人参皂甙对睡眠剥夺大鼠记忆保持的影响

目的：探讨人参皂甙（Ginsenosides,GS)对睡眠剥夺（sleep deprivation,SD)大鼠记忆保持的影响。方法：用小平台水环境法（Flower Pot)建立大鼠SD模型,选用Sprague-Dawley大鼠24只,根据SD时间的不同,将大鼠随机分为三组：24SD（24小时SD组）,48SD（48小时SD组）和72SD（72小时SD组）,每组又设实验组和对照组。其中实验组用GS连续灌胃5天,对照组以同样方式给予等量生理盐水,然后给予不同时间的SD。观察各组SD前后在跳台实验中的行为变化。结果：SD后各组大鼠跳台测试第一次触电潜伏期均下降,触电次数和触电时间均增加。SD前实验组和对照组的第一次触电潜伏期,触电次数和触电时间无显著差别（P＞0．05）,72SD大鼠的第一次触电潜伏期实验组显著大于对照组（P＜0．05）,触电次数和触电时间,实验组显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）;24SD,48SD的第一次触电潜伏期,触电次数和触电时间,实验组和对照组无显著差别。结论：连续口服GS对SD造成的大鼠记忆保持能力受损有明显保护作用,在一定睡眠剥夺时间内,这种保护作用随SD时间的延长而增强。     

人参皂甙对睡眠剥夺大鼠学习记忆和活动性的影响

目的:探讨人参皂甙(ginsenosides,GS)对睡眠剥夺(sleep deprivation,SD)大鼠学习记忆和活动性的影响。方法:用小平台水环境法建立SD模型。选用Sprague-Dawley大鼠,根据SD时间的不同(0～96h),随机分为5组,每组又分为实验组(E)和对照组(C),实验组给予GS,观察各组大鼠SD前后“Y”迷宫、跳台和旷场实验中的行为变化。结果:①“Y”迷宫实验:24h、48h、72h和96h的正确反应率,E显著高于C(P<0.05),48h、72h和96h的触电时间,E显著低于C(P<0.05),72h差别最为明显(P<0.01);②跳台实验:48h、72h和96h的第一次触电潜伏期,E显著高于C(P<0.05),触电时间,E显著低于C(P<0.05),72h和96h的触电次数,E显著低于C(P<0.05),72h的差别最为显著(P<0.01)。③旷场实验:72h和96h的中央格停留时间,E显著低于C(P<0.05);48h和72h的水平活动得分和垂直活动得分,E显著高于C(P<0.05),72h差别最为明显(P<0.01)。结论:GS对SD造成的大鼠学习记忆和活动性的损害有明显保护作用。在一定SD时间内,这种保护作用随SD时间的延长而增强。     

Slow Wave Sleep and REM Sleep Awakenings Do Not Affect Sleep Dependent Memory Consolidation

Study Objectives:

The effects of REM sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS) deprivation on sleep-dependent motor and declarative memory consolidation.

Design:

Randomized, within-subject, cross-over study

Setting:

Weekly (women: monthly) sleep laboratory visits, with retest 60 hours later

Participants:

Twelve healthy subjects (6 men) aged between 20 and 30 years

Interventions:

REM sleep deprivation, SWS deprivation, or undisturbed sleep

Measurements and Results:

We deprived subjects once each of REM sleep and SWS, and once let them sleep undisturbed through the night. After each night, we tested declarative and procedural memory consolidation. We tested memory performance by a verbal paired associate task and a sequential finger-tapping task at 21:00 on the study night and again 60 hours later. Although REM sleep and SWS awakenings led to a significant reduction of the respective sleep stages, memory consolidation remained unaffected. We also found a significant correlation between the declarative task and sleep spindles in the undisturbed condition, especially the sleep spindles in the first third of the night.

Conclusion:

We suggest that word-pair learning relies on stage 2 sleep spindles and requires little SWS. Their sleep dependent consolidation is not affected by SWS deprivation. Simple motor tasks may either be consolidated in stage 2 sleep or depend on only small amounts of REM sleep. Their sleep dependent consolidation is not influenced by REM sleep deprivation.

