氟致人肝细胞DNA损伤与细胞凋亡关系的研究

目的 研究氟致人肝细胞DNA损伤与细胞凋亡之间的关系. 方法采用40、80、160μg/ml氟化钠对培养的人肝细胞进行染毒,12 h后用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)和流式细胞术(FCM)检测氟化物对人肝细胞DNA损伤和细胞凋亡情况. 结果各氟染毒组人肝细胞DNA损伤程度明显高于对照组,并且随着染氟剂量的增高而增大;中、高剂量氟组人肝细胞凋亡百分率均明显高于对照组.同时,高剂量氟组与低剂量氟组之间细胞DNA损伤程度和凋亡率的差异亦有统计学意义. 结论氟可导致人肝细胞DNA损伤,诱导细胞凋亡,一定浓度范围内的氟所导致的DNA损伤与细胞凋亡之间呈现明显的正相关关系.     

硒拮抗氟对人肝细胞DNA损伤及凋亡的影响

目的　研究氟、硒对离体人肝细胞DNA损伤及凋亡的作用。方法　体外培养的人肝细胞分别接触一定剂量的氟和 /或硒 12h后 ,检测肝细胞DNA的损伤率、凋亡率和细胞周期构成比。结果　氟组肝细胞DNA损伤率、凋亡率和S期细胞数均明显高于对照组和氟 硒组 (P <0 0 5) ,硒组DNA损伤率和凋亡小体育分率均高于对照组 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5)。结论　一定剂量的硒可拮抗氟对离体人肝细胞DNA损伤及诱导的肝细胞凋亡作用     

硒对氟致人肝细胞脂质过氧化、DNA损伤及凋亡的影响

[目的 ]研究硒对氟致离体培养人肝细胞脂质过氧化、DNA损伤及诱导凋亡的作用。 [方法 ]体外培养的正常人肝细胞分别接触 80 μg/ml氟化钠和 /或 1.73 μg/ml亚硒酸钠 12h后 ,检测细胞脂质过氧化物 (LPO)水平、还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量、细胞DNA损伤率、凋亡率和细胞周期构成比的情况。 [结果 ]氟组肝细胞LPO( 2 .88± 0 .5 9)nmolMDA/mg·prot、DNA损伤率 5 9.0 %、凋亡率 15 .5 6%± 2 .0 6%和S期细胞数 4.82 %± 0 .45 % ,均明显高于对照组 ,而GSH含量 ( 4 .2 3± 0 .78) μg/mg .prot则明显低于对照组 ;硒通过增加细胞GSH含量 ,降低LPO水平、DNA损伤率、凋亡率和S期细胞数而拮抗氟产生的毒性作用。 [结论 ]一定剂量的硒可拮抗氟所诱导的脂质过氧化、DNA损伤与细胞凋亡。     

硒对氟致L-02细胞DNA损伤和凋亡的影响

目的探讨硒对氟导致的L-02细胞DNA损伤和凋亡的影响。方法采用80μg/ml氟化钠和/或1.73μg/ml亚硒酸钠对培养的L-02细胞进行染毒,24 h后采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(SCGE)检测各组L-02细胞DNA损伤情况;用流式细胞术(FCM)检测各组L-02细胞凋亡率。结果氟组L-02细胞DNA损伤率和凋亡率明显高于对照组、硒组和氟硒组(P<0.01);而对照组L-02细胞DNA损伤率和凋亡率与硒组和氟硒组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论氟可导致L-02细胞DNA损伤,诱导细胞凋亡,适量硒可拮抗氟导致的L-02细胞DNA损伤和细胞凋亡作用。     

饮水氯化消毒副产物MX对人胚肝细胞(L-02)的DNA损伤及凋亡作用

目的　研究饮水氯化消毒副产物 3 氯 4 二氯甲基 5 羟基 2 (5氢 ) 呋喃酮 (MX)致人胚肝细胞 (L 0 2 )DNA损伤及凋亡作用。方法　以L 0 2为靶细胞 ,采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术 (SCGE)和流式细胞术 (FCM)分别检测MX致L 0 2细胞DNA损伤及凋亡作用。结果　随着MX浓度的增加 ,L 0 2细胞DNA链断裂逐渐增加 ,且 10 0和 30 0 μmol L剂量组与溶剂对照组相比具有统计学显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ;MX各剂量组均引起L 0 2细胞凋亡率明显增加 ,与溶剂对照组相比具有统计学显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　饮水氯化消毒副产物MX可致L 0 2细胞DNA单链断裂和凋亡     

