自粘接树脂水门汀与两种粗化处理的二硅酸锂陶瓷的粘接性能评价

摘要］目的：评价自粘接树脂水门汀与喷砂和氢氟酸酸蚀两种方式粗化处理的二硅酸锂陶瓷的粘接强度及耐久性。材料和方法：制作二硅酸锂瓷片183个,烧结后随机分为2组分别进行氢氟酸酸蚀和喷砂,随后根据粘接策略的不同分为RU（RelyX Unicem）、RU200(RelyXTM U200)以及RV(silane+RelyX Veneer) 3个亚组分别制作粘接试件。各组试件一半于37℃下水储24h,另一半进行20000次冷热循环,随后测试剪切粘接强度。氢氟酸酸蚀、喷砂及未进行粗化处理的陶瓷试件采用扫描电镜观察表面形貌。结果：氢氟酸组产生显著高于喷砂组的粘接强度（p<0.05）;单纯应用自粘接树脂水门汀组的粘接效果与传统树脂水门汀结合硅烷预处理组无统计学差别（p=0.057）;所有组的粘接强度在老化后均显著降低（p<0.05）。结论：氢氟酸酸蚀可以获得较氧化铝喷砂处理更佳的粘接效果;自粘接树脂水门汀在无需硅烷预处理的条件下用于二硅酸锂陶瓷的粘接可获得较好的粘接效果。     

Microtensile Bond Strength of a Resin Cement to Silica‐Based and Y‐TZP Ceramics Using Different Surface Treatments

Purpose

To evaluate the effects of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of bonding between resin cement and lithia or zirconia‐based ceramics using an in vitro study.

Materials and Methods

Three zirconia ceramic blocks (IPS e.max ZirCAD) and three lithium disilicate ceramic blocks (IPS e.max CAD) were sintered and duplicated in resin composite. The zirconia specimens underwent various treatments (n = 1): (i) Sandblast + primer (ZiSa); (ii) sandblast + laser irradiation + primer (ZiSaLa); or (iii) laser irradiation + primer (ZiLa). The lithium disilicate specimens also underwent various treatments: (i) sandblast + HF + silane (LiSaE); (ii) sandblast + silane (LiSa); or (iii) sandblast + laser irradiation + silane (LiSaLa). The ceramic–composite blocks were cemented with resin cement and cut to produce bars with approx. 1 mm² bonding areas. The specimens were thermocycled, and bond strength tests were performed in a universal testing machine. The fracture type was determined by observing the fractured surface under a stereomicroscope. The mean bond strengths of the specimens were statistically analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Duncan's tests (α = 0.05).

Results

Mean comparison of the μTBS showed no significant difference between LiSaE and LiSa (p > 0.05), but significant differences between LiSaE and other groups (p ≤ 0.01). No significant differences were found between the ZiSaLa and ZiSa groups (p > 0.05). The modes of failure in all groups were mostly adhesive (57% to 80%). The mean bond strengths in laser‐irradiated ceramics were significantly lower than those from other surface treatments. All ZiLa specimens debonded before testing (pretest failure).

Conclusions

Lithium disilicate ceramic surface treated with a combination of sandblasting and silane application provided a bond strength comparable to that provided by sandblasting in combination with acid etching and applying silane. Groups treated with laser irradiation had significantly lower bond strengths than other groups.     

两种表面处理方法对氧化锆粘接强度影响的研究

目的 探究表面清洁剂Ivoclean和氧化锆预处理剂Z-PRIME PLUS对唾液浸泡后的氧化锆陶瓷与自粘接树脂水门汀之间粘接强度的影响.方法 制作50块10 mm×10 mm×2 mm氧化锆瓷块,喷砂后,随机分成5组(n=10),A组不作处理,B、C、D、E组于人工唾液浸泡1 min,分别用包含磷酸酯单体10-甲基丙...     

