胸腔镜手术联合PET/CT诊疗44例肺磨玻璃样病变临床分析

0 引言 在CT征象上以表现磨玻璃样(ground-glass opacity,GGO)病变为特征的肺结节目前在临床肺癌早期筛查上逐渐受到重视,手术后病理证实其与细支气管肺泡癌(bronchoalveolar carcinoma,BAC)密切相关[1].肺GGO病变在PET可能表现为假阴性[2-3],目前尚缺乏利用PET对表现为GGO的肺结节性病变进行详细研究的资料,因此本文对此作了初步探讨.     

胸腔镜手术联合PET/CT诊疗44例肺磨玻璃样病变临床分析北大核心CSCD

0引言在CT征象上以表现磨玻璃样（ground-glass opacity,GGO）病变为特征的肺结节目前在临床肺癌早期筛查上逐渐受到重视,手术后病理证实其与细支气管肺泡癌（bronchoalveolar carcinoma,BAC）密切相关[1]。     

细支气管肺泡癌与其它肺腺癌复发转移特性的比较

背景与目的:WHO对细支气管肺泡癌(bronchioloalveolar carcinoma,BAC)进行了严格定义,虽然它是肺腺癌的一个亚型,但研究显示新定义后的细支气管肺泡癌生物学特性好于其它类型肺腺癌.本研究探讨新定义后的细支气管肺泡癌和其它肺腺癌在复发转移特性的区别,及转移相关因子的表达情况.方法:采用免疫组织化学sP法对28例病理确诊的Ⅰ期细支气管肺泡癌和40例Ⅰ期其它肺腺癌标本进行上皮型钙粘附蛋白(E-Cadherin)、Ⅳ型胶原(Collagen Ⅳ)、血管内皮生长因子受体-2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2,VEGFR-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)和组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1,TIMP-1)检测,并分析它们的表达与患者复发转移的关系.结果:Ⅰ期细支气管肺泡癌5年生存率为88.7%,其它肺腺癌为57.3%(P＜0.05);胸内复发在细支气管肺泡癌和其它肺腺癌的比例为75.0%和33.3%.胸外转移的比例为25.0%和66.7%(P＜0.05).Collagen Ⅳ、E-Cadherin、TIMP-1在细支气管肺泡癌中的阳性率高于其它肺腺癌,分别是78.6%和42.5%、78.6%和40.0%、67.5%和42.9%(P＜0.01);VEGFR-2在其它肺腺癌的阳性率高于细支气管肺泡癌(85.7% vs 77.5%,P＜0.05):MMP-9在两组间的表达差异无统计学意义(85.0% vs 78.6%,P=0.494).结论:Ⅰ期细支气管肺泡癌与其它肺腺癌相比具有更低的转移倾向,更易出现胸内复发,而其它肺腺癌易于发生远处转移.Ⅰ期细支气管肺泡癌预后好于其它肺腺癌.     

96例肺腺癌患者的临床分析

目的探讨肺腺癌的病理学表现、影像学特点及其相关性。方法收集1995年1月至2008年12月间96例经手术切除和病理确诊为肺腺癌患者。所有组织标本的切片进行分类,同时收集患者的影像学和临床病理资料,并进行随访。结果 96例患者中,12例为BAC,5年的生存率为100%。12例BAC中,有8例患者呈现磨玻璃样阴影(GGO)的影像学特点。肺腺癌患者中,BAC有39例,5年的生存率为59.0%;其他类型腺癌有45例,5年的生存率为48.9%。3组类型肺腺癌的5年生存率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论肺腺癌中的细支气管肺泡癌呈现GGO影像学特征,且预后较好。正确诊断BAC对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

局限型细支气管肺泡癌42例临床分析

目的探讨局限型细支气管肺泡癌的发病、诊断、治疗及预后.方法收集我院胸外科自1990年4月至2000年4月手术治疗并经病理证实的局限型细支气管肺泡癌42例进行回顾性分析.结果本组病例占同期肺部肿瘤的2%,临床症状、影像学征象与其它类型肺癌相似.本组行根治性切除38例(其中单肺叶切除28例,双肺叶切除5例,全肺切除5例),姑息性切除2例,剖胸探查2例(仅取活检),非根治切除的4例术后加放疗和(或)化疗.现已死亡20例,其中死于复发12例,转移8例.应用SPSS统计软件包进行有关分析,发现局限型BAC根治术后的1、3、5年累计生存率分别为77.3%、52.8%、29.6%,与非细支气管肺泡癌腺癌组以及鳞癌组根治术后在总体生存率上无显著性差异,但在第5年的时点上,细支气管肺泡癌的累计生存率为29.6%,非细支气管肺泡癌为40.3%,存在一定差异.Ⅱ期局限型细支气管肺泡癌组患者的中位生存时间为26.8个月,非细支气管肺泡癌腺癌组为42.5个月,差异有统计学意义.结论细支气管肺泡癌的生物学特性可能更具恶性倾向,治疗上与Non-BAC腺癌可有所不同,术后辅助治疗可较腺癌更为积极,对Ⅱ期的局限型BAC可考虑辅以术后全身化疗或放疗,今后需作更深入的前瞻性研究加以验证.     

