Systemic oxidative stress,as measured by urinary allantoin and F2-isoprostanes,is not increased in Down syndrome

PurposeOxidative stress has been implicated in Down syndrome (DS) pathology. This study compares DS individuals and controls on their urinary levels of allantoin and 2,3-dinor-iPF2α-III; these biomarkers have been previously validated in a clinical model of oxidative stress.MethodsUrine samples were collected from 48 individuals with DS and 130 controls. Biomarkers were assayed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, normalized by urinary creatinine concentration.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and gender, mean allantoin levels were lower among DS individuals versus controls (P = .04). The adjusted mean levels of 2,3-dinor-iPF2α-III were similar in DS individuals and controls (P = .7).ConclusionsOur results do not support the hypothesis that DS individuals have chronic systemic oxidative stress.     

Higher Plasma Homocysteine Is Associated with Increased Risk of Developing Colorectal Polyps

Colorectal adenomas are considered to be precursors of colorectal cancer. B-vitamins (i.e., folate, vitamin B₆ and B₁₂) are involved in homocysteine metabolism and play an important role as coenzymes in 1-carbon metabolism, which is thought to have a critical role in the progression of colorectal polyps. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of B-vitamins and homocysteine on the risk of developing colorectal polyps. Forty-eight participants with colorectal polyps [29 adenomatous polyps (AP), 19 hyperplastic polyps (HP)], and 96 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Fasting blood was drawn from each participant to measure hematological parameters, plasma pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), serum folate and vitamin B₁₂, and plasma homocysteine. Participants with AP and HP had significantly higher plasma homocysteine levels than did healthy controls. There was no significant difference in serum folate and vitamin B₁₂ and plasma PLP among the 3 groups. B-vitamins had no significant effect on the risk of colorectal polyps. However, participants with higher plasma homocysteine [odds ratio (OR) = 1.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13, 3.08) level exhibited significantly increased risk of colorectal polyps after adjusting for potential confounders. Plasma homocysteine was a strong predictor of the risk of colorectal polyps in participants with adequate B-vitamins status.     

New insights into sperm with total globozoospermia: Increased fatty acid oxidation and centrin1 alteration

ABSTRACT

Sperm morphology and lipid profile have a relevant role in male fertility. We explore the status of the sperm centriole, essential structure for human fertilization and the role of fatty acid oxidation in globozoospermia, a rare sperm pathology causing infertility. A case of globozoospermia was characterized by light and electron microscopy, sperm immunolocalization was performed for centrin1, 8-iso-PGF_2α and peroxisome proliferator γ activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). In semen and sperm pellet, F₂-isoprostanes (F₂-IsoPs) levels were determined. Finally, the cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂) assessment was carried out in spermatozoa. The experiments were also performed in sperm from three fertile men. The results of electron microscopy analysis showed spermatozoa were round-headed without acrosome and with tail coiled around the nucleus characterized by immature chromatin. Centrin1 was located around the head in globozoospermic sperm, whereas, in sperm of controls, it appears as two spots. The 8-iso-PGF_2α was detected around the head and in the cytoplasmic residue; PPARγ was mainly present in the cytoplasmic residue and under the head. The fluorescent signals for all molecules were different in the sperm of fertile men. F₂-IsoPs levels, determined both in semen and sperm, were significantly increased (P < 0.05) and sperm cPLA₂ was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the globozoospermic patients versus fertile subjects. In conclusion, sperm with globozoospermia showed an increased susceptibility to non-enzymatic fatty acid oxidation that could be, at least in part, responsible for fertilization failure in intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The opportunity to study a peculiar sperm pathology, as globozoospermia, could provide new insights in the relationship between lipid peroxidation and male infertility.