Effect of different surface treatments on the biaxial flexure strength,Weibull characteristics,roughness, and surface topography of bonded CAD/CAM silica-based ceramics

ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of different surface treatments on biaxial flexure strength, roughness, and surface topography of lithium silicate/disilicate-based ceramics.Methods225 discs (?: 12 mm; 1.2 mm – ISO 6872) were made from three ceramics: IPS e.max CAD (LD – Ivoclar Vivadent), Suprinity (LSS - Vita) and Celtra Duo (LSC - Dentsply). The samples were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 15): no treatment (C); 10% hydrofluoric acid + silane (HF); sandblasting Al₂O₃ + silane (SB); silicatization + silane (SC); and self-etching ceramic primer (SEP). After surface treatment, a resin cement layer was applied to the disc surface (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE), mechanical cycled (1.2 × 10⁶ cycles, 50 N, 3.8 Hz) and submitted to biaxial flexural strength test (1 mm/min, 1000 Kgf). Roughness, EDS and SEM were also performed. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey test (5%) and Weibull.ResultsANOVA revealed that the “surface treatment” factor was significant for all ceramics (p < 0.05). The groups LD-HF (289.30 ± 40) LD-SEP (298. 87 ± 53.29), LSC-HF (195.51 ± 42.12), LSS-HF (269.58 ± 27.07) and LSS-SEP (207.45 ± 28.63) presented significantly higher biaxial flexure strength than respective control groups, except for the LSC-SEP (165.41 ± 33.86), which was statistically similar to the control. The Weibull modulus was significantly higher for the LD-SB, LSC-SC groups. Additionally, the LD-SB, LSC-SC and LSS-HF groups showed higher roughness compared to the other treatments.SignificanceHF etching followed by silanization and self-etching ceramic primer are the most suitable surface treatments for lithium silicate/disilicate-based glass-ceramics.     

Scanning electron microscope comparative surface evaluation of glazed-lithium disilicate ceramics under different irradiation settings of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers

Objective:To evaluate the surface of glazed lithium disilicate dental ceramics after irradiation under different irradiation settings of Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).Materials and Methods:Three glazed-press lithium disilicate ceramic discs were treated with HF, Er:YAG, and Nd:YAG, respectively. The laser-setting variables tested were laser mode, repetition rate (Hz), power (W), time of exposure (seconds), and laser energy (mJ). Sixteen different variable settings were tested for each laser type, and all the samples were analyzed by SEM at 500× and 1000× magnification.Results:Surface analysis of the HF-treated sample showed a typical surface texture with a homogenously rough pattern and exposed ceramic crystals. Er:YAG showed no effect on the surface under any irradiation setting. The surface of Nd:YAG-irradiated samples showed cracking, melting, and resolidifying of the ceramic glaze. These changes became more pronounced as the power increased. At the highest power setting (2.25 W), craters on the surface with large areas of melted or resolidified glaze surrounded by globules were visible. However, there was little to no exposure of ceramic crystals or visible regular surface roughening.Conclusions:Neither Er:YAG nor Nd:YAG dental lasers exhibited adequate surface modification for bonding of orthodontic brackets on glazed lithium disilicate ceramics compared with the control treated with 9.5% HF.     

Effect of surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of luting cement to ceramics

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of three different surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of a Bis-GMA based luting cement to six commercial dental ceramics. METHODS: Six disc shaped ceramic specimens (glass ceramics, glass infiltrated alumina, glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide reinforced alumina) were used for each test group yielding a total number of 216 specimens. The specimens in each group were randomly assigned to one of the each following treatment conditions: (1) hydrofluoric acid etching, (2) airborne particle abrasion, (3) tribochemical silica coating. The resin composite luting cement was bonded to the conditioned and silanized ceramics using polyethylene molds. All specimens were tested at dry and thermocycled (6.000, 5-55 degrees C, 30 s) conditions. The shear bond strength of luting cement to ceramics was measured in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). RESULTS: In dry conditions, acid etched glass ceramics exhibited significantly higher results (26.4-29.4 MPa) than those of glass infiltrated alumina ceramics (5.3-18.1 MPa) or zirconium dioxide (8.1 MPa) (ANOVA, P<0.001). Silica coating with silanization increased the bond strength significantly for high-alumina ceramics (8.5-21.8 MPa) and glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide ceramic (17.4 MPa) compared to that of airborne particle abrasion (ANOVA, P<0.001). Thermocycling decreased the bond strengths significantly after all of the conditioning methods tested. SIGNIFICANCE: Bond strengths of the luting cement tested on the dental ceramics following surface conditioning methods varied in accordance with the ceramic types. Hydrofluoric acid gel was effective mostly on the ceramics having glassy matrix in their structures. Roughening the ceramic surfaces with air particle abrasion provided higher bond strengths for high-alumina ceramics and the values increased more significantly after silica coating/silanization.     

