截骨矫形关节融合治疗Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的探讨跟骨截骨矫形距下关节融合治疗创伤性Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效。方法对27例Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合的患者采用截骨矫形距下关节融合并跟骨外侧骨突切除,腓骨长短肌腱松解术,参照美国足踝外科协会（Americanorthopaedicfootandanklesociety,AOFAS）的踝一后足评分标准进行评分,统计学分析用卡方检验。结果所有患者术后跟距关节均融合,截骨处均愈合,骨性愈合时间平均为11．7周。27例患者术后均获随访,随访时间12—36个月,平均随访时间14．6个月。术前AOFAS评分为23～51分（平均29分）,术后12个月评分为67—96分（平均85分）,术后与术前评分卡方检验相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其中优13例,良11例,可3例,优良率为88．9％。结论跟骨截骨矫形距下关节融合并跟骨外侧骨突切除,腓骨长短肌腱松解术治疗Ⅲ型跟骨骨折畸形愈合疗效明显。     

跟骨关节内骨折畸形愈合的手术治疗

目的 报告手术治疗跟骨关节内骨折畸形愈合的方法 和疗效. 方法 2003年2月至2007年12月收治并获得随访的跟骨关节内骨折畸形愈合患者49例,按Sanders分型:Ⅰ型6例,Ⅱ型15例,Ⅲ型28例.Ⅰ型行单纯跟骨外侧壁截骨,Ⅱ型根据有无高度丢失行距下关节原位或撑开植骨融合,Ⅲ型需同时行跟骨体部截骨或通过移植髂骨块宽度来纠正内外翻畸形.用多枚空心螺钉固定结合短腿石膏制动,确保关节融合. 结果 49例获得平均18.4个月随访,距下关节融合时间平均12.8周.术后的平均距跟高度、距骨倾斜角、距跟角、跟骨携带角均比术前明显改善.美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)后足评分从术前的平均25.7±4.3分提高至最后随访时的74.9±4.8分.结论 跟骨关节内骨折畸形愈合的手术治疗应以术前临床和影像学评估为基础,根据患足的畸形和患者的期望值选择个体化方案,进行跟骨外侧减压、矫正后足内外翻畸形并融合距下关节.     

微创松解术治疗婴幼儿先天性垂直距骨

[目的]探讨先天性垂直距骨（congenital vertical talus，CVT）微创松解复位术的临床应用价值。[方法]本组手术由作者用同一种术式完成。先取跟腱止点上内侧小纵切口，松解跟腱、踝关节后关节囊、距下关节囊后部。再取距骨头内侧纵切口，钝性松解距舟关节、距下前关节。视情况于足外侧跟骰关节作第3个小纵切口，松解距下关节。松解完成后，从距骨体后方沿距骨轴穿1枚克氏针向前，距舟关节复位后由足背穿出。为保持距舟、距跟关节的稳定，经足底由跟骨向距骨交叉穿2枚克氏针。[结果]随访时间17—36个月，平均时间28个月，随访结果用Adelaar及Kodros评分标准、评定疗效，优1足，良5足，可2足，差0足。随访末期遗留的畸形，如足跟外翻、前足外展1足，前足旋前1足。随访末期前后位距跟角、前后位距骨第1跖骨角、侧位跟距角、侧位距骨与第1跖骨角基本正常。[结论]手术复位是治疗CVT的唯一方法，早期微创松解术是婴幼儿患者的最佳选择。     

关节镜治疗距下关节创伤性关节炎的临床疗效观察

目的探讨关节镜治疗距下关节创伤性关节炎的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2011年1月—2014年12月收治并符合选择标准的14例距下关节创伤性关节炎患者临床资料。患者均为男性;年龄32~62岁,平均42岁。既往均为高处坠落伤致跟骨骨折;其中8例行石膏外固定,6例行切开复位内固定术。受伤至该次手术时间2~7年,平均3.4年。采用关节镜下经外侧入路对距下关节进行清理和松解,术中探查关节软骨损伤并按照Outerbridge分级评价:3级4例、4级10例。手术前后采用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VSA)评价疼痛情况,美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝-后足评分评价踝关节功能恢复情况。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无早期相关并发症发生。患者均获随访18个月。患者关节疼痛症状明显缓解,术后18个月VAS评分以及AOFAS踝-后足评分总分分别为(3.8±0.9)、(59.1±8.8)分,明显优于术前的(7.7±1.2)、(37.6±8.2)分,差异均有统计学意义(t=9.728,P=0.000;t=6.688,P=0.000)。随访期间无患者行距下关节融合,CT和MRI复查未见关节炎明显加重。结论采用关节镜下清理治疗距下关节创伤性关节炎可以改善关节功能,延迟关节融合。     

跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效观察

目的探讨跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效。方法自2009-11—2013-07诊治的21例（22足）跟骨骨折畸形愈合,采用跟骨外侧L形切口,切除膨出的跟骨外侧壁并松解腓骨肌腱,行跟骨截骨重建丘部距下关节融合术。比较手术前后跟骨Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨丘部高度、跟骨宽度及美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分及视觉模拟评分（VAS）。结果所有患者术后获平均16.3（3~54）个月随访。术后4~6个月X线片显示22足融合处均骨性愈合,无内固定物松动及断裂。术后Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨丘部高度、跟骨宽度、AOFAS评分、VAS评分等指标均较术前改善,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论跟骨截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术能矫正跟骨畸形,恢复后足外形、力线及功能,缓解跟骨畸形愈合引起的症状,临床疗效良好。     

改良小L形入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折距下关节炎

目的：观察改良跟腱旁后外侧小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折距下关节炎的疗效。方法：2009年3月至2012年9月,应用改良小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合术治疗22例跟骨骨折伴距下关节炎患者,男13例,女9例;年龄22～49岁,平均35．3岁。病程11～32个月,平均21个月。根据Stephens-Sanders分型,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型6例。通过改良AOFAS踝与后足评分标准对手术前后患足功能进行评估,比较改善程度。结果：1例出现皮缘坏死,无感染、螺钉断裂、植骨吸收及距骨坏死等情况发生。术后21例获随访,时间18～46个月,平均29个月。术后4个月融合处均获骨性愈合。末次随访时改良AOFAS评分由术前32-65分（平均50．8分）提高至末次随访66～92分（平均82．6分）,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：改良小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合术是治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折并发距下关节炎的一种有效方法,临床操作简单,并发症少,可矫正跟骨骨折畸形愈合的主要病理改变,恢复足部外形并改善后足功能。     

跟骨钢板治疗复杂跟骨骨折疗效分析

目的探讨波及跟距关节等复杂跟骨骨折手术治疗的方法和疗效。方法采用经外侧入路跟骨钢板治疗跟骨骨折24例(28足),观察术后切口愈合情况及随访术后患者关节功能恢复情况。结果 24例患者均获得7～24个月随访,maryland足部评分标准评价:优17足,良8足,可3足,优良率89.2%。结论对于波及距下关节的移位跟骨骨折,选择合适的手术时机,积极的手术治疗可以获得满意的治疗效果。     

手术治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳106例

目的探讨慢性踝关节外侧不稳继发病损及其有效的手术方法。方法 本组行手术解剖重建外踝韧带治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的患者106例,观察其继发病损在关节镜下的表现。结果 对本组患者随访12～111个月,平均31.2个月,术后所有踝关节均达到功能稳定,关节活动度基本恢复正常,没有复发性踝关节不稳发生。运用美国AOFAS足踝评分系统对患者手术前后踝关节功能进行评估,术前与术后AOFAS后足评分间的差异有统计学意义。结论 解剖重建距腓前韧带、跟腓韧带,有效地矫正了踝关节外侧不稳定和距下关节不稳定,是治疗踝关节慢性前外侧严重不稳定的合理而有效的治疗方法。     

