非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性肿瘤

非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植 ,主要是通过移植物抗肿瘤效应来根除恶性肿瘤细胞 ,与经典的清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植相比 ,其移植相关并发症和病死率降低 ,对年龄较大、体质差的患者是一种较为安全可靠的治疗手段     

非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植治疗恶性肿瘤

非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植,主要是通过移植物抗肿瘤效应来根除恶性肿瘤细胞,与经典的清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植相比,其移植相关并发症和病死率降低,对年龄较大、体质差的患者是一种较为安全可靠的治疗手段.     

非清髓性异基因造血干细胞移植在实体瘤治疗中的应用

异基因干细胞移植用于实体瘤的治疗有很大的潜力。传统的清髓性造血干细胞移植采用大剂量化疗药物对受者进行预处理,虽然起到一定的杀伤肿瘤细胞作用,但增加了移植相关死亡率（transplant-related mortality,TRM）。随着对非清髓性预处理的深入研究,人们将非清髓性造血干细胞移植用于实体瘤的治疗。与清髓性干细胞移植比较,非清髓性移植减轻了TRM,且拓宽了移植适应证。移植物抗宿主病（graft versus host disease,GVHD）是异基因移植后出现的毒性反应,甚至成为致命性的并发症。移植物抗肿瘤（graft versus tumor,GVT）效应是异基因移植治疗实体瘤的关键,而GVT效应常伴随GVHD的出现。因此,如何在保留GVT效应的同时降低GVHD是我们所面临挑战。目前,通过改变预处理方案、加强对移植物的处理、改变免疫抑制疗法等3种策略使用于GVHD的防治,取得了一定效果,为异基因造血干细胞移植治疗实体瘤带来了广阔前景。     

非清髓性同种造血干细胞移植治疗恶性实体瘤13例

目的:探讨非清髓性同种外周血造血干细胞移植治疗复发及难治性实体瘤的疗效及安全性,并研究移植物抗肿瘤效应(GVT)产生的抗肿瘤免疫效果.方法:13例患者.其中原发不明癌5例,其他经手术,放、化疗治疗后复发及多部位转移,难治性实体瘤8例.年龄17～69岁,中位年龄45岁.ECOG分级:0级5例,1级6例,2、3级各1例.全部患者给予非清髓性预处理方案进行同种外周血造血干细胞移植.供者为HLA完全相合者10例,非血缘关系者3例.ABO血型相合9例,不相合者4例.采集CD34~+数为1.4～6.6×10~4/kg,平均为3.46×10~6/kg.预处理方案三种:供者为同胞的患者采用环磷酰胺+氟达拉宾方案;非血缘供者患者采用氟达拉宾+马法兰方案.移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)防治采用环孢素A或加用甲氨蝶呤.疗效判定以治疗前后肿瘤大小做为移植物抗肿瘤(GVT)效果判定.同时观察同种造血干细胞移植的副作用.结果:全部患者均获造血重建,移植后中性粒细胞>0.5×10~9/L平均时间11.9天,血小板>20×10~9/L平均时间14.9天,不良反应主要表现为胃肠道、皮肤黏膜及神经系统.急性GVHD9例,经治疗后好转.慢性GVHD8例,均为广泛型.GVT效应:1例GVT+++,肿瘤完全消失,无瘤生存887天.3例GVT++,无瘤生存334天.5例GVT+,无瘤生存117～203天.移植效果:以持续3个月以上统计,CRI例,PR2例,SD4例,PD5例,移植相关死亡1例.总有效率为53.8%.不良反应:主要为急性GVHD,表现为胃肠道反应如腹泻,感染等,肝静脉血栓及脑病少见,经对症治疗好转.结论:对复发及难治性实体瘤,特别是原发不明癌采用非清髓性同种外周血造血干细胞移植可提高疗效,并通过移植物抗肿瘤效应使瘤体减小,延长患者生存期.本疗法具有较好的安全性.     