In vitro evaluation of a silane containing self-adhesive resin luting agent

ObjectivesTo investigate the setting characteristics, wettability and bonding capacity with a lithium disilicate ceramic of a silane containing self-adhesive resin luting agent (Panavia SA Universal-PU).MethodsThe degree of conversion (DC %) and extent of acid neutralization (SY %) of PU were measured on dual- (DC) and self-cured (SC) specimens after 10, 30 and 60 min storage by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, whereas the presence of silanols was traced by curve-fitting the 60 min spectra, using the silane-free analog (Panavia SA Plus-PS) as a control. The role of a dedicated adhesive (Clearfil Universal Bond Quick-CU) in assisting the early DC % in PU-SC was investigated on 10 min-stored specimens. The water contact angles on polished and HF acid-etched lithium disilicate surfaces (IPS e.max Press), were assessed before and after silanization by unset PU or a silane primer (Ultradent Silane-SL). Finally, the shear strength of PU-DC specimens bonded to the acid-etched ceramic surfaces was determined before and after SL treatment.ResultsThe DC % was higher in DC than SC (PU, PS; all time intervals), in PU-SC than PS-SC (30, 60 min) and in the CU assisted PU-SC group. The SY % was lower in DC than SC (PU, PS) and higher in PS-SC than PU-SC groups. Silanols were found only in unset PU and PU-DC groups. SL treatment provided higher water contact angles on polished and acid-etched ceramic surfaces and higher shear bond strength on acid-etched ceramic surfaces than PU (p < 0.05 for all comparisons).SignificanceAlthough the degree of conversion of the silane containing luting agent was improved in the self-curing mode, especially in the adhesive assisted group, it was still inferior to light-curing. Acid-neutralization and presence of silanols were affected by the setting modes. The use of a silane primer enhanced the hydrophobicity and bond strength of the silane containing luting agent with the etched ceramic substrate.     

Silane-coupling effect of a silane-containing self-adhesive composite cement

ObjectiveHydrofluoric-acid etching followed by silanization is a routine clinical protocol for durable bonding to glass ceramics. Simplifying ceramic-bonding procedures, new technological developments involve the inclusion of a silane coupling agent in a self-adhesive composite cement. To investigate the effectiveness of the incorporated silane coupling agent, shear bond strength (SB) to ceramic and dentin, contact angle of water (CA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ²⁹Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assessments were correlatively conducted.Materials and MethodsSB to glass ceramic was measured without (‘immediate’) and with (‘aged’) 50K thermocycles upon application of (1) the silane-containing self-adhesive composite cement Panavia SA Cement Universal (‘SAU’), being light-cured: ‘SAU_light’, (2) ‘SAU_chem’: chemically cured SAU, (3) ‘SAP_light’: light-cured Panavia SA Cement Plus (‘SAP’), and (4) ‘SAP_CP’: SAP light-cured after separate silanization using Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus (‘CP’). CA was also measured on glass ceramic. The cement pastes before and upon mixing were characterized using ²⁹Si NMR. SB of SAU or SAP onto dentin was measured. Finally, the cement-dentin interface was characterized by TEM and XRD.ResultsThe immediate and aged SB to glass ceramic of SAU did not significantly differ from those of SAP_CP, while they were significantly higher than those of SAP. CA of SAU did not significantly differ from that of SAP_CP, but it was significantly higher than CA of SAP. ²⁹Si NMR revealed siloxane bonds after mixture. SB of SAU and SAP to dentin did not show any significant difference. SEM, TEM and XRD confirmed tight and chemical interaction, respectively.SignificanceIncorporating silane in a 10-MDP-based self-adhesive composite cement combined efficient silane-coupling ability at the ceramic surface with effective bonding ability at dentin.     

Microshear bond strength of dual-cure resin cement in zirconia after different cleaning techniques: an in vitro study

PURPOSEThis study aimed to compare the microshear bond strength (µSBS) of dual-cure resin cement in CAD-CAM zirconia after different cleaning techniques.MATERIALS AND METHODSFifty discs of zirconia-based ceramic from Ivoclar Vivadent were embedded in acrylic resin. The discs were divided into five groups according to the cleaning methods used: Group 1: drying with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃; Group 2: washed with water and dried with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃; Group 3: washed with distilled water and dried with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃ + zirconium oxide (Ivoclean); Group 4: washed with distilled water and dried with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃ + potassium hydroxide (Zirclean); and Group 5: washed with distilled water and dried with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃ + 1% NaClO. All of the groups were contaminated with artificial saliva for 1 minute and then cleaned. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Tukey''s tests. RESULTSThere were statistically significant differences among all groups for µSBS (P < .05). The group treated with zirconium oxide (Group 3) showed the highest µSBS (18.75 ± 0.23 MPa).CONCLUSIONWhen applied to zirconia, the cleaning methods affected the bonding with resin cement differently.     

