flavum specimens from lumbar spinal stenosis (n = 10; mean age 62.8 years) and disc herniation (n = 10; mean age 35.6 years) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The localization of TGF-beta1 within the ligamentum flavum was determined using immunohistochemical study. The thickness of the ligamentum flavum was measured with axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The biochemical and radiologic results were compared for these two conditions. RESULTS: The mean concentration of TGF-beta1 was 123.78 pg/100 microg protein (range 11-374 pg/100 microg protein) in lumbar spinal stenosis and 38.56 pg/100 microg protein (range 0-155 pg/100 microg protein) in lumbar disc herniation; the difference between lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation was statistically significant (P = 0.029). The mean thickness of the ligamentum flavum was 4.44 mm (range 3.4-5.4 mm) in lumbar spinal stenosis and 2.44 mm (range 1.8-4.0 mm) in lumbar disc herniation; the difference between lumbar spinal stenosis and disc herniation was statistically significant (P = 0.001). On immunohistochemical study TGF-beta1 was positively stained on the fibroblasts within the ligamentum flavum specimens. CONCLUSION: The current results suggest that higher expression of TGF-beta1 by fibroblasts might be related to the development of hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal stenosis.     

内窥镜下保留与不保留黄韧带腰椎间盘摘除术的临床比较研究

目的 探讨在内窥镜下保留腰椎黄韧带的手术技巧、临床适应证和临床效果。方法选择单节段内窥镜下（METRx）腰椎间盘摘除术患者,其中保留黄韧带组65例,同期不保留黄韧带组146例进行临床比较。所有患者均有不同程度腰骶部疼痛伴下肢放射痛,以及不同程度伸拇肌力或跟腱反射减弱,同时辅以CT扫描和（或）磁共振成像（MRI）检查确诊。常规METRx操作下显露腰椎板间隙,用微型手术刀切开并剥离黄韧带,将黄韧带向中线卷曲剥离成上、外、下3面游离的黄韧带瓣,用微型神经拉钩将黄韧带向中线牵开,显露硬膜囊和神经根。椎间盘摘除、神经根松解减压术后,将黄韧带瓣恢复到原来的解剖结构部位。结果两组手术时间和住院时问无差异,但不保留黄韧带组硬脊膜损伤、椎问盘炎及伤口感染及复发率方面较保留黄韧带组高。结论METRx操作下保留腰椎黄韧带技术操作可行,临床效果良好。     

Lumbar canal stenosis caused by amyloidosis of the yellow ligament]

Symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis without bony stenosis has previously been described. We describe the pathological modifications of ligamentum flavum among such operated patients. Ten patients were prospectively included in this study. Their mean age was 74, ranges: from 52-90. Clinical manifestation was a radicular claudication (sciatic or crural). Neuroradiology confirmed in all cases the ligamentum flavum thickness as the main cause of the symptomatology. This feature was also confirmed operatively and complete resection of the ligamentum flavum was performed. Resolution of the radicular pain was obtained in all cases at last follow-up. Pathological examination of the ligamentum flavum displayed characteristic features of degenerative modifications and elastic fibers fragmentation caused by numerous amorphous deposits. The deposits were studied using red Congo staining, polarized light and immunostaining methods. Such technique showed evidence of amyloid origin of the deposits. Immunodetection was positive for the P component in the amyloid deposits and for beta-2-microglobulin in one case (chronic renal failure and hemodialysis). The deposits did not express antitransthyretin antibodies. In parallel, control ligamentum flavum were obtained from 10 operated patients affected by bony lumbar stenosis. Moderate degenerative features were observed but small amounts of amyloid deposits were found in only 3 of those cases, without thickening of the ligamentous structure. This study correlates the presence of thickened ligamentum flavum caused by amyloid deposition, with symptomatic non-osseous lumbar canal stenosis. Association with degenerative modifications of the spine in the studied cases is suggestive of a microtraumatic origin.     

腰椎椎间孔镜手术治疗伴神经根管狭窄的腰椎椎间盘突出症

目的退变性腰椎椎间盘突出、黄韧带肥厚、关节突关节增生内聚引起神经根管狭窄,利用椎间孔镜对神经根管进行减压。方法对20例退变性神经根管狭窄症患者行腰椎椎间孔镜下神经根管扩大成形术,记录术前术后腰腿痛疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分,采用Macnab标准评价疗效。结果 20例患者术前平均腰痛VAS评分为5分,术后即刻为1.5分,术后3个月为0.5分。术前平均腿痛VAS评分为7分,术后即刻为0.3分,术后3个月为0.1分。18例患者术后3个月的改良Macnab疗效评定为优,2例患者为良。结论对腰椎退变性神经根管狭窄症,椎间孔镜可对突出的腰椎椎间盘、关节突关节以及黄韧带进行减压,有效地扩大神经根管,可获得很好的疗效。