非清髓异基因外周造血干细胞移植治疗老年重型再障报告

目的 :探讨非清髓异基因外周造血干细胞移植 (NAST)治疗老年重型再生障碍性贫血 (SAA)的方法及疗效。方法 :采用非清髓预处理的异基因外周造血干细胞移植治疗老年 SAA患者1例。供受者 HL A配型及红细胞 ABO血型完全相合。预处理方案主要由环胞霉素 A(Cs A)、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白 (ATG)和环磷酰胺组成。用环胞霉素 A和霉酚双酯 (MMF)预防移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。采用 STR- PCR定量方法检测供者细胞植入情况。结果 :该例老年 SAA患者顺利度过移植后造血抑制期 ,于移植后第 8天外周血 WBC升至 0 .8× 10 9/ L,第 14天血象三系恢复 ,于移植后第 14天、30天、90天及 180天时检测供者细胞植入率均为完全植入。患者未出现移植物抗宿主病 ,现己无病存活 31个月。结论 :非清髓异基因外周造血干细胞移植简便安全 ,并发症少 ,疗效好 ,为老年 SAA的治疗提供了新手段     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗晚期胸部肿瘤

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植（allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,allo-HSCT）已成为治疗恶性疾病的有效手段之一。但既往干细胞移植多用于血液系统疾病的治疗。晚期胸部恶性肿瘤常规治疗效果极差,为了寻找新的有效的治疗方法对3例晚期胸部恶性肿瘤患者成功进行了非清髓异基因外周血造血干细胞移植（allo—NST）治疗，其中1例患者移植后生存19个月。     

非清髓性异基因外周造血干细胞移植治疗加速期慢性粒细胞白血病

目的：探讨非清髓性异基因外周造血干细胞移植对慢性粒细胞白血病加速期的治疗效果,以扩大其适用范围。方法：对2例慢性粒细胞白血病加速期患者进行了相关的非清髓性的异基因外周造血干细胞移植术,采用包括氟达拉滨、阿糖胞苷、OKT3、环磷酰胺、马利兰为主的预处理方案。结果：2例患者均移植成功,1例已健康生存9个月,另1例发生了慢性GVHD及间质性肺炎,最终于移植后近1a时死于并发症。结论：非清髓性异基因外周造血干细胞移植是一种可行的治疗慢性粒细胞加速期患者的有效方法。     

非清髓性造血干细胞移植治疗老年恶性肿瘤

老年恶性肿瘤患者常无法耐受传统大剂量放化疗预处理,非清髓性造血干细胞移植(NST)以免疫抑制为主,降低了放化疗强度,为不适合做传统移植的患者带来希望.     

造血干细胞移植在治疗乳腺癌中的应用

近年来,乳腺癌逐渐成为危害女性健康及生命的主要恶性肿瘤,为了提高患者的生存期及生存质量,医学界在不断摸索和探讨本病的各种治疗方法和治疗手段,以期提高治疗效果。随着自体造血干细胞移植支持下大剂量化疗应用领域的逐渐扩大及异基因移植中移植物抗肿瘤效应的发现,造血干细胞移植在乳腺癌治疗方面的应用逐渐成为医学肿瘤界争论的焦点之一。     

非清髓性造血干细胞移植治疗老年恶性肿瘤

老年恶性肿瘤患者常无法耐受传统大剂量放化疗预处理，非清髓性造血干细胞移植(NST)以免疫抑制为主，降低了放化疗强度，为不适合做传统移植的患者带来希望。     

异基因干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤

异基因干细胞移植是惟一可能治愈多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的临床方法.较高的移植相关死亡率(TRM)限制了清髓性异基因干细胞移植在临床的广泛应用;非清髓性异基因干细胞移植降低了TRM,但疾病复发和进展的风险却增加;自体-非清髓性异基因干细胞串联移植,在降低TRM的同时,可有效减少疾病的复发和进展.目前临床上亦存在很多可能提高MM移植疗效的新方法.     

Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia

Conventional myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation carries risks of morbidity and mortality from regimen-related toxicities that have restricted its use to relatively young patients in good medical condition. In nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, enhanced immunosuppression rather than myeloablative cytotoxic conditioning has allowed the engraftment of allogeneic stem cells, with lower early transplant related mortality and morbidity. This approach shifts tumor eradication to the graft-versus-leukemia effect mediated by donor T lymphocytes. The development of nonmyeloablative transplantation has allowed the application of a potentially curative procedure to elderly or medically infirm patients who would not be able to tolerate high-dose conditioning regimens.     