Citation:

Genzel L; Dresler M; Wehrle R; Grözinger M; Steiger A. Slow wave sleep and REM sleep awakenings do not affect sleep dependent memory consolidation. SLEEP 2009;32(3):302–310.     

Sleep Deprivation and Measures of Emotionality in Rats

Predictions from two theories which attempt to explain the function of active sleep (AS) were tested on 144 rats. Total sleep deprived, activity control, stationary control, active steep deprived, large pedestal control, or homecage control conditions were imposed on 30-day and 90-day-old subjects for 5 days. Open-field (OF) and startle response measures and adrenal and body weights permitted examination of changes in emotionality. Increases in OF activity and decreases in defecation in this paradigm are attributed primarily to AS deprivation, while reductions in quiet sleep may account for elevated startle responsivity in totally deprived subjects. Limited support for the Ontogenetic hypothesis is found in the treatment by age effect for OF activity, but the P-hypothesis prediction of increased emotionality in AS deprived subjects is contradicted by our data.     

A Further Analysis of Age and Sleep Deprivation Effects

Subjective, persistence/attention, precision, and cognitively demanding measures were obtained across two nights' sleep deprivation to compare the performance of 50–59 and 18–22 yr old men. The younger subjects had the larger subjective decrements while the older subjects had the larger decrements on the persistence tasks. The results were mixed on the precision and cognitively demanding tasks.     

睡眠剥夺对内隐记忆的影响

目的:探讨不同时间睡眠剥夺(sleep deprivation,SD)对内隐记忆的影响。方法:将32名青年男性随机分为4组:对照组、SD21、SD45和SD69组,每组8名。采用补笔测验和组词测验对4组被试进行测试。结果:SD 后无论知觉启动还是语义启动,启动量降低,并随SD 时间延长而减少。同一组内,两种测验进行比较,除对照组外,其他SD 组两两比较,语义启动的启动量大于知觉启动(P<0.05)。知觉启动中,SD45同SD69 相比无显著差异(P=0.245),其他两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);语义启动中,SD21同对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.316),其他两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:SD 后内隐记忆受损,并同SD 时间有关;SD 后语义启动和知觉启动出现分离,知觉启动更受SD 影响。     

睡眠剥夺对词汇背景记忆的影响

目的:探讨睡眠剥夺对于背景记忆的影响。方法:将32名青年被试随机分为四组,分别为剥夺睡眠21小时、45小时、69小时和正常对照组,每组被试8名。正常对照组在早8:00,进行测试;睡眠剥夺组自第一天早7:00进入实验室开始剥夺睡眠,分别在第2天、第3天和第4天凌晨4:00离开实验室。测试为词汇背景记忆测验,通过按键反应,要求被试首先再认是否为旧词,再判断旧词的颜色。结果:除45小时组和69小时组漏过率外,同一组内背景记忆成绩低于再认(P<0.05);剥夺45小时后,与对照组比再认正确率下降(80.26±7.14/92.60±4.31,F=44.213,P=0.000)、漏过率增加(10.44±3.01/3.60±0.58,F=13.667,P=0.000)、反应时延长(0.71±0.25/0.65±0.16,F=22.315,P=0.000);而SD21后,与对照组比背景记忆正确率下降(62.23±7.71/80.10±8.21,F=31.54,P=0.027)、漏过率增加(9.69±3.11/5.83±2.47,F=3.712,P=0.028)、反应时延长(0.93±0.18/0.89±0.24,F=3.093,P=0.027)。结论:睡眠剥夺后再认和背景记忆成绩下降,并随睡眠剥夺时间的延长成绩下降更加明显;睡眠剥夺对背景记忆的影响更大。     