"双楔形"植骨距下关节融合术治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 探讨采用距下关节"双楔形"植骨距下关节融合术治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年4月至2007年12月收治且获得完整随访的26例跟骨骨折畸形愈合Stephen Ⅲ型患者资料,男21例,女5例;年龄23～55岁,平均32.2岁;左足15例,右足11例.其中22例为后足内翻畸形,4例为外翻畸形.26例患者采用距下关节"双楔形"撑开植骨融合术进行治疗,术中行跟骨外侧壁骨赘切除及腓骨肌腱松解;撑开距下关节并刮除软骨关节面,植入前低后高,外侧低内侧高(双楔形)的三层皮质的自体髂骨;再用2～3枚空心钛钉固定距下关节.比较手术前、后距骨第一跖骨角及距骨跟骨角、美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分及视觉模拟评分(VAS).结果 26例患者术后获得平均18.9个月(12～38个月)随访.其中23例跟骨内外翻畸形明显改善,22例患足疼痛消失或明显减轻,未发生融合失败.3例切口皮缘坏死,经短期换药愈合.距骨第一跖骨角自术前17.40±2.90改善至术后6.1°±1.60°距骨跟骨角南术前16.2°±2.5°啵善至术后23.7±°3.0°,AOFAS评分自术前(34.8±8.2)分升至术后(83.9±7.0)分,疼痛评分自术前(7.8±0.7)分降至术后(2.1±1.5)分,以上指标手术前、后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 "双楔形"撑开植骨距下关节融合术可明显改善跟骨内外翻畸形及疼痛症状,避免了复杂的跟骨截骨移位术.该术式并发症较少,是治疗复杂跟骨骨折畸形愈合的较好选择.     

距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 报告并评价撑开植骨距下关节融合治疗跟骨骨折畸形的效果.方法 2004年9月至2008年1月共收治32例跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者.按照Stephens CT分型Ⅱ型畸形28例,Ⅲ型4例;术前X线及CT检查,跟骨距骨角均值18.1°,美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)评分均值36.3.手术采用撑开植骨距下关节融合的方法治疗,术后定期随访,测量距骨跟骨角,行AOFAS评分.结果 32例患者均获随访,随访时间24-65个月,平均34个月.除1例术后创口皮缘浅表坏死经换药愈合外,切口均一期愈合,无感染发生.术后3个月融合处均获骨性愈合.末次随访时,距骨跟骨角均值22.9°,功能评分平均77.5分.与术前比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 撑开植骨距下关节融合及外侧骨突切除能纠正或减轻跟骨骨折畸形愈合的主要病理改变,并有效地改善症状,是治疗跟骨骨折畸形愈合较为实用的方法.     

Arthroscopic release for painful subtalar stiffness after intra-articular fractures of the calcaneum

We describe the surgical technique and results of arthroscopic subtalar release in 17 patients (17 feet) with painful subtalar stiffness following an intra-articular calcaneal fracture of Sanders' type II or III. The mean duration from injury to arthroscopic release was 11.3 months (6.4 to 36) and the mean follow-up after release was 16.8 months (12 to 25). The patient was positioned laterally and three arthroscopic portals were placed anterolaterally, centrally and posterolaterally. The sinus tarsi and lateral gutter were debrided of fibrous tissue and the posterior talocalcaneal facet was released. In all, six patients were very satisfied, eight were satisfied and three were dissatisfied with their results. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score improved from a mean of 49.4 points (35 to 66) pre-operatively to a mean of 79.6 points (51 to 95). All patients reported improvement in movement of the subtalar joint. No complications occurred following operation, but two patients subsequently required subtalar arthrodesis for continuing pain. In the majority of patients a functional improvement in hindfoot function was obtained following arthroscopic release of the subtalar joint for stiffness and pain secondary to Sanders type II and III fractures of the calcaneum.     

Arthroscopic Subtalar Release of Post-traumatic Subtalar Stiffness

We describe an arthroscopic approach of subtalar release for post-traumatic subtalar stiffness that can allow early postoperative vigorous mobilization. The patient is placed in the lateral position. Subtalar arthroscopy is performed via the standard anterolateral portal at the angle of Gissane, the middle portal just distal and anterior to the tip of the lateral malleolus, and the posterolateral portal at the vertical limb of the old surgical scar, just above the posterosuperior tubercle of the calcaneus. Arthroscopic subtalar release is performed in stages. First, the fibrous bands at the sinus tarsi are debrided. The most lateral part of the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament is released. The dense fibrous tissue of the lateral subtalar gutter is then cleared. Most of the time, the subtalar motion gained at this stage is insignificant. At the second stage, the posterior capsule can be released and the fibrous tissue at the posterior corner of the joint can be debrided. Finally, the lateral subtalar capsule and lateral subtalar ligamentous structures are stripped from the lateral calcaneal cortical surface. Stripping should be done beyond the old surgical scar to release the adhesion of the surgical scar to the lateral calcaneal wall.     