Cyclic fatigue vs static loading for shear bond strength test of lithium disilicate and dentin substrates: A comparison of resin cement viscosities

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of resin cement viscosities on the shear bond strength under static and fatigue load of lithium disilicate and dentin substrates.MethodsBonded tri-layer samples (lithium disilicate ceramic cylinder, resin cement, and substrate – ceramic or dentin) was performed considering 2 factors (n = 15): “resin cement viscosity” (high, HV; or low, LV) and “loading mode” (static, s-SBS; or fatigue shear bond strength, f-SBS). The specimens were subjected to s-SBS (1 mm/min, 1 kN load cell) and f-SBS (cyclic fatigue, initial load: 10 N; step-size: 5 N; 10,000 cycles/step; underwater). Failure mode, topography, and finite element analysis (FEA) were performed.ResultsThe resin cement viscosity did not influence the s-SBS and f-SBS of lithium disilicate substrate; however, it affected the bond strength to dentin, with HV presenting the worst fatigue behavior (f-SBS = 6.89 MPa). Cyclic loading in shear testing induced a notorious detrimental effect with a relevant decrease (16–56 %) in bond strength and survival rates, except for dentin substrate and LV. Most failures were adhesive. A distinct pattern comparing the disilicate and dentin was identified and FEA demonstrated that there was a stress concentration on the top of the cement layer.SignificanceCyclic fatigue loading in shear testing has detrimental effects on the adhesive behavior and survival probabilities of bonded lithium disilicate sets, regardless of resin cement viscosity. In contrast, resin cement viscosity affects the bond strength and the survival rates of dentin substrate submitted to cyclic loading mode, in which a low viscosity results in better performance.     

不同表面处理对氧化锆陶瓷与牙本质粘接强度的影响

目的 比较喷砂、激光等不同机械处理对氧化锆陶瓷与牙本质粘接强度的影响.方法 制备4 mm×4 mm×6 mm尺寸的长方体瓷块80件,按空白对照及喷砂、Er:YAG激光、Nd:YAG激光、飞秒激光等不同表面处理方式随机分成5组(A～E组,n=16).使用扫描电镜观察表面形貌,轮廓仪测量粗糙度.用树脂粘接剂将瓷块与制备好的...     

氢氟酸质量分数对二硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷表面形貌及树脂粘接的影响

目的 探讨不同质量分数的氢氟酸对二硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷表面形貌及树脂粘接耐久性的影响。方法 制备大小为11 mm×13 mm×2 mm的二硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷片试件72个,经烧结、研磨、清洗后,随机分为3组,每组24个,分别接受质量分数为32%的磷酸、4%的氢氟酸、9.5%的氢氟酸处理20 s,形成酸蚀后试件。每组随机选出4个陶瓷片,1个使用扫描电子显微镜观察陶瓷表面形态,另外3个用表面粗糙度仪测量陶瓷片表面粗糙度参数（Ra、Rz和Rmax）。陶瓷片表面接受硅烷偶联剂/树脂粘接剂/树脂水门汀处理,并与直径3 mm的复合树脂柱粘接形成粘接试件。将每组20个粘接试件分为两组,10个试件直接进行剪切实验,10个试件经20 000次冷热循环后进行剪切实验。结果 氢氟酸处理组试件表面粗糙度参数值均显著高于磷酸处理组;9.5%氢氟酸组除Ra以外的参数值均高于4%氢氟酸组（P<0.05）。冷热循环明显降低了所有实验组的粘接强度（P<0.05）。冷热循环前后,氢氟酸处理组的粘接强度均高于磷酸处理组;尽管4%氢氟酸组的粘接强度高于9.5%氢氟酸组,但9.5%氢氟酸组在冷热循环过程中的粘接强度降低幅度要明显低于4%氢氟酸组（P<0.05）。结论 氢氟酸的质量分数对陶瓷表面形态及与树脂的粘接耐久性有明显影响,9.5%氢氟酸能更有效地保持二硅酸锂玻璃陶瓷的树脂粘接强度。     

Effectiveness of pre-silanization in improving bond performance of universal adhesives or self-adhesive resin cements to silica-based ceramics: Chemical and in vitro evidences

Objectives

To examine effectiveness of pre-silanization in improving bond performance of multipurpose products such as universal adhesives or self-adhesive resin cements to silica-based ceramics.