Donor leukocyte infusions after unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Donor leukocyte infusions provide direct and potent graft-versus-tumor activity to treat relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Extensive data are available on the use of donor leukocyte infusion after matched-sibling stem cell transplantation, but reports are remarkably few on the use of donor leukocyte infusion after unrelated-donor stem cell transplantation. But the role for unrelated-donor leukocyte infusion is not well established. RECENT FINDINGS: The dramatic success of donor leukocyte infusion to treat relapse after matched-sibling stem cell transplantation has led to the use of unrelated-donor leukocyte infusion in many patients. Several case studies suggest that unrelated-donor leukocyte infusion effectively induces direct graft-versus-tumor reactions with toxicity comparable to that of matched-sibling donor leukocyte infusion. Important issues include the relationship between dose and response/toxicity appropriate timing, dose, and schedule; and identification of the best tumor targets. In particular nonmyeloablative transplant strategies using unrelated donors are expanding rapidly, but relapse rates are high. There is a paucity of data on unrelated-donor leukocyte infusion in this setting. SUMMARY: This review summarizes recent data on the use of unrelated-donor leukocyte infusion. We discuss anticipated outcomes and identify areas under active investigation in both ablative and nonmyeloablative unrelated-donor stem cell transplantation.     

Bone marrow transplantation for lymphoma CR1

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite several reports showing the superiority of autologous stem cell transplantation over conventional chemotherapy in the salvage treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, its use as part of first-line therapy in this disease is still controversial. The review highlights the most relevant studies on autologous stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin lymphoma at diagnosis published over the past year. RECENT FINDINGS: Several recent studies have shown that autologous stem cell transplantation may offer survival benefits in patients with both diffuse large cell lymphoma and follicular cell lymphoma whose prognostic features are poor. An advantage of autologous stem cell transplantation has also been documented for other non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes, in particular mantle-cell lymphoma, in which autologous stem cell transplantation is probably the most effective first-line option presently available. Nevertheless, whether autologous stem cell transplantation is definitely better than conventional chemotherapy is still under discussion, and the issue is still less clear, given the new opportunities offered by rituximab combined with chemotherapy. Autologous stem cell transplantation may also benefit from the addition of rituximab as an in vivo purging agent. Thus, large randomized trials are required to fully define the role of autologous stem cell transplantation in first-line treatment for high-risk non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Such trials should compare autologous stem cell transplantation with chemotherapy, both supplemented with rituximab, in the most frequent CD20+ lymphoma subtypes. The up-front use of autologous stem cell transplantation might find support from the recent observation that patients who do not respond to this treatment may still have a good chance of being rescued by reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation. SUMMARY: Autologous stem cell transplantation remains a valid research strategy in first-line therapy and, along with new agents and nonmyeloablative allogeneic transplantation, may help to increase the cure rate for high-risk non-Hodgkin lymphoma.     

Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation for lymphoma

High-dose chemotherapy and allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a potentially curative therapy for younger patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The benefits of this therapy, however, are largely offset by the high rate of treatment-related mortality, exceeding 40% in many studies. Risks increase with comorbidities, advanced age, histocompatibility, and disease-related prognostic factors. Given the potential efficacy of graft-versus-malignancy effects against many lymphoid malignancies, we evaluated an alternative strategy utilizing less toxic, nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens to allow engraftment of donor cells, and then exploit the graft-versus-lymphoma (GVL) effects of allogeneic transplantation as the primary therapy. This strategy involved fludarabine-based preparative regimens +/- high-dose rituximab, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis for 6 months, and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) only for progressive or nonresponding disease. Results from these trials confirm the full potential on nonmyeloablative transplantation for patients with NHL.     

Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer

Previously, there was very little interest in investigating allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) in breast cancer because of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure, as well as the disappointing results observed in clinical trials with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in advanced breast cancer. However, the development of nonmyeloablative (reduced-intensity) conditioning regimens, which have less treatment-related mortality but preserve the T cell-mediated graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect, has led to the investigation of nonmyeloablative alloHSCT in diseases that had not previously been considered for conventional alloHSCT, including metastatic breast cancer. Laboratory data demonstrate that T cell-mediated responses to breast cancer that inhibit tumor growth are possible and provide the rationale to pursue allogeneic adoptive cellular therapy as a strategy to eliminate breast cancer. Early reports of nonmyeloablative alloHSCT indicate that a clinical GVT effect against breast cancer does exist. The responses appear to be dependent on the development of complete donor lymphoid chimerism, and responses may be delayed. The results from these initial trials must be interpreted cautiously. It is unlikely that nonmyeloablative alloHSCT by itself will result in complete eradication of metastatic breast cancer; however, it may serve as a therapeutic platform to enhance the effects of currently available immunotherapies (eg, trastuzumab administration) and complement existing cytotoxic therapies. Well-designed studies will be necessary to determine the clinical efficacy of nonmyeloablative alloHSCT as adoptive cellular therapy in metastatic breast cancer.     

