Fracture risk increases after diagnosis of breast or other cancers in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative

Summary  Risk for falls and fractures increases after breast cancer or other cancer diagnosis in postmenopausal women. Factors other than falls may be the major causes for the increased fracture risk. Introduction  Cancer treatment and prognosis may have detrimental effects on bone health. However, there is a lack of prospective investigations on fracture risk among incident cancer cases. Methods  In this study, postmenopausal women (N = 146,959) from the Women’s Health Initiative prospective cohort, who had no cancer history at baseline, were followed for up to 9 years and classified into no cancer, incident breast cancer (BC) and incident other cancer (OC) groups. The main outcomes measured were incident fractures and falls before and after cancer diagnosis. Hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed from Cox proportional hazards model. Results  While hip fracture risk before a cancer diagnosis was similar between the no cancer and cancer groups, hip fracture risk was significantly higher after BC diagnosis (HR = 1.55, CI = 1.13–2.11) and the elevated risk was even more notable after OC diagnosis (HR = 2.09, CI = 1.65–2.65). Risk of falls also increased after BC (HR = 1.15, CI = 1.06–1.25) or OC diagnosis (HR = 1.27, CI = 1.18–1.36), but could not fully explain the elevated hip fracture risk. Incident clinical vertebral and total fractures were also significantly increased after OC diagnosis (p < 0.05). Conclusions  Postmenopausal women have significantly elevated risks for falls and fractures after a cancer diagnosis. The causes for this increased risk remained to be investigated.     

Do young breast cancer patients have worse outcomes?

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that young breast cancer patients have poorer survival as compared with their older counterparts. Most of this research reflects single institution experiences that may not be representative of the population. This study was designed to determine whether young breast cancer patients have poorer survival as compared with an older cohort using a national population-based cancer registry and, more specifically, to determine whether differences in survival are caused by more advanced tumor stage, more aggressive disease, or patient-specific characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer database (1992-1998), data for all patients with a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer were extracted. Two age categories were analyzed: young group (相似文献   

Aging and exercise: are they compatible in women?

The benefits of physical exercise and fitness have long been understood. With the aging of society and longevity of women relative to men, interest finally is being given to the female population. There are many benefits to maintaining an active lifestyle as women age. These benefits include maintenance of bone mineral density and prevention of osteoporosis, decreased susceptibility to falls, and decreased susceptibility to breast cancer and other chronic diseases. There are great psychologic benefits to maintaining an active lifestyle, and the connection between cardiovascular fitness and lowering the incidence of cardiac disease is well established. Finally, physical activity and exercise can decrease the symptoms of arthritis. The Centers for Disease Control recommends at least 30 minutes of moderately intensive activity on most days of the week. In older women, the loss of lean body mass (sarcopenia) can be diminished through a strength training program. With these benefits of maintaining an active lifestyle, healthcare providers should become proactive in emphasizing the benefits of physical activity to the older female population.     

Do impalpable stage T1c prostate cancers visible on ultrasound differ from those not visible?

PURPOSE: We assessed whether the appearance of cancer within the prostate on sonography is associated with different pathological features and/or prognoses compared with nonvisible impalpable cancers defined as stage T1c by the TNM staging system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the clinical and pathological features, and progression rate in 323 patients with clinical stage T1cNX M0 cancer treated with radical prostatectomy between 1983 and 1998. Mean followup was 46.8 months (range 1 to 186). RESULTS: Of 323 impalpable stage T1c cancers 170 (53%) were visible and the remainder was not visible on ultrasound. There were no significant differences in clinical or pathological features of the cancers in these 2 groups. The prostate specific antigen nonprogression rate at 5 years was also similar for patients with impalpable cancer regardless of whether the lesion was or was not revealed by ultrasound (mean +/- SE 87% +/- 6% and 91% +/- 6%, respectively, p = 0.3767). Of the 170 visible cancers 55 patients had a hypoechoic lesion considered highly suspicious for cancer. These cancers were higher grade, more extensive, less likely to be confined to the prostate and the prognosis was significantly worse than that of impalpable cancer whether or not they were visible at a less suspicious level (IV or less, p = 0.011). However, such highly suspicious visible cancers are rarely visualized today. Initial serum prostate specific antigen more accurately predicts the pathological stage of impalpable cancer than transrectal ultrasound results. CONCLUSIONS: Impalpable cancers currently detected have similar pathological features and prognoses whether or not they are visible by ultrasound. Therefore, it is reasonable to categorize impalpable cancers as stage T1c and analyze the response to treatment regardless of the results of ultrasound.     

Do osteopathic physicians differ in patient interaction from allopathic physicians? An empirically derived approach

Colleges of osteopathic medicine teach osteopathic principles, which provide a different approach to and interaction with patients than principles taught in allopathic medical schools. The authors examined whether osteopathic primary care physicians' interactions with patients reflect the principles of osteopathic medicine when compared with allopathic physicians' interactions. The principles of osteopathic medicine were adapted to elements that could be measured from an audio recording. This 26-item index was refined with two focus groups of practicing osteopathic physicians. Fifty-four patient visits to 11 osteopathic and 7 allopathic primary care physicians in Maine for screening physicals, headache, low back pain, and hypertension were recorded on audiotape and were dual-abstracted. When the 26-item index of osteopathic principles was summed, the osteopathic physicians had consistently higher scores (11 vs. 6.9; P = .01) than allopathic physicians, and visit length was similar (22 minutes vs. 20 minutes, respectively). Twenty-three of the 26 items were used more commonly by the osteopathic physicians. Osteopathic physicians were more likely than allopathic physicians to use patients' first names; explain etiologic factors to patients; and discuss social, family, and emotional impact of illnesses. In this study, osteopathic physicians were easily distinguishable from allopathic physicians by their verbal interactions with patients. Future studies should replicate this finding as well as determine whether it correlates with patient outcomes and satisfaction.     