关节镜下手术治疗肘关节僵硬

目的 探讨关节镜下手术治疗肘关节僵硬的临床效果.方法 2003年12月-2006年12月,采用关节镜下手术治疗肘关节僵硬15例.发病到手术时间为6个月至20年,平均39.6个月.采用前外侧、前内侧、后外侧正中、后外侧上方四个入路进行镜下清理和松解术,3例附加后正中人路施行镜下鹰嘴窝开窗扩大成形术,最后行手法松解.结果 术后随访时间为18～36个月(平均26.3个月).术前肘关节屈曲活动度为[(100.0±13.1)°,-/x±s,下同],伸直活动度为(47.9±11.9)°,活动范围为(52.1±11.6)°.术后肘关节屈曲活动度提高到(133.0±19.4)°,伸直活动度提高到(8.7±8.8)°,活动范围提高到(124.3±27.3)°.肘关节功能评分:优2例,良8例,一般4例,差1例;优良率为67%.结论 肘关节镜下手术具有创伤小、出血少、恢复快及视野清晰的优点,但治疗效果并不一致.对于关节软骨损伤严重者,手术可能不能完全阻止疾病的发展,临床上应慎重开展.     

Endoscopic flexor hallucis longus decompression: a cadaver study

BACKGROUND: New indications for arthroscopy are being considered because arthroscopy limits incision size and potentially decreases operative morbidity. This cadaver study investigated the utility of performing an all-endoscopic flexor hallucis longus (FHL) decompression. METHODS: Eight fresh-frozen cadaver legs were used. In the simulated prone position with large joint arthroscopic equipment, posterolateral and posteromedial portals were used to perform posterolateral talar process bony excision and FHL sheath debridement and release. We noted the integrity of the sural nerve, FHL tendon, and medial tibial neurovascular bundle. After open dissection, values for sural nerve distance to the posterolateral portal, the amount of FHL sheath released and the proximity of the arthroscopic instrumentation to the medial tibial neurovascular structures were recorded. RESULTS: Three of eight FHL tendons were injured during the attempted FHL release. Furthermore, no FHL sheath was completely released down to the level of the sustentaculum. Although posterolateral portal placement was on average 12.1 mm from the sural nerve, it was only 6.1 mm from the lateral calcaneal branch of the sural nerve. Moreover, in all cases the medial calcaneal nerve and first branch of the lateral plantar nerve were closely juxtaposed and in some cases adherent to the FHL fibro-osseous sheath. CONCLUSIONS: Although os trigonum or posterolateral talar process excision was performed without difficulty, endoscopic release of the FHL tendon proved technically demanding with significant risk to the local neurovascular structures. Given the reliability and low morbidity of open techniques, this cadaver study calls into question the clinical use of complete endoscopic FHL release to the level of the sustentaculum. Moreover, hindfoot endoscopic surgery should be performed by surgeons familiar with open posterior ankle anatomy and experienced in hindfoot endoscopy.     

Subtalar Arthroscopy with Calcaneal Skeletal Traction in a Hanging Position

Several arthroscopic approaches to the subtalar joint have been developed in the supine, lateral, or prone position. However, it is difficult to use the posteromedial portal with the patient in the supine or lateral position and the anterolateral portal with the patient prone. Furthermore, obtaining joint distraction in the lateral or prone position is difficult. We present a technique that enables the combination of 2 posterior portals and lateral portals to the subtalar joint with calcaneal skeletal traction in a hanging position for better visualization and instrumentation of the joint.     

Intermediate to long-term results of a treatment protocol for calcaneal fracture malunions