Posttransplant administration of cyclophosphamide and donor lymphocyte infusion induces potent antitumor immunity to solid tumor

PURPOSE: Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) has been increasingly used for the treatment of hematologic and solid malignancies, and mature donor T cells are considered to be the main effectors of the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) activity. However, the association between degree of donor chimerism and intensity of GVT effects has not been fully elucidated. We recently proposed a unique nonmyeloablative cell therapy using posttransplant cyclophosphamide and donor lymphocyte infusion, by which a significant antitumor effect against murine renal cell carcinoma, RENCA, was induced, although the level of mixed chimerism was relatively low. In this study, we attempted to clarify a role of chimerism for in vivo antitumor effects on GVT effects in radiation-associated nonmyeloablative SCT. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We assessed antitumor effects on RENCA tumors and the degree of donor chimerism after several doses of irradiation followed by allogeneic SCT and compared the results with those of cyclophosphamide-based cell therapy. RESULTS: Allogeneic SCT following sublethal irradiation (6 Gy) induced almost complete donor chimerism, whereas cyclophosphamide-based cell therapy produced low levels of donor chimerism. Nonetheless, GVT activity was much more potent in cyclophosphamide-based cell therapy than irradiation-conditioned SCT. Furthermore, cyclophosphamide-conditioned SCT induced more potent immune reconstitution with less severe graft-versus-host disease than irradiation-conditioned SCT. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that a high level of chimerism is not essential for the in vivo antitumor effect of nonmyeloablative allogeneic cell therapy against solid tumor and that the recovery of peripheral lymphocytes after the initial immunosuppression might be a critical event for the elicitation of in vivo antitumor effects of that treatment modality.     

Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation: early promise and limitations

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is used to treat a variety of malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Conventionally, high-dose chemoradiotherapy-based preparative regimens were considered essential both for tumor eradication and facilitation of donor stem cell engraftment. It is now apparent that an immune-mediated graft-versus-tumor effect has a pivotal role in the curative potential of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. This has prompted the development of less toxic, nonmyeloablative but profoundly immunosuppressive preparative regimens, often fludarabine- or radiation-based. Full donor engraftment can be achieved; however, a significant number of patients achieve a mixed chimeric state. Mixed hematopoietic chimerism provides a platform for the use of adoptive immunotherapy using donor lymphocyte infusions to maximize the immune-mediated antitumor effect, but the optimal usage has yet to be determined. Immediate procedure-related mortality with nonmyeloablative regimens has been low, but graft-versus-host disease remains a major clinical concern and treatment challenge. Major tumor responses have been seen in many hematologic malignancies primarily including patients with highly chemorefractory disease. Follow-up data have been short and additional time is needed to determine the efficacy and toxicities of this immunotherapy. This approach has potential for widespread clinical application including HLA mismatched and matched unrelated donor transplantation, exploration of a graft-versus-solid tumor effect, and correction of phenotypic expression in nonmalignant disorders.     

Adoptive immunotherapy with antigen-specific T cells in myeloma: a model of tumor-specific donor lymphocyte infusion

Although partial remissions rates of up to 60% are obtained with conventional therapeutic regimens, multiple myeloma is essentially an incurable disease with a median survival of approximately 30 months. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) results in a high percentage of complete remissions (CRs), but it can be associated with significant treatment-related mortality. Recent clinical studies have shown that highly immunosuppressive, yet nonmyeloablative, doses of fludarabine-based chemotherapy can result in alloengraftment. However, even with a reduction in treatment-related mortality, success with allogeneic SCT is limited by the significant risk of relapse. The goal of the strategy described is to transfer tumor antigen-specific immunity induced in the stem cell donor to the allogeneic SCT recipient to reduce relapse. Donors are immunized with a well-defined vaccine, specific for the patient's tumor. The allogeneic SCT is performed with a conditioning regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide and fludarabine, and the stem cell source is blood mobilized with filgrastim, which could potentially enhance the transfer of a larger number of tumor-specific T cells in the allograft, as compared to bone marrow. Donor immunization with myeloma idiotype protein in the setting of a nonmyeloablative SCT may represent a novel strategy for the treatment of myeloma.