Abbreviations: PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator γ activated receptor gamma; F₂-IsoPs: F₂-isoprostanes; cPLA₂: cytosolic phospholipase A₂; ICSI: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection; PLCζ: phospholipase C zeta; PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acid; AA: arachidonic acid; PLA₂: phospholipase A₂; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; AB: aniline blue; AO: acridine orange; FA: fatty acid; 8-iso-PGF_2α: 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α; WHO: World Health Organization; DAPI: 4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; GC/NICI-MS/MS: gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry; BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene; PGF_2α-d4: tetradeuterated derivative of Prostaglandin F_2α; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.     

Impact of Dairy Intake on Plasma F2-IsoProstane Profiles in Overweight Subjects with Hyperinsulinemia: A Randomized Crossover Trial

F₂-IsoProstanes (F₂-IsoPs) are major biomarkers of oxidative stress and are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Further, plasma levels of F₂-IsoPs may be modified by dairy products. The aim is to investigate the effect of high dairy product (HD) consumption compared to an adequate dairy product (AD) consumption on the level of F₂-IsoPs among hyperinsulinemic subjects. In this crossover study, participants were randomized in two groups: HD (≥4 servings/day), or AD (≤2 servings/day) for six weeks. Fasting blood glucose and insulin were measured. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Six isomers of F₂-IsoPs were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. Twenty-seven subjects with hyperinsulinemia (mean age; 55 ± 13 years, BMI; 31.4 ± 3.3 kg/m2) were included. Fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR were unchanged after HD or AD intervention. After HD intake, the total level of F₂-IsoPs (p = 0.03), 5-F_2t-IsoP (p = 0.002), and 8-F_2t-IsoP (p = 0.004) decreased compared to AD. The 15-F_2t-IsoP tended to be positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (r = 0.39, p = 0.08). Generally, F₂-IsoPs levels were higher among men compared to women regardless of the dairy intake. Overall, intake of HD decreased plasma levels of F₂-IsoPs compared to AD without modifying glycemic parameters.     

Alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and risk of colorectal adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps

The authors evaluated alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking in relation to risk of colorectal polyps in a Nashville, Tennessee, colonoscopy-based case-control study. In 2003-2005, cases with adenomatous polyps only (n = 639), hyperplastic polyps only (n = 294), and both types of polyps (n = 235) were compared with 1,773 polyp-free controls. Unordered polytomous logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Consumption of at least five alcoholic drinks per week was not strongly associated with development of polyps. Odds ratios for all polyp types were increased for dose, duration, and pack-years of cigarette smoking and were stronger for hyperplastic polyps than for adenoma. Compared with never smoking, dose-response relations were particularly strong for current smoking and duration; for > or =35 years of smoking, odds ratios were 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 2.5) for adenomatous polyps only, 5.0 (95% CI: 3.3, 7.3) for hyperplastic polyps only, and 6.9 (95% CI: 4.4, 11.1) for both types of polyps. Compared with current smoking, time since cessation was associated with substantially reduced odds; for > or =20 years since quitting, odds ratios were 0.4 (95% CI: 0.3, 0.6) for adenoma only, 0.2 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.3) for hyperplastic polyps only, and 0.2 (95% CI: 0.2, 0.4) for both polyp types. These findings support the adverse role of cigarette smoking in colorectal tumorigenesis and suggest that quitting smoking may substantially reduce the risk of colorectal polyps.     

The influence of marital status on the use of breast,cervical, and colorectal cancer screening

PurposeTo examine the impact of marital status on the use of screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer.MethodsWe relied on 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey age-appropriate screening cohorts. Appropriate screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer was determined according to United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendations in effect at the time of the 2012 survey. Complex samples logistic regression models were performed to examine the effect of marital status on cancer screening.ResultsOverall, 81.6, 83.9, and 68.9% of married participants underwent breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer, respectively, relative to 74.2, 75.1, and 60.9% for divorced/widowed/separated, individuals, and 74.7, 78.7, and 53.4% for never married individuals. Marital status (married vs. never married) was an independent predictor of screening for all cancers examined: breast cancer, odds ratio (OR): 1.42 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–1.61); cervical cancer, OR: 1.29 (95% CI: 1.16–1.43); colorectal cancer, OR: 1.63 (95% CI: 1.51–1.77). Gender-specific subgroup analyses for colorectal cancer suggests that marital status may exert a greater effect in men, relative to women (married men: OR 1.75, 95% CI: 1.56–1.96; married women: OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.35–1.70).ConclusionBeing married is associated with increased utilization of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening. The influence of marital status was greater in men relative to women eligible for colorectal cancer screening. Our results emphasize the importance of social determinants of health-seeking behaviors.     

