Poor maternal schooling is the main constraint to good child care practices in Accra

Life in urban areas presents special challenges for maternal child care practices. Data from a representative quantitative survey of households with children < 3 y of age in Accra, Ghana were used to test a number of hypothesized constraints to child care including various maternal (anthropometry, education, employment, marital status, age and ethnic group) and household-level factors (income, availability of food, quality of housing and asset ownership, availability of services, household size and crowding). Three care indices were created as follows: 1) a child feeding index; 2) a preventive health seeking index; and 3) a hygiene index. The first two indices were based on data from maternal recall; the hygiene index was based on spot-check observations of proxies of hygiene behaviors. Multivariate analyses (ordinary least-squares regression for the child feeding index and ordered probit for the two other indices) showed that maternal schooling was the most consistent constraint to all three categories of child care practices. None of the household-level characteristics were associated with child feeding practices, but household socioeconomic factors were associated with better preventive health seeking and hygiene behaviors. Thus, poor maternal schooling was a main constraint for child feeding, health seeking and hygiene practices in Accra, but the lack of household resources was a constraint only for health seeking and hygiene. The programmatic implications of these findings for interventions in nutrition education and behaviors in Accra are discussed.     

加强常州地区妇幼卫生保健工作的政策研究

该文旨在研究如何进一步加强和改进常州地区妇幼保健工作。研究将常州妇幼保健工作可能存在难点归纳为八个方面，通过文献归纳和专家资源构建调查表，调查了从事妇幼保健工作领域99人，通过意向分析明确了常州地区妇幼保健工作存在的主要难点，以及进一步加强妇幼保健工作所需前提条件和政策措施。     

基于泰尔指数和集中指数的我国妇幼保健资源配置 公平性评价

摘要:目的　分析评价我国妇幼保健资源分布情况及其公平性。方法　主要利用集中指数、集中曲线和泰尔指数进行测算。结果　妇幼保健机构数、妇幼保健机构床位数、妇幼保健机构卫生技术人员数的集中指数CI分别为:-0.108 0、0.118 8、0.172 4,表明我国妇幼保健资源的配置向经济水平较高的地区倾斜较为明显,地区之间妇幼保健资源配置不公平。泰尔指数显示,我国妇幼保健资源地区间仍存在配置差距。各地区内部配置不公平性较为严重,是影响我国妇幼保健资源配置公平性的主要因素。结论　妇幼保健资源配置不合理,妇幼保健资源中机构数、床位数的公平性优于卫生技术人员数的公平性;妇幼保健资源配置地区间较为公平,优化妇幼保健资源配置应重点关注地区内部的不公平,尤其是东部地区;妇幼保健资源配置城乡差异显著,农村地区优于城市地区。     

Iron interventions for women and children in low-income countries

The WHO estimates that 41% of women and 27% of children suffer from anemia due to iron deficiency. The consequences of iron deficiency anemia include suboptimal mental and motor development in young children, increased risk of maternal mortality, and decreased economic productivity of adults. Recent research also provides evidence that maternal iron deficiency in pregnancy increases neonatal morbidity and mortality. This short review briefly highlights how iron interventions might be positioned within 4 global health initiatives: making pregnancy safer, saving newborn lives, infant and young child feeding, and fortification. The importance of iron nutrition is recognized in the context of child nutrition, fortification, and biofortification, and it is likely that meaningful advances will be made through these initiatives in the coming decade. However, iron nutrition is not yet well integrated into the programmatic agendas for reducing morbidity and mortality of pregnant women and neonates. Iron supplementation in pregnancy has been advocated for decades as a means of controlling anemia, but this outcome has not been sufficient to motivate strong programs and policies, and the evidence base is still sparse for high-priority clinical outcomes. To act on the current evidence for maternal and neonatal health will require stronger advocacy within circles that have not traditionally included nutritionists. Successful implementation will require greater attention to antenatal care for pregnancy women and prioritization of iron-promoting actions (including iron supplementation and deworming) within that platform.     

四川省妇幼保健机构等级评审结果分析

目的:了解和分析四川省妇幼保健院机构管理和临床、保健管理方面现状。方法:组织专家按照统一的评审标准对申请评审机构进行评审,对机构管理、保健管理和临床管理评审得分情况结合专家评审报告进行分析。结果:机构管理方面业务用房面积、实有床位数和卫生专业人员数与标准的差距较大,科教管理得分率较低;二、三级妇幼保健院保健管理平均得分率分别为92.0%和88.8%,相关内容从高到低依次为:公共卫生、妇女保健和儿童保健;临床管理平均得分率分别为89.53%和84.19%,其中二级妇幼保健院医院感染管理和药事管理得分率较低,而三级乙等妇幼保健院医学影像得分率最低。结论:等级评审促进了妇幼保健院的建设和发展,但普遍在硬件及人才队伍建设、科研工作、医疗保健亚专业发展、医院感染管理和医疗质量管理以及辅助科室服务能力方面还亟待提高。     

Developing applied medical anthropology in Third World countries: problems and actions.