二月桂酸二丁基锡对雄性大鼠肝细胞凋亡的作用

目的探讨二月桂酸二丁基锡(DBTD)对雄性大鼠肝细胞凋亡的作用。方法将雄性Wister大鼠随机分为对照组和3个不同剂量(5、10和20 mg/kg)的DBTD组。染毒组用色拉油配制成不同浓度的DBTD溶液,根据大鼠不同体重进行灌胃;对照组给予等量的色拉油;连续染毒8 w。在末次染毒结束后24 h(禁食12 h),股动脉取血后处死。以流式细胞术、细胞原位TUNEL法检测肝细胞凋亡率。结果染毒组大鼠随剂量的加大肝细胞DNA总损伤率明显提高(低:52.4%,中:81.4%,高:87.7%),与对照组(8.9%)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同剂量组肝细胞各时相的细胞百分数发生变化:G0/G1期细胞百分数明显增加,G2/M期和S期细胞百分数明显减少,凋亡指数(AI)峰所占比例增加,染毒组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 DBTD可使雄性大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤率升高和DNA合成受抑制,使肝细胞出现G0/G1期阻滞,进入S期和G2/M期细胞数量减少,有丝分裂延迟,表明DBTD对大鼠肝细胞有凋亡作用。     

氟致人胎肝细胞DNA损伤及其对细胞凋亡和p53蛋白表达的影响

目的　研究氟对L 0 2细胞DNA的损伤作用及其对细胞凋亡和p5 3表达的影响 ,并探讨p5 3表达与细胞凋亡之间的关系。方法　体外培养的L 0 2细胞分别接触 0、4 0、80、1 6 0 μg ml氟化钠 (对照组、A、B、C组 ) 2 4h后 ,检测L 0 2细胞DNA损伤率、细胞凋亡百分率和p5 3蛋白表达水平。结果　染氟各组细胞DNA损伤率均明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。与对照组相比 ,B组和C组细胞凋亡百分率明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。B组和C组细胞p5 3蛋白表达量均显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　氟可导致L 0 2细胞DNA损伤率上升 ,诱导细胞凋亡和p5 3表达 ,并且随着氟浓度的升高 ,细胞凋亡率和p5 3蛋白的表达量均随之升高     

直链烷基苯磺酸钠致人张氏肝细胞损伤的毒性作用

目的通过检测不同剂量的直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)对人张氏肝细胞(Chang liver cells)增殖、损伤、凋亡及坏死的影响,探讨LAS对人张氏肝细胞的毒性作用。方法体外培养人张氏肝细胞,将细胞分为对照组及LAS不同剂量组,分别为正常对照组(不含LAS的正常培养基培养细胞)、LAS低、中、高剂量组(37.5、75.0及150.0 mg/L)。各组细胞培养24 h后,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态及结构;四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法检测细胞生存率;检测丙二醛(MDA)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平以了解肝细胞损伤程度;Hoechst 33342及PI染色观察细胞凋亡及坏死情况。结果 LAS处理后细胞表面出现黑色颗粒,部分细胞变圆脱落并产生碎片,高剂量组出现细胞脱落、死亡。LAS各处理组细胞存活率明显低于对照组(P0.01),MDA、LDH及AST水平也均明显高于对照组;细胞凋亡率与坏死率明显增加(P0.01),且这些变化随LAS剂量增加更加明显(P0.01)。结论 LAS可抑制人张氏肝细胞增殖,改变细胞形态,并导致细胞损伤、凋亡和坏死。     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己基酯对大鼠肝细胞和睾丸细胞DNA单链断裂水平的影响

目的 探讨邻苯二甲酸二乙基已基酯(DEHP)对大鼠肝细胞和睾丸细胞DNA的损伤.方法 选用雄性Wis-ter大鼠25只,随机分为5组,每组5只,通过灌胃的方法摄入DEHP,4个染毒组剂量浓度分别为1 500、3 000、4 500、6 000 mg·kg-1·d-1,1个阴性溶剂对照组,用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(彗星试验)检测大鼠肝细胞和睾丸细胞DNA的损伤.结果 各染毒组和对照组大鼠肝细胞DNA损伤率分别为28.0%、69.0%、86.0%、94.0%和18.0%,各染毒组肝细胞DNA损伤程度与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01),且大鼠肝细胞损伤率与染毒剂量之间呈剂量-反应关系(r=0.942,P<0.01);各染毒组和对照组大鼠睾丸细胞DNA损伤率分别为29.0%、71.0%、89.0%、95.0%和15.0%,各染毒组睾丸细胞DNA损伤程度与对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01),且大鼠睾丸细胞损伤率与染毒剂量之间呈剂量-反应关系(r=0.930,P<0.01).结论 DEHP可造成大鼠的肝细胞和睾丸细胞DNA的损伤,并随染毒剂量的增加有加重的趋势.     

过氧化亚硝基对不同肝细胞的损伤作用研究

目的　探讨过氧化亚硝基 (ONOO- )对人胚肝细胞株L 0 2细胞和肝母细胞瘤细胞株HepG2细胞的损伤差异。方法　运用四唑盐 (MTT)比色法、单细胞凝胶电泳和流式细胞术 3种方法检测过氧化亚硝基对两株肝细胞的细胞活性、DNA损伤、细胞凋亡的影响。结果　过氧化亚硝基对两株肝细胞均有细胞毒性 ,引起DNA损伤和细胞凋亡 ,损伤程度呈剂量依赖关系 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在各浓度组L 0 2细胞的损伤程度均略高于HepG2细胞 ,但两者统计学差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。两株细胞周期变化趋势相一致。结论　过氧化亚硝基对正常和肝癌细胞均有DNA损伤、凋亡和影响细胞周期的作用 ,但两者差异无统计学意义。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.