小睡对40小时睡眠剥夺条件下连续计算能力的影响

目的 :探讨小睡在连续 4 0小时睡眠剥夺 (sleepdeprivation ,SD)条件下对连续计算能力的影响。方法 :8名青年被试做自身前后对照 ,SD从第一天的 6 :0 0到第二天的 2 2 :0 0 ,共为 4 0小时。小睡时间分别为每天 13:0 0和 1:0 0 ,共 3次 ,每次 30min ,同时用脑电图监测。在实验开始前、第一天的 13:0 0、18:0 0、第二天的 1:0 0、6 :0 0、13:0 0、18:0 0、2 2 :0 0和恢复睡眠 2天后分别测量连续计算 ,并记录反应时和错误数。结果 :同基础值相比 ,SD后各点反应时延长 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,小睡组各点反应时延长 ,但没有统计学意义 ;各个SD时间点上 ,小睡组图形为平滑 ,而SD组在SD2 4h、SD31h和SD4 0h同小睡组相比反应时间显著增长 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;同基础值相比 ,SD组和小睡组错误数没有显著增加 ,二组之间没有明显区别。结论 :SD对连续计算的反应时有影响 ,小睡对反应时有一定的保护作用 ;SD对错误反应没有影响 ,小睡也没有保护作用。     

Sleep Stage Deprivation and Total Sleep Loss: Effects On Sleep Behavior

The combined effects of total sleep loss and the deprivation of stage 4 or stage REM were studied in I two separate experiments. Two full nights or sleep loss preceded stage 4 deprivation or stage REM deprivation in Experiment 1 (N=12); 1 full night of sleep loss followed 3 nights or stage 4 deprivation or stage REM deprivation in Experiment 2 (N=I4). Total sleep loss before sleep stage deprivation significantly increased the number of attempts to enter stage 4, but had little influence on stage REM. A significant REM rebound was found in only one of the REM-deprived groups, but there was a significant stage 4 rebound in all groups on the first full recovery night, supporting the hypothesis from other studies that stage 4 has priority over REM in terms of recovery from sleep loss. The results suggested that stages 2, 3, and 4 partially overlap in their recuperative functions.     

Donepezil Improves Episodic Memory in Young Individuals Vulnerable to the Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Study Objectives:

We investigated if donepezil, a long-acting orally administered cholinesterase inhibitor, would reduce episodic memory deficits associated with 24 h of sleep deprivation.

Design:

Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study involving 7 laboratory visits over 2 months. Participants underwent 4 functional MRI scans; 2 sessions (donepezil or placebo) followed a normal night''s sleep, and 2 sessions followed a night of sleep deprivation.

Setting:

The study took place in a research laboratory.

Participants:

26 young, healthy volunteers with no history of any sleep, psychiatric, or neurologic disorders.

Interventions:

5 mg of donepezil was taken once daily for approximately 17 days.

Measurements and Results:

Subjects were scanned while performing a semantic judgment task and tested for word recognition outside the scanner 45 minutes later. Sleep deprivation increased the frequency of non-responses at encoding and impaired delayed recognition. No benefit of donepezil was evident when participants were well rested. When sleep deprived, individuals who showed greater performance decline improved with donepezil, whereas more resistant individuals did not benefit. Accompanying these behavioral effects, there was corresponding modulation of task-related activation in functionally relevant brain regions. Brain regions identified in relation to donepezil-induced alteration in non-response rates could be distinguished from regions relating to improved recognition memory. This suggests that donepezil can improve delayed recognition in sleep-deprived persons by improving attention as well as enhancing memory encoding.

Conclusions:

Donepezil reduced decline in recognition performance in individuals vulnerable to the effects of sleep deprivation. Additionally, our findings demonstrate the utility of combined fMRI–behavior evaluation in psychopharmacological studies.

Citation:

Chuah LYM; Chong DL; Chen AK; Rekshan WR; Tan JC; Zheng H; Chee MWL. Donepezil improves episodic memory in young individuals vulnerable to the effects of sleep deprivation. SLEEP 2009;32(8):999-1010.     