Recognition of the usefulness of ethnographic research in Third World community health projects and programs developed rapidly during the 1980s. As a result, the various agencies and organizations promoting community health programs (UNICEF, WHO, NGOs) have greatly increased their recruiting of social scientists, particularly medical anthropologists, for research and other programmatic activities in primary health care, child survival (especially diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, maternal and child nutrition, infectious disease, and AIDS). However, it has proved very difficult to identify well-trained anthropologists and/or other social scientists for these roles, particularly in Third World countries. This paper examines some of the background of this problem, and presents examples of methodological training (in both qualitative and quantitative research techniques) that seek to increase the skills of social scientists and other researchers in the arena of international community health.     

Disparities Rank High in Prioritized Research,Systems and Service Delivery Needs in Missouri

Objectives: An essential function of public health is to conduct research and in Missouri, a research agenda was initiated to promote the health and well being of women and children. In 2005, a survey was emailed to 180 maternal and child health (MCH) researchers throughout the state, with 130 responding for a 72.2% response rate. These individuals were asked to select research priorities out of a list of 130 research agenda items, identify personal areas of expertise, and to recommend new research topics. Results: Results focused on identifying research priorities and research experts. The first, of the five leading research priorities, was researching disparities in terms of age, race, ethnicity, and gender, regarding sexually transmitted diseases, chronic disease, birth outcomes, prenatal care, access to care, childhood exposure to lead, immunizations and vaccinations, mental health, substance abuse, and oral health. The four remaining, of the top five specific research priorities, in order of priority, included (2) reducing barriers to health care access, (3) constructing research ecologically, (4) increasing access to oral health care for children, and (5) reducing the prevalence of children who are at-risk for being overweight. Of the 130 respondents, 83.1% reported at least one area of expertise, with a mean of 7.4 areas of expertise per respondent (range 0–41). Forty percent of the respondents reported health care access as an area of expertise, followed by school health, community development, family support, and pre/post natal care (38.5%, 36.2%, 30.0%, 28.5%, and 26.9%) respectively. Interestingly, only 17.7% of the respondents reported disparities as their area of expertise. Conclusions: The goal of moving innovations towards changes in practice can only happen when resources are available to assess innovations and communities are ready to implement those innovations. The prioritization of this MCH research agenda, prioritized by a community of MCH researchers with expertise in conducting MCH related research, is the first step towards changes in practice, ultimately leading to improvements in the health of women and children in Missouri.     

基于集中指数的妇幼健康服务和妇幼健康公平性分析

目的 对妇幼健康公平性进行分析,为促进妇幼保健服务和提高妇幼健康公平程度提供借鉴和参考.方法 利用《中国卫生统计年鉴》《中国卫生和计划生育统计年鉴》《中国统计年鉴》中的相关资料,计算反映妇幼保健服务和妇幼健康水平的各项指标的集中指数.结果 孕产妇系统管理、产前检查、产后访视、儿童保健管理的集中指数均为正值,反映出其主要集中在社会经济发展水平相对富裕的省份,围产儿死亡、孕产妇死亡的集中指数均为负值,反映出其主要集中于社会经济发展水平相对落后的省份.2008-2013年我国妇幼保健服务及妇幼健康的不公平性在各省(市、区)间的差距有所改善.结论 不同省(市、区)的妇幼保健服务和妇幼健康状况的不公平程度有所改善,应发展贫困地区经济,缩小贫富差距,注重对中部地区的支持,提高妇幼保健服务的效率和质量,从而改善妇幼健康.     