细支气管肺泡癌外科治疗 94例

 目的　分析细支气管肺泡癌（BAC）外科临床治疗效果。方法　收集1989年1月至2003年12月收治并经病理证实的94例BAC患者（其中单纯的支气管肺泡细胞癌67例、支气管肺泡细胞癌伴局部浸润16例和具有支气管肺泡细胞癌特征的腺癌11例）的资料,分析BAC的临床特点、影像学表现、治疗方法、生存情况及不同TNM分期和病理分型,BAC的外科治疗与疗效。结果　全组行根治性手术88例,姑息切除4例,开胸探查术2例,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为75.5 %、53.2 %、41.5 %。按UICC肺癌国际分期,Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期BAC患者分期之间生存率有显著性差异（P＜0.01） 。按病理学分型,单纯的支气管肺泡细胞癌、支气管肺泡细胞癌伴局部浸润和具有支气管肺泡细胞癌特征的腺癌的BAC患者之间生存率有显著性差异（P＜0.01）。结论　细支气管肺泡癌是一种特殊类型肺癌,无论是生物学、影像学还是临床、病理学表现,均有其特殊性。肺叶切除术是治疗细支气管肺泡癌常用的手术方法。提高BAC生存率的关键在于早期诊断、早期治疗。     

细支气管肺泡癌和肺腺癌EGFR基因扩增的研究

背景与目的分子靶向治疗药物表皮生长因子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)可提高肺腺癌病人的生存率,不同组织类型疗效不同。本研究对细支气管肺泡癌和经典型肺腺癌中表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)基因扩增情况进行比较分析,为临床预后治疗提供依据。方法根据2004年WHO最新肺肿瘤分类标准选取2004年1月-2006年12月期间中国人民解放军总医院病理科病理档案中细支气管肺泡癌(BAC)27例(男13例、女14例)、经典型肺腺癌23例(男11例、女12例),具有BAC成分的混合亚型肺腺癌39例(男18例,女21例),总计89例。应用组织芯片和荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)进行EGFR基因扩增的检测。结果在经典型肺腺癌病例中EGFR基因的扩增率为45.45%,BAC病例中的EGFR基因的扩增率为14.81%,混合亚型肺腺癌为22.58%。经典型肺腺癌的扩增病例明显多于BAC和混合亚型肺腺癌,三组之间c2=11.632,P<0.05。三组病例中EGFR基因扩增多以散在信号存在。结论EGFR基因在肺腺癌的扩增率高于BAC。     

细支气管肺泡细胞癌的研究进展

近年来细支气管肺泡细胞癌(BAC)的发病逐年上升,BAC是肺腺癌的一种特殊亚型,生长于远端细支气管和肺泡,占全部原发性肺癌的2%～14%[1～4].与其他肺腺癌相比,BAC有着独特的临床病理表现、影像学特点及预后.以下就BAC研究中的进展进行综述.     

细支气管肺泡癌57例分析

目的　总结经病理证实的 5 7例细支气管肺泡癌的诊断方法。方法　对我院 1995年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月收治的 5 7例细支气管肺泡癌进行回顾性分析。结果　 2 2例患者行 CT或超声引导下经皮肺穿刺获得病理确诊。2 6例行纤维支气管镜检查 ,有 8例患者行纤维支气管镜活检 (TBB)或经支气管镜肺活检 (TBL B)获得病理确诊。2 7例为手术后活检确诊。 2 2例患者检测血或胸水癌胚抗癌 (CEA) ,增高 14例 (占 6 3.6 % )。 35例患者为 a～ a期 (占6 1.4% ) ,9例为 b期 , 期有 13例。结论　细支气管肺泡癌有不同于其他类型肺癌的临床生物学特性 ,高分辨率CT有助于细支气管肺泡癌的诊断 ,而 CT(或超声 )引导下经皮肺穿刺则能提高细支气管肺泡癌的诊断率     