BACKGROUND: Nonoperative management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures may result in malunion affecting the function of both the ankle and the subtalar joint. The purpose of this study was to report the intermediate to long-term results of a treatment protocol for calcaneal fracture malunions. METHODS: Seventy feet (sixty-four patients) with a malunion after nonoperative management of a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture were evaluated. On the basis of the classification system of Stephens and Sanders, type-I malunions were treated with a lateral wall exostectomy and peroneal tenolysis; type-II malunions, with a lateral wall exostectomy, peroneal tenolysis, and subtalar bone-block arthrodesis; and type-III malunions, with a lateral wall exostectomy, peroneal tenolysis, subtalar bone-block arthrodesis, and a calcaneal osteotomy. The patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically at a minimum of twenty-four months following surgery. RESULTS: Forty-five feet in forty patients were available for follow-up evaluation at a minimum of two years, with an average duration of follow-up of 5.3 years. Thirty-seven (93%) of the forty feet that had an arthrodesis achieved union. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference among the types of malunion with respect to the Maryland foot score, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot score, or the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey subscales, which was likely due to sample size discrepancies. Forty-two (93%) of the forty-five feet were aligned in neutral or slight valgus hindfoot alignment, and all forty-five were plantigrade. Twenty-nine (64%) of the forty-five feet had mild residual pain, and nineteen of them had pain in the lateral aspect of the ankle. Radiographically, talocalcaneal height was significantly greater for the type-III malunion group relative to the type-I and type-II malunion groups (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: This treatment protocol proved to be effective in relieving pain, reestablishing a plantigrade foot, and improving patient function. Because of the difficulty we encountered in restoring the calcaneal height and the talocalcaneal relationship in this group of patients with a symptomatic calcaneal fracture malunion, we believe that patients with a displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture may benefit from acute operative treatment.     

切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的讨论切开复位钢板内固定治疗距下关节移位跟骨骨折的疗效。方法25例30足跟骨骨折病人,其中SandersⅡ型骨折13足,Ⅲ型11足,Ⅳ型6足,切开复位AO钢板固定,必要时自体骨移植治疗。术中侧位C臂监测Bohler角,Broden位观察关节面情况,并于术后、6周、1年分别摄片观测BShler角角度。所有病例随访12～30个月,平均1个月。结果采用AOFAS评分标准评测足部功能,优19足,良7足,可4足,优良率达87％。早期并发症其中切口皮缘坏死3足,腓肠神经损伤2足,远期并发症距下关节创伤性关节炎4例。结论对于合并距下关节损伤的跟骨骨折,治疗的主要目标在于恢复其正常的力学关系,术前评估软组织损伤和骨折类型显得尤其重要,同时尽量减少并发症的发生。     

Arthroscopy of the subtalar joint: an experimental approach

Talocalcaneal articulations are relatively complex and functionally very important because they play a major role in the movements of inversion and eversion of the foot. Few reports on arthrography of the subtalar joints are available in the literature, and, similarly, little attention has been paid by arthroscopists to these joints. This preliminary study briefly defines the normal anatomy of the subtalar joints and describes a new technique of arthroscopic examination of the posterior subtalar joint. The distal lower extremities of six fresh cadavers were used in these experiments. All the subtalar joints were supple. A 2.7-mm arthroscope was used to carry out arthroscopic and anatomic examinations. A technique of examination with one anterior portal and one posterior portal is described in detail. When the anterior portal was used, the egress needle was placed posteriorly; when the posterior portal was used, the converse was true. By using the two portals, the following intraarticular structures could be visualized: a major part of the convex posterior calcaneal facet of the talus and the posterior talar facet of the calcaneus; the synovial lining laterally and posteriorly; the posterior aspect of the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; and the posterior recess of the joint. The results of this experimental study indicate that arthroscopy of the posterior subtalar joint is technically feasible. Clinically, the possible indications for arthroscopy would include state of the articular cartilage in suspected cases of degenerative arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and infection; visualization of the joint after intraarticular fracture to evaluate chronic pain syndrome in the hindfoot; biopsy; management of sinus tarsi syndrome; loose body removal.     

Two‐staged hindfoot reconstruction with vascularized fibula graft for calcaneal osteomyelitis caused by methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A case report

Hindfoot reconstruction after calcaneal osteomyelitis is a challenging procedure designed to restore the weight bearing function of the heel and to allow a functional reconstruction of the Achilles tendon. Some patients require subtalar arthrodesis after primary calcaneal osteosyntesis or hindfoot reconstruction due to the considerable pain associated with weight‐bearing caused by the irregular surface of the subtalar joint. To date, no reports have shown a case of hindfoot reconstruction with subtalar arthrodesis using a pedicled vascularized fibula graft. We report a case of a 24‐year‐old woman who presented with calcaneal methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis after open comminuted fracture due to a fall. Radical debridement of bone and soft tissue was repeated six times in combination with negative pressure wound therapy, followed by hindfoot reconstruction with pedicled vascularized fibula and subtalar arthrodesis. Good functional restoration had been achieved by the final follow‐up 18 months after surgery. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2013.