63h睡眠剥夺对外显操作自我监控的元认知能力的影响

目的：探讨63h完全睡眠剥夺（sleep deprivation，SD）期间，脑力疲劳对个体外显操作自我监控的元认知能力的影响。方法：8名21～26岁的健康男性青年，在完全睡眠剥夺条件下，每隔6h进行1次元认知能力测验．具体内容为一组难度水平不同的系列加法任务。结果：①从整体上来看，被试完成各难度水平任务的正确率与其主观上的评判等级具有高度的一致性；②对SD过程中各次测验的三项校验指标，即确信等级与正确率二者之间的相关系数、校验曲线的斜率和最高确信等级的正确率，进行分析，结果表明，这三项指标在各次测验之间均无显著性差异。结论：个体自我监控的元认知能力是一种相对独立的能力，在不超过63h的SD期间，几乎未受到损害。     

睡眠剥夺后清醒程度和困倦程度变化

目的:探讨不同时间睡眠剥夺条件下,主观对于清醒程度和困倦程度的评定.方法:将24名青年男性分为3组,分别为SD21、SD45和SD69,睡眠剥夺从早晨7:00开始,每3小时测试1次.采用主观评定的方法,评测清醒程度和困倦程度.结果:睡眠剥夺后清醒程度降低,困倦程度升高,对困倦程度敏感于清醒程度;随睡眠剥夺时间的延长,生物近日节律的作用减弱.     

Memory For Events Occurring During Arousal From Sleep

Many instances exist of significant memory loss for events during brief awakenings from sleep. The present experiment sought to determine whether such memory loss was attributable to depth of pre-awakening sleep or to length of awakening. Fourteen young adult subjects performed a standard memory task after being awakened from stage 2 or stage 4 sleep. Subjects either remained awake for 8 min or returned to sleep immediately after the learning task. Both short and long term memory were significantly worse when awakenings were made from stage 4 (deep) compared with stage 2 (light) sleep and when learning occurred immediately after being awakened. No significant effects were found when the length of the period awake after learning was lengthened. It was concluded that memory for events occurring during brief awakenings was affected by the prior stage of sleep. The effect was discussed as an example of state dependent learning.     

Sleep, Performance and Mood After the Energy-Expenditure Equivalent of 40 Hours of Sleep Deprivation

Twelve Marine subjects marched approximately 20 miles to expend as much energy in one 16-hr day as is expended during 40 hrs of relatively inactive sleep deprivation. At the end of the march, performance on addition, vigilance, choice reaction time, tapping, short-term memory, symbol substitution, and three mood scales was decremented significantly. Those decrements closely approximated decrements reported in the literature following 40 hrs of sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep stages and arousal thresholds were essentially unchanged as compared to baseline and were significantly different from those predicted after 40 hrs of sleep loss. It was concluded that while changes in performance were probably linked to total energy consumption, the commonly measured sleep variables were not.     

睡眠剥夺对抑郁模型大鼠海马CREB表达的影响

目的:探讨睡眠剥夺通过影响海马区CREB含量及活性而产生的快速抗抑郁机制。方法:将40只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、抑郁模型组、睡眠剥夺组和水环境对照组。用改良多平台睡眠剥夺法(MMPM)对用慢性不可预见性应激抑郁模型方法建立的抑郁大鼠模型进行睡眠剥夺。用旷场实验和强迫游泳实验测试其行为变化,以及用免疫组化法测试海马CREB、P-CREB的含量。结果:①睡眠剥夺组大鼠与抑郁模型组相比旷场实验的水平得分与垂直得分均明显升高,潜伏期明显缩短。②海马CA1、CA3、DG区的CREB及p-CREB平均光密度值比较中,抑郁模型组均显著低于正常对照组,睡眠剥夺组均显著高于抑郁模型组。结论:睡眠剥夺可明显改善抑郁大鼠的抑郁样行为;海马部位CREB含量及活性的增高可能参与了睡眠剥夺的快速抗抑郁作用。     

Age, Sleep Deprivation, and Performance

Men 18–22 and 40–49 yrs old were repeatedly given a battery of monitoring, persistence, and cognitive tasks over an extended period of sleep deprivation. The older subjects, who generally exhibited superior performance, were also more affected by the acute deprivation of sleep.     