完全手术切除Ⅰ期肺腺癌病理亚型的预后意义

目的:本研究旨在分析完全手术切除Ⅰ期肺腺癌患者的病理亚型,及其对预后的影响.方法:2001年1月-2004年12月接受完全手术切除的Ⅰ期肺腺癌153例,按WHO 2004年版肺癌病理分类标准进行亚型分类,并对患者进行随访,分析病理亚型与生存之间的关系.结果:153例Ⅰ期肺腺癌以腺癌混合亚型最多见,占53.59%(82例);腺癌单一亚型占39.87%(61例),按所占比例高低依次为乳头样腺癌、腺泡样腺癌、细支气管肺泡癌(bronchoalveolar carcinoma,BAC)和实性腺癌伴黏液形成(solid adenocarcinoma with mucin,SACM),分别占27.45%(42例)、5.88%(9例)、3.92%(6例)和2.61%(4例);还有10例变异型腺癌,包括9例黏液性腺癌(5.88%)和1例胎儿型腺癌(0.65%).术后3年生存率以BAC和胎儿型腺癌最高(100%),SACM最低(45%),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.330).含SACM成分(9例)与不含SACM成分(144例)腺癌组患者的肿瘤大小、胸膜侵犯和T分期无明显差异,但含SACM成分的肺腺癌术后3年生存率(54.55%)要低于含SACM成分的肺腺癌(79.22%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.048).结论:肿瘤组织中含有SACM成分是Ⅰ期肺腺癌患者预后不良的预测因素.     

Ground-glass opacity lesions on computed tomography during postoperative surveillance for primary non-small cell lung cancer

Improvement in chest high-resolution computed tomography (CT) has increased the detection of ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions. However, there is no clear therapeutic consensus about concurrent GGO lesions detected during postoperative follow-up chest CT after treatment for primary lung cancer. This study retrospectively and prospectively investigated 21 patients in whom 53 GGO lesions were detected during postoperative follow-up CT of non-small cell lung cancer at Kyushu University Hospital from April 2009 to February 2010. We investigated clinicopathological factors, such as age, gender, lesion number, size, laterality, time of identification, and enlargement or emergence of the inner solid component. The malignancy rate of the concurrent GGO lesions was assessed by log-rank test in the Kaplan-Meier curves. Twenty percent of the 53 GGO lesions had malignant radiological findings during the 5-year follow-up after they were first identified by CT. The newly emerging GGO lesions at postoperative CT had significantly more malignant radiological findings (39.5%) than other GGO lesions (9.5%). Three potentially malignant GGO lesions were treated by surgical resection and three were treated by stereotactic radiotherapy. These six treated GGO lesions showed a good clinical course without recurrence after treatment. Special attention should be paid to newly emerging GGO lesions after resection of primary non-small cell lung cancer. It is necessary to select an appropriate treatment, taking account of various factors such as the laterality and number of GGO lesions or the pathological stage of the postoperative lung cancer.     

肺上皮样血管内皮瘤的影像学表现

目的 探讨肺上皮样血管内皮瘤( PEH)的影像学表现.方法 回顾性分析5例病理证实的PEH患者的影像学(多层螺旋CT和PET-CT)资料.结果 所有5例PET患者均为女性,年龄29～56岁.多层螺旋CT均表现为双肺多发结节,边界可清楚或模糊,沿支气管血管束分布,部分结节内有钙化,部分结节周边见磨玻璃密度影( GGO)....     

磨玻璃型肺癌诊治研究进展

低剂量螺旋CT筛查可以降低肺癌致死率，同时随着计算机成像技术的普及，越来越多的人在行肺CT检查时发现肺内结节，其中有一部分表现为磨玻璃样阴影。磨玻璃样结节(ground-glass opacity，GGO)在胸部CT上表现为肺密度云雾样增高，但不掩盖支气管及肺血管结构的阴影。GGO是一种非特异性表现，病因包括肿瘤、感染、局部出血或间质纤维化等。近年来，表现为局灶性GGO的早期肺癌发病率逐渐增高，特别是亚洲、女性及非吸烟患者。因此，有必要对表现为GGO的结节进行良恶性鉴别，为临床治疗制定指导决策。     

Evaluation of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scanning for pulmonary nodules less than 3 cm in diameter, with special reference to the CT images