农村地区县妇幼保健院助产服务现状及优势分析

目的:调查农村地区不同类别助产机构产科服务提供情况及服务能力,对县妇幼保健院助产服务现状和优势进行分析。方法:在全国随机抽取44个地市全部助产服务机构2010年产科服务情况进行问卷调查,重点对农村地区(县和县级市)中不同类型助产机构进行分析。结果:农村助产服务机构中县妇幼保健院占6.5%,县妇幼保健院产科床位数占辖区产科总床位数的18.1%,分娩数量占辖区分娩量的42.9%,平均每个县妇幼保健院年分娩为1 259人,高于县级综合性医院和其他医疗机构。县妇幼保健院中能提供综合产科和综合新生儿科服务的比例最高分别为85.3%、61.9%,高于县级综合性医院83.1%、59.4%,并明显高于其他医疗机构32.4%、19.3%。结论:县妇幼保健院是农村地区助产服务的主要力量之一,与其他助产机构相比,县妇幼保健院在助产服务提供数量和能力方面都具有一定优势。应进一步加强对妇幼保健机构的规范化建设,以保证其职能的履行。     

山西省妇幼保健机构2008～2011年科研情况分析

目的 分析山西省各级妇幼保健机构科研投入和产出情况,为妇幼保健机构科研政策的制定和完善提供参考依据.方法收集山西省全部（131所）妇幼保健机构科研投入和产出数据,按照不同年份或不同机构级别进行描述性分析.结果 2008～2011年4年间山西省妇幼保健机构年度科研经费投入波动较大,呈现2008年和2010年多、2009年和2011年少的现象,省级妇幼保健机构科研经费的投入大约占全省妇幼保健机构科研经费的1/2.省级妇幼保健机构新技术、新成果引进情况不如市县级机构,而论文发表数和承担的科研项目数明显多于市县级机构.结论 山西省妇幼保健机构的科研投入不稳定,且严重向省级机构倾斜;省级妇幼保健机构对新技术和新成果的引进有待加强.     

县域医共体背景下浙江省县级妇幼保健机构功能实现状况分析

从妇幼健康服务功能、辖区业务管理和技术指导功能、承接基层转诊功能3个维度调研浙江省东阳市、桐乡市、德清县三地县级妇幼保健机构在县域医共体背景下功能实现的状况。调研发现,县级妇幼保健机构无论是否参与或以何种方式参与县域医共体,与基层医疗卫生机构建立稳定联系以及坚持临床与保健相结合是其功能实现的重要基础。政府应充分考虑县级妇幼保健机构与医共体的协调发展,县级妇幼保健机构应加强保健与临床的结合,同时构建医共体下妇幼健康统一指导考核机制。     

妇幼保健机构专科建设研究

目的 研究并制定妇幼保健专科建设与管理指南,为开展全国妇幼保健机构专科建设提供依据.方法 通过文献研究、现场调查、专家研讨、机构试行等方法,制定妇幼保健专科建设与管理指南.结果 开发27个妇幼保健专科建设与管理指南,包括孕产保健专科5个,儿童保健专科11个,妇女保健专科8个,计划生育技术服务专科、信息专科和健康教育专科各1个.结论 制定妇幼保健专科建设与管理指南,规范妇幼保健服务,为全国开展妇幼保健机构专科建设打下基础.     

中西部农村地区妇女保健发展的制约因素

在经济落后地区农村妇女保健服务状况堪忧,主要表现在孕产期保健服务质量不高;育龄妇女面临较高的生育风险;生殖系统疾病的困扰.影响这些地区妇女保健发展的因素涉及社会、经济以及妇幼保健服务能力等.通过加强基层医疗服务技术,完善妇幼保健网络,促进健康教育,新型合作医疗的覆盖等不同层次措施的开展,将会改善经济落后地区农村妇女保健的状况.     

高校附属医院城市社区妇幼保健服务模式探讨

目的:探索高校附属医院城市社区妇幼保健服务模式,为公立医院改革提供新思路、新方法。方法:采用便利抽样方法,对辽宁省锦州市区由三级医院管理的某社区395名孕产妇进行问卷调查,分析孕产妇对保健知识和医院社区医疗服务模式的需求。结果:不同社会人口学特征的孕产妇对健康教育知识及健康教育方式的需求均不同。结论:高校附属医院城市社区妇幼保健作为一种新的妇幼保健管理工作服务模式,能增强医院对妇幼保健服务的支持,加快妇幼保健专业人才的培养,强化护理人员对妇幼保健护理的主动服务意识,为促进更加有效的妇幼保健管理模式和公立医院改革提供了新的工作思路和方法。     

Youth with Behavioral Health Disorders Aging Out of Foster Care: a Systematic Review and Implications for Policy,Research, and Practice

This systematic review aimed to (1) identify and summarize empirical studies on youth with behavioral health disorders aging out of foster care and (2) address implications for behavioral health policy, research, and practice. We identified previous studies by searching PubMed, PsycINFO, EBSCO, and ISI Citation Indexes and obtaining references from key experts in the child welfare field. A total of 28 full articles published between 1991 and 2014 were reviewed and summarized into the key areas including systems of care, disability type, transition practice area, study methods, study sample, transition outcome measures, study analysis, and study findings. Considering how fast youth who have behavioral health disorders fall through the crack as they exit foster care, one cannot understate the importance of incorporating timely and appropriate transition planning and care coordination for youth who have behavioral health disorders aging out of foster care into the usual case management performed by behavioral health systems and service providers.     