Are bilateral breast cancers different from breast cancers coexisting with ovarian cancer? An immunohistochemical analysis aimed at intrinsic tumor phenotype

RationaleBilateral breast cancers (BBC) and breast cancers coexisting with ovarian cancer (BOCS) are associated with genetic predisposition more frequently than sporadic cases. We compared the phenotypes of these tumors to better understand their pathomechanisms and aid the guiding of their clinical management.Materials and methodsTumor morphology and expression of ER, PgR, HER2, Ki67, CK5/6, E-cadherin, vimentin and EGFR were assessed in a tissue microarray containing cores from 174 BBC, 23 BOCS and 2 BBC + BOCS.ResultsBOCS tumors were characterized by higher incidence of EGFR expression, HER2 negativity and lower incidence of intraductal component. HER2-positive phenotypes were marginally more frequent in the BBC group and triple negative tumors – in BOCS.ConclusionBreast cancers from BOCS patients are characterized by more aggressive phenotype, most probably related to their more frequent association with BRCA1 mutation.     

Is breast cancer in young Latinas a different disease?

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer appears to be more aggressive in young women (< or =35 years). Race/ethnicity may further influence prognosis. The purpose of this review is to determine whether breast cancer in young Latinas differs from that in other women. METHODS: Our institutional (1977-2000) and state (1988-2000) tumor registries were reviewed and breast cancer cases analyzed. Data are expressed as mean +/- SEM. RESULTS: At our institution, 56 (7%) of 748 breast cancer patients were < or =35 years old; 32 (57%) were Latina. Compared with non-Latinas, Latinas presented at a younger age (P <0.05) and had more stage III/IV disease (38% versus 29%; P >0.05) and bilaterality (22% versus 8%; P >0.05), and worse 5-year survival (63% versus 83%; P >0.05). Statewide data were consistent with our institutional data. CONCLUSIONS: Latinas comprise a disproportionate share of our young breast cancer population, and may suffer more aggressive disease than other young women. Young Latinas may benefit from more vigilant screening and should be considered for novel therapeutic protocols.     

Does the location of screen‐detected cancers differ from that seen in the unscreened population?

Objective It is important that screening detects cancers regardless of their location within the colon. The aim of this study was to see if the location of cancers detected by the pilot screening programme differs from that of unscreened cancers. Method The colorectal cancer dataset of University Hospital Coventry was analysed retrospectively. A 7‐year period was used to include all three rounds of the pilot screening. Two groups of patients were selected, those with colorectal cancers detected by the screening programme and those detected outside of screening. The tumour location was compared in the two groups statistically (chi‐squared test). Results One thousand four hundred‐ninety patients were included, 100 of whom were in the screened population and 1390 were in the unscreened population. There was no significant difference in tumour location between the two groups (P = 0.49). Conclusion This study showed that screen‐detected cancers do not differ in their location from unscreened cancers and suggests that faecal occult blood testscreening detects cancer irrespective of location within the colon.     

Is anthracycline-based chemotherapy alone adequate for young women with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer?

Recent evidence suggests that young women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (BC) require additional treatment because of the inadequacy of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate fluorouracil (CMF) alone. Herein we report our findings from 368 premenopausal patients given adjuvant anthracycline alone. Overall, patients had a significantly increasing risk of relapse and dying with decreasing age at diagnosis and ER-negative disease. Interestingly, ER expression was not a negative prognostic factor, even among women <35 years, the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) tending to be higher in patients with ER-positive rather than -negative BC. The potential of combining anthracyclines and endocrine therapies is reviewed and discussed.     

Does obesity compromise survival in women with breast cancer?

Obesity, measured by high body mass index (BMI >30 kg/m2) is associated with an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer but the effect of obesity on prognosis is not clear. A prospectively accrued and regularly validated database of 1579 patients with breast cancer treated in a district general hospital between 1963 and 1999 was analysed for clinical and pathological tumour characteristics including the family history, grade, tumour type, treatment and outcome. The risk factors and outcome of obese and non-obese patients were compared. Breast cancer in obese women was associated with significantly larger tumour size and worse Nottingham prognostic index. There was no statistically significant difference in overall and disease-free survival between obese and non-obese group. Hazard ratios (95% Cl) were 0.81 (0.62-1.06) and 0.80 (0.63-1.01), respectively. In the present study, obesity is not an indicator of worst prognosis of breast cancer.     

Abdominal emergency in young women: gynecological or bowel disease? Two case reports

Abdominal pain is a frequent symptom in Emergency Departments. Often is not so easy make a diagnosis of cause. Particular importance in young women has differential diagnosis with gynecological diseases. Often laboratory exams have not good specificity. US and TC are the imaging techniques most used to make a diagnosis, but both have ours limits. Definitely surgeon's experience is the most important resource for a correct approach to abdominal pain. We present two cases of low abdominal pain in young women due to ovarian teratoma erroneously diagnosed as appendicitis.