BACKGROUND: While pulmonary nodules can be substantially divided into solid and ground-glass opacity (GGO) ones on CT image, they have different biological natures which could cause false positive or false negative to diagnose malignancy on positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET). To determine the effectiveness of PET for small pulmonary nodules, the nodules were classified into solid and GGO ones, of which results were compared with the data of PET scans. The lower limit size of nodules for PET imaging was also evaluated. METHODS: Prospective FDG-PET scans were undertaken for 136 non-calcified nodules less than 3 cm in diameter. CT density histograms were made for each nodule to classify into solid and GGO ones. RESULTS: Eighty-one nodules were malignant and 55 were benign. All of the 20 nodules less than 1 cm in diameter (n = 8 in malignant, n = 12 in benign), were negative on PET regardless of the histology. In the 116 nodules 1-3 cm in diameter (n = 73 in malignant, n = 43 in benign), there were 15 false negative and 15 false positive nodules, with a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 65%. CT density histograms showed 101 solid nodules (n = 63 in malignant, n = 38 in benign) and 15 GGO nodules ( n = 10 in malignant, n = 5 in benign). All of the 10 malignant nodules with GGO images were histologically well-differentiated adenocarcinoma and 9 of them (90%) were false negative on PET. Four of the 5 (80%) benign nodules with GGO images were focal pneumonia with well-preserved air spaces, causing false positive on PET. Sensitivity and specificity for nodules with GGO images were 10 and 20%, respectively, which were significantly lower than 90 and 71% for nodules with solid images (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary nodules which are less than 1cm in size or show GGO images on CT cannot be evaluated accurately by PET.     

Discrimination of subtypes of small adenocarcinoma in the lung with thin-section CT

We studied the usefulness of thin-section CT in discriminating two categories of adenocarcinoma in the lung. Thin-section CT findings, such as, lesion size, ground-glass opacity (GGO) areas of lesion and presence or absence of lobulation, coarse spiculation, air bronchogram, small air space, or pleural tag of lesion in 62 consecutive patients with 62 adenocarcinomas (35 type A or B tumors (Noguchi's classification) and 27 type C tumors) of < or =20 mm, including 36 women and 26 men with a mean age of 64 years were analyzed. We performed stepwise logistic modeling using all the CT findings as independent variables to estimate the significant factors for discriminating type C from type A or B tumor. Lesion size in type C tumors was significantly (P<0.001) greater than that in type A or B tumors. GGO areas in type C tumors were significantly (P<0.001) smaller than that in type A or B tumors. The prevalence of coarse spiculation, air bronchogram, and pleural tag in type C tumors was significantly greater (P=0.001, 0.010, and <0.001, respectively) than that in type A or B tumors. Logistic modeling revealed that the GGO area was the only significant factor for discriminating two categories (P<0.001). Using the percentage of GGO areas for predicting type C tumor, 40% or less showed the highest accuracy of 85% with 70% sensitivity and 97% specificity. GGO areas of 30% or less had no false-positive diagnosis (100% specificity) with 81% accuracy but its sensitivity was low (56%). Thin-section CT was useful in discriminating two categories of adenocarcinoma in the lung.     

肝脏转移瘤的CT分析

目的　阐述肝脏转移瘤的 CT表现 ,探讨 CT检查的价值。方法回顾 90例肝脏转移瘤的CT资料分析肝脏转移瘤的数目、大小、密度、边界形态、在肝内的分布 ,肝脏及脾脏的大小 ,以及原发肿瘤的同时显示等多种表现。结果 65例 ,占 72 %转移瘤病灶数目在 3个以上 ,在肝内呈弥漫性分布 ;6例 ,占 7%有 2个病灶 ;19例 ,占 2 1%只有 1个病灶 ;其中 2 9个病灶位于靠近肝脏边缘的肝实质内。肿瘤大小由 0 .5～ 14cm不等。 87例肿瘤密度低于肝实质 ;3例肝脂肪变 ,肿瘤密度高于肝实质。 4 4例肿瘤内出现坏死。 31例呈弥漫多发病灶致肝脏增大变形 ;2 6例单发及两个病灶者 ,肝脏形态正常。 4 5例 CT检查同时发现原发肿瘤。结论肝脏转移瘤表现多样各异 ,以弥漫多发大小不等为常见。CT尤其可以发现临床尚属隐匿期的肝转移瘤。     

EGFR gene copy number in adenocarcinoma of the lung by FISH analysis: investigation of significantly related factors on CT, FDG-PET, and histopathology