Microtensile bond strength of a resin cement to glass infiltrated zirconia-reinforced ceramic: the effect of surface conditioning.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of three surface conditioning methods on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to a glass-infiltrated zirconia-reinforced alumina-based core ceramic. METHODS: Thirty blocks (5 x 5 x 4 mm) of In-Ceram Zirconia ceramics (In-Ceram Zirconia-INC-ZR, VITA) were fabricated according to the manufacturer's instructions and duplicated in resin composite. The specimens were polished and assigned to one of the following three treatment conditions (n=10): (1) Airborne particle abrasion with 110 microm Al(2)O(3) particles + silanization, (2) Silica coating with 110 microm SiO(x) particles (Rocatec Pre and Plus, 3M ESPE) + silanization, (3) Silica coating with 30 microm SiO(x) particles (CoJet, 3M ESPE) + silanization. The ceramic-composite blocks were cemented with the resin cement (Panavia F) and stored at 37 degrees C in distilled water for 7 days prior to bond tests. The blocks were cut under coolant water to produce bar specimens with a bonding area of approximately 0.6mm(2). The bond strength tests were performed in a universal testing machine (cross-head speed: 1mm/min). The mean bond strengths of the specimens of each block were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha相似文献   

不同频率铒激光对氧化锆陶瓷粘接性能的影响

目的: 评价不同频率铒钇铝石榴石（erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet,Er:YAG）激光对氧化锆陶瓷粘接性能的影响。方法: 制作3 mm×3 mm×2 mm的钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆（yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals,Y-TZP）试件,随机分为6组,即空白对照组（C组）、喷砂组（SB组）和Er:YAG激光蚀刻组（A1-A4组）,频率分别为5、10、15和20 Hz,IPS e.max Press压铸陶瓷为B组,记录各组扫描电镜图像。将陶瓷试件粘接到牙试件上,37 ℃恒温水浴,保存24 h后进行剪切实验,随后在体视显微镜下观察各个试件的断裂模式。采用SPSS 26.0软件包对实验数据进行统计学分析。结果: 扫描电镜显示,不同频率的Er:YAG激光照射Y-TZP陶瓷后,与C组相比,Y-TZP陶瓷表面变得粗糙。剪切实验结果显示,B组剪切强度值最高,为（13.15±2.97） MPa;其次为SB组[（7.78±0.97） MPa]和A2组[（7.13±0.75） MPa],SB组与A2组相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）。断裂模式结果显示,C组断裂模式以Y-TZP陶瓷与树脂粘接剂界面断裂为主,A1-A4组和SB组断裂模式大多为Y-TZP陶瓷与树脂粘接剂界面断裂,少部分为混合断裂和树脂粘接剂内聚断裂,B组断裂模式全部为混合断裂。结论: 10 Hz Er:YAG激光照射Y-TZP陶瓷可替代110 μm直径的Al₂O₃颗粒喷砂,用于Y-TZP陶瓷的表面改性,增加了Y-TZP陶瓷与树脂粘接剂的粘接强度。     

纳米硅涂层对玻璃渗透氧化铝陶瓷粘结强度的影响

目的：探讨利用溶胶凝胶法进行纳米硅涂层表面改性对玻璃渗透氧化铝陶瓷粘结强度的影响。方法：3组In-Ceram氧化铝瓷块分别施以“喷砂（P组）”、“喷砂＋硅烷偶联（PO组）”、“喷砂＋纳米硅涂层＋硅烷偶联（PTO）组）”的表面处理。制作陶瓷／复合树脂粘结体,室温下置蒸馏水中浸泡24h,微拉伸法测试各组试件粘结强度。结果：P组与PO组粘结强度较弱且无明显差异（P=0．797）,PTO组的粘结强度明显高于其他组（P〈0．05）。结论：通过溶胶凝胶法在喷砂表面制备纳米硅涂层后应用硅烷偶联剂可以显著提高In-Ceram氧化铝陶瓷的粘结强度。     

涂底剂对氧化锆陶瓷短期粘结强度影响的研究

目的 评价几种新型涂底剂对氧化锆陶瓷与树脂短期粘结强度的影响。方法 加工氧化锆瓷片随机分为6组分别对粘结面进行以下处理:组A,氧化铝喷砂;组B,摩擦化学法硅涂层+硅烷偶联剂;组C,喷砂+Clearfil Ceramic Primer涂底剂;组D,喷砂+ Clearfil SE-Bond涂底剂;组E,喷砂+Z-Prime Plus涂底剂;组F,喷砂+Metal/Zirconia Primer涂底剂。制作复合树脂试件并以传统Bis-GMA基质的树脂水门汀将其粘固于各组氧化锆瓷片上。室温水储24 h后测试剪切粘结强度。结果 组A和组B分别显示了最低和最高的粘结强度,其余各组间无显著差别。结论 氧化锆涂底剂能够提高氧化锆陶瓷的短期树脂粘结强度,但效果弱于硅涂层结合硅烷化的方法。     