西部农村村级卫生服务与保健促进措施的评价

目的 对卫生部一联合国儿童基金会在西部5省40个贫困县开展的“综合试点项目”中．所实施村卫生服务和妇幼保健促进短期效果进行综合评价和对比分析，为寻找西部贫困地区农村卫生和妇幼保健促进的措施和有效途径提供依据。方法 选择项目中27个指标，并分为卫生管理、医疗条件、妇女保健、儿童保健4个方面，运用层次分析法、TOPSIS法、线性加权法，综合评价了“综合试点项目”促进措施的作用。结果2000年5省的村级卫生服务与妇幼保健的综合评价值高于1999年，其差异有显著性意义。村级医疗条件、妇女保健和儿童保健的水平有了明显改善。结论 在西部5省开展的“综合试点项目”促进措施有效，促进作用显著。其经验可为我国政府制定促进西部、乃至全国贫困地区农村卫生事业改革的政策提供依据。     

2020年四川省妇幼保健机构中医药服务能力现状调查

[目的]了解四川省妇幼保健机构中医药服务能力现状,从而促进四川省妇幼保健机构中医药服务能力提升.[方法]通过文献研究和专家咨询设计调查问卷,对全省所有妇幼保健机构进行电子问卷调查,从中医药服务基本条件、服务能力和参与妇幼保健服务3个方面进行分析.[结果] 2020年四川省妇幼保健机构整体开设中医药专科服务的比例较低(5...     

The Creation of the Federal MCH Extramural Research Program, 1950–1969: Lessons for Today

On April 9, 1912, the law establishing the Children’s Bureau was signed by President William Howard Taft. The original mission of the Children’s Bureau was to “investigate and report … upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people.” This paper focuses on the transitional years from roughly 1950 to 1969, when the Children’s Bureau’s investigative mandate was transformed from a set of intramural activities that viewed maternal and child health research as part of a larger effort cutting across investigative, programmatic, and policy goals, and across different domains of the child’s life, to an extramural research program focused specifically on maternal and child health. Discussion focuses on the mission of the Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Research Program, housed now within the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.     

A traditional midwife practice, Sokoto State, Nigeria

The aim of the present paper is to bring to light the role of the Traditional Midwife (TMW) in the provision of maternal and child health care in the rural areas of Sokoto State, Nigeria. Specifically: how do they perform their role? Which of their activities are beneficial and which are harmful for maternal and child welfare?Traditional midwives in Sokoto State sometimes assume the role of a surgeon and cut patients to speed delivery. This traditional form of surgery sometimes leads to a very serious gynecological complication known as Veisco Vaginal Fistulae (VVF). The squatting position in delivery is found to be beneficial.A new system that will solve the problem of VVF and incorporate the beneficial aspects of their practice to the primary health care system has been suggested.     

A community-wide infant mortality review: findings and implications

The authors present the results of a community-wide infant mortality review, describe implications for the delivery of maternal and child health services, and discuss the value of such reviews in addressing local public health concerns. The review included an analysis of birth and death certificates and medical record data; maternal interviews; review of cases and development of recommendations by provider panels; and convening of community groups to develop strategies to improve the health and health care of women and infants. The review focused on 287 infant deaths during 1990-1993. More than half of all neonatal deaths were attributable to "previable" or "borderline viable" births. Sexually transmitted infections were the most frequently identified underlying risk, and smoking was the most frequently identified prenatal risk. Homelessness, physical and sexual abuse, and alcohol use were at least twice as likely among women whose babies died than among a high risk comparison group. Panelists identified fragmented health care over the course of women's reproductive lives as a predominant theme. The authors conclude that: (a) The focus of maternal and child health care should shift to a model of women's health care that addresses the chronicity of social and clinical risks. (b) Infant mortality reviews are a valuable tool for community education, systems review, and policy development and can be applied to other public health issues with local significance. (c) Expectations about the review process's ability to produce conclusions about causality or recommendations narrowly geared to reducing infant mortality rates need to be reframed. (d) The model will be strengthened by greater participation of families affected by infant death.