Effects of Prolonged Sleep Deprivation, With and Without Chronic Physical Exercise, on Mood and Performance

The effects of physical exercise and sleep deprivation on mood and cognitive performance were studied in 12 healthy young male volunteers deprived of sleep on two occasions. During the first 60-hr period without sleep, half of the subjects walked on a treadmill at 25–30% of their maximum aerobic capacity (Exercise condition) for 1 out of every 3 hrs while the remaining 6 subjects remained physically inactive (No Exercise condition) during that same hour. Eight weeks later the same 12 subjects underwent an identical sleep-deprivation protocol except that those who were previously inactive exercised, while those who previously exercised remained inactive. Throughout the sleep deprivation periods, subjects in both conditions completed subjective assessments of fatigue, sleepiness and mood every 3 hrs, performed an auditory vigilance task every 6 hrs, and completed a cognitive test battery every 12 hrs. The results revealed clear decrements in mood and performance as a function of sleep loss. However, with the exception of somewhat more long reaction times in the Exercise condition, exercise neither increased nor decreased the impairment induced by sleep deprivation.     

睡眠剥夺对大鼠一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的：探讨睡眠剥夺对大鼠脑组织一氧化氮（NO）及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）影响。方法：采用小平台水环境法（Flower Pot)制作大鼠睡眠剥夺模型，采用化学法和酶法观察不同时间睡眠剥夺后大鼠额叶、海马、中脑和下丘脑NO含量及NOS活性变化。结果：与正常对照组及大平台组比较，大鼠在SD后额叶和海马的NO含量及NOS活性增高，有显著性差异（P＜0．01－0．05），其余脑区无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。随着剥夺时间的延长，额叶和海马NO含量及NOS活性增高更加明显。结论：睡眠剥夺可致NO及NOS升高，可能与其学习障碍有关，NO可能参与大鼠的睡眠调节。     

剥夺睡眠56小时对正常人血细胞和免疫功能的影响

目的：研究睡眠剥夺对健康男性血细胞和免疫功能的影响。方法：比较睡眠剥夺５６小时后,前静脉血细胞,免疫球蛋白,补体和Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果：睡眠剥夺后血细胞白细胞中的中性粒细胞和红细胞的总数明显增加。睡眠剥夺前后血中的免疫球蛋白ＩｇＡ,ＩｇＭ和补体Ｃ４无变化,免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ和补体Ｃ３有少许下降,血清总补体ＣＨ５０明显下降。     

An ERP Examination of the Different Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Exogenously Cued and Endogenously Cued Attention

Background:

Behavior and neuroimaging studies have shown selective attention to be negatively impacted by sleep deprivation. Two unresolved questions are (1) whether sleep deprivation impairs attention modulation of early visual processing or of a later stage of cognition and (2) how sleep deprivation affects exogenously versus endogenously driven selective attention.

Study Objectives:

To investigate the time course and different effects of sleep deprivation on exogenously and endogenously cued selective attention.

Design:

Participants performed modified Attention Network Tests (ANTs) using exogenously and endogenously cued targets to index brain networks underlying selective attention. Target-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded as participants performed the Attention Network Tests on 2 days separated by 24 hours of total sleeplessness.

Participants:

Fourteen US Military Academy cadets and 12 US Army soldiers from the Ironhorse Brigade, Ft. Hood, Texas.

Measurement and Results:

For both Attention Network Tests, sleep deprivation led to slowed response times, decreased accuracy rates, a diminished positive P3 (450- to 550-ms) ERP component, and an enhanced P2 (312- to 434-ms) ERP component. In contrast, the parietal N1 (157- to 227-ms) ERP response was reduced with sleep deprivation for endogenously, but not exogenously, cued targets. These sleep deprivation-related effects occurred in the context of typical behavior and ERP patterns expected in a cued spatial-attention task.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that as little as 24 hours of sleep deprivation affects both early and late stages of attention selection but affects endogenously driven selective attention to a greater degree than it does exogenously driven selective attention.

Citation:

Trujillo LT; Kornguth S; Schnyer DM. An ERP examination of the different effects of sleep deprivation on exogenously cued and endogenously cued attention.