Effect of different cement systems and aging on the bond strength of chairside CAD-CAM ceramics

Statement of problemThe bond strength of different chairside computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorative materials to dentin with different resin cements needs to be evaluated.PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of 3 different cementation systems after thermal aging on the shear bond strength of different CAD-CAM materials.Material and methodsThe occlusal surfaces of 63 molar teeth of similar size were removed, and 21 zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate (Vita Suprinity-VS), 21 polymer infiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic-VE), and 21 resin nanoceramic (GC Cerasmart-GC) rectangular specimens of 2.5 mm in thickness were obtained. The ceramics were cemented using total etch (TE), self-etch (SE), and self-adhesive (SA) cement systems. Half of the specimens were subjected to thermal aging with 5000 cycles. The shear bond strength test of all the specimens was measured. Fractured ceramic surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) analysis. The Shapiro-Wilk test, 3-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Fisher Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests were used to analyze the shear bond strength test data (α=.05).ResultsThe highest bond strength value was found in the nonthermal aged VS-TE and the lowest in the thermal aged VE-TE. Significant interaction was found between TE and SE cemented ceramics (P<.001). For specimens cemented with the SA system, significant interaction was found among ceramics with thermal aged specimens (P<.001). Thermal aging significantly decreased the mean bond strength (P<.05).ConclusionsDifferences in bond strength were observed in chairside CAD-CAM ceramics when cemented with TE, SE, and SA systems. Additionally, thermal aging significantly reduced the bond strength values of all the ceramic materials, regardless of the cementation procedure. Clinicians should consider these variables and choose the most suitable cementation systems for the material used.     

Shear bond strength of composite resin cements to lithium disilicate ceramics

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of different commercial composite resin cement systems to lithium disilicate all-ceramic substrate. Five adhesive resin cement systems Panavia 21 and Panavia F (Kuraray), Variolink 2 (Ivoclar-Vivadent), RelyX Unicem Applicap and RelyX ARC (3M ESPE) were used on all-ceramic (IPS Empress 2; Ivoclar-Vivadent) substrate. Shear bond strength of adhesive resin cement to substrate was tested after thermocycling, or without thermocycling (n = 10). Substrate surfaces of the specimen after loading were SEM microscopically examined. The highest bond strengths in water stored conditions were obtained with RelyX ARC (28.7 +/-3.9 MPa), while in thermocycled conditions the highest bonding values were obtained with Variolink 2 (23.2 +/- 7.5 MPa). The lowest values in both water stored (5.8 +/- 4.0 MPa) and thermocycled (2.4 +/- 2.9 MPa) conditions were obtained with Panavia 21. Shear bond strengths appeared to be affected significantly by thermocycling (anova, P < 0.05). It was concluded that there were significant differences between the bond strengths of adhesive resin cements to lithium disilicate substrate.     

Shear bond strength of different types of luting cements to an aluminum oxide-reinforced glass ceramic core material.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find the optimal choice of luting cement to Synthoceram, an aluminum oxide-reinforced glass ceramic material. The bond strength of five different commercial luting cements to the ceramic material was evaluated. The effect of surface treatments, etching, sandblasting, silanizing, and combinations of these treatments was also investigated. METHODS: Shear bond strength tests were performed using the ceramic material as substrate with each of the luting cements. Cements rods were prepared on pre-treated ceramic surfaces. The shear bond strength was determined 24 h after cementation. The effect of surface treatments: etching, sandblasting, and sandblasting followed by etching, respectively, on the morphology of the material, was investigated with SEM. RESULTS: The shear bond strength increases significantly from Ketac Cem, Rely X Luting, Fuji Plus, Panavia F to Xeno Cem. The surface treatments etching and/or sandblasting followed by silanization generally provide the highest bond strength values. SIGNIFICANCE: Based on the results of this study, the use of resin composite based cements is preferred for cementation of an all-ceramic restoration with an aluminum oxide-reinforced glass ceramic base. Surface treatment of etching and/or sandblasting followed by silanization is recommended.