It has been suggested that a high EGFR gene copy number may be an indicator of good response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and a marker of poor prognosis in NSCLC. However, imaging features related to EGFR gene copy number status in adenocarcinoma are still unknown. We therefore retrospectively analyzed CT, FDG-PET, and histopathologic slides of surgical resected lung adenocarcinoma in 132 patients. Tumor characteristics on preoperative chest-CT, such as, GGO proportions, tumor diameters, and cavitation; FDG-PET SUV(max); and histopathologically determined differentiation degrees and tumor subtypes were evaluated. EGFR gene copy number status was categorized as FISH-positive or -negative. FISH-positivity was found in 53 patients (40.2%) and was significantly more frequent in tumors with a SUV(max)>7.0 (P=0.007). Furthermore, FISH-negativity was found to be more frequent in tumors with a GGO>50% (P=0.023) and diameter <15.5mm (P=0.006) on CT, or a well-differentiated histopathology (P=0.002). Moreover, the frequency of FISH-positivity increased as SUV(max) increased (P=0.0008) and as the proportion of GGO decreased (P=0.01). SUV(max)>7.0 was an independent predictor of FISH-positive results (odds ratio, 3.941; 95% CI, 1.691-9.182; P=0.01). In conclusion, a high SUV(max) on FDG-PET was significantly related to FISH-positive results. A high proportion of GGO, small tumor diameter on CT, and a well-differentiated histopathology were more frequent in FISH-negative adenocarcinomas.     

超声引导下经皮微波凝固治疗肝癌的临床应用

目的探讨超声引导下经皮微波凝固治疗肝癌的临床应用价值。方法治疗３２例肝癌５７个结节。每个点的凝固治疗采用输出功率６０Ｗ,作用时间２４０～３００秒。５７个结节进行９２次１８２个点的治疗。结果随访５～１８个月,平均１０．４个月,２９例健在,３例死亡。治疗后８５．９％（４９／５７）的肿块缩小,超声显示７８．２％（３６／４６）的肿块内血流消失,增强ＣＴ显示７６．４％（２５／３４）的肿瘤内无强化。原血ＡＦＰ升高１３例,治疗后１１例降至正常。２７例患者全身情况改善,１９例体重增加。１４例治疗后再次活检,１２例肿瘤呈完全性坏死,代之以纤维结缔组织增生。结论超声引导下经皮微波凝固肝肿瘤,在大部分病例可以达到使肿瘤完全性坏死的较好疗效,可望成为肝癌非手术治疗的重要途径。     

Efficacy of PET/CT in the characterization of solid or partly solid solitary pulmonary nodules

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of (18)fluorine fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F FDG) PET/CT for the characterization of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) compared with the use of PET alone or CT alone. Our institutional review board approved this retrospective study with a waiver of informed consent. We selected 100 patients (M:F=56:44, mean age; 58 years) with a pathologically proven solid or partly solid SPN. Three chest radiologists assessed the nodule characteristics independently and retrospectively. Diagnostic efficacies were compared for three different approaches: consideration of CT findings only, PET findings only, and both PET and CT findings. The McNemar test, kappa statistics, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis were performed. Sixty patients had benign and 40 had malignant nodules. Overall sensitivity values for malignant SPNs for CT, PET and PET/CT were 82%, 88%, and 88%, respectively, whereas the specificity values were 66%, 71%, and 77%, respectively. PET/CT was significantly better in terms of specificity than the use of PET alone or CT alone (P<.05). The areas under curve (Az) values for the ROC analyses of PET/CT and PET alone, respectively, were larger than that of CT alone (P<.05). Interobserver agreement was moderate (kappa=0.46-0.56) for CT, good to excellent (kappa=0.78-0.90) for PET, and good for PET/CT (kappa=0.64-0.78). For the characterization of SPNs, integrated PET/CT provides significantly better specificity than CT alone or PET alone and both integrated PET/CT and PET alone allow more confidence than CT alone.     

孤立性肺结节的高分辨CT扫描(CT与病理对照)

目的对照高分辨ＣＴ扫描（ＨＲＣＴ）表现与病理的相互关系，比较ＨＲＣＴ与常规ＣＴ扫描（ＣＣＴ）对提供肺小结节的诊断信息，提高其诊断和鉴别诊断的准确性。方法对直径≤３ｃｍ的７３例（７５个）良恶性结节做术前ＨＲＣＴ和ＣＣＴ扫描，并与组织学做对照研究。结果小肺癌多呈球形（３４／３７例），有深分叶（２８／３７例）、锯齿征（３３／３７例）、细小毛剌（３７／３７例）、小泡征（１９／３７例）、支气管充气征（１０／３７例）。其病理基础为癌瘤外侵和间质纤维组织增生，肿瘤内残存正常肺组织和支气管。上述表现与良性病变有显著统计学差异。而结节内脂肪、卫星病灶、粗长毛刺、钙化、胸膜增厚粘连、浅分叶以良性为常见。与肺癌比较有显著统计学差异。ＨＲＣＴ在观察病变的轮廓、内部结构等方面明显优于ＣＣＴ。结论ＨＲＣＴ有助于良恶性结节的诊断，应常规用于肺小结节的ＣＴ扫描