Colorectal Polyp Type and the Association With Charred Meat Consumption,Smoking, and Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolase Polymorphisms

We determined the association between charred meat consumption, cigarette smoking, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) polymorphisms (rs1051740 and rs2234922), and colorectal adenomas and hyperplastic polyps (HPs) and explored gene–environment interactions. Men and women with colorectal adenomas (n = 519), HPs (n = 691), or concurrently with both types of polyps (n = 227) and polyp-free controls (n = 772) receiving a colonoscopy from December 2004 to September 2007 were recruited. Participants completed telephone interviews and provided buccal cell samples; genotyping of mEH was completed using Taqman assays. We conducted polytomous regression and calculated odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Interactions were evaluated using Wald chi-square tests. Consumption of >3 servings of charred meat per week was associated with distal HPs (OR = 2.0, 1.2–3.4) but not adenomas nor either type of proximal polyp. Heavy cigarette smoking (≥ 22 pack-years) was associated with an increased risk for colorectal adenomas (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2–2.4), HPs (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.7–3.3), and both types (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.8–4.3) with the strongest association for distal polyps. There was no association between mEH genotype and colorectal polyps, nor were any statistically significant gene–environment interactions identified. Future investigation of BaP exposure and colorectal neoplasia should analyze whether associations are dependent upon anatomic location.     

The significantly lower risk of cervical cancer at and after the recommended age to begin and end screening compared to breast and colorectal cancer

ObjectiveWe compare risk of cervical, colorectal, and breast cancer (and two pre-cancers: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2–3 and colorectal adenomas) at and after the recommended ages to begin and end screening in the United States.MethodsSurveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data were used with Monte Carlo simulations to estimate risk at and after the ages to screen.ResultsAt the age to begin screening, absolute risk of breast and colorectal cancer was 381 and 53 times higher, respectively, than cervical cancer (0.0122, 95% CI: 0.0089–0.0162 and 0.0017, 95% CI: 0.0012–0.0023 vs. 3.2e^− 5, 95% CI: 2.3e^− 5–4.3e^− 5). Risk of colorectal adenomas and breast cancer was 45 and 2.4 times higher than CIN 2–3 (0.2319, 95% CI: 0.1287–0.3624 and 0.0122, 95% CI: 0.0089–0.0017 vs. 0.0051, 95% CI: 0.0029–0.0081). After the age to end screening, breast and colorectal cancer risk was 17 and 11 times higher, respectively, than cervical cancer.ConclusionsRisk of cervical cancer at and after the recommended ages for screening is significantly lower than that of breast and colorectal cancer. Differences may become more pronounced in the era of HPV vaccines. Comparison of risk between cancers provides a novel perspective to inform future guideline development.     

Urinary F2-isoprostanes and the risk of hypertension

PurposeThere is strong biological plausibility for a causal role of reactive oxygen species in vascular pathology but no direct epidemiological evidence linking elevated reactive oxygen species levels to hypertension development. We examined cross-sectional and prospective associations between oxidative status (urinary F₂-isoprostanes) and hypertension in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study cohort (n = 831).MethodsThe cohort included non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic black individuals, with 252 (30%) having prevalent hypertension and 579 participants normotensive at baseline, 122 (21%) of whom developed hypertension during the 5-year follow-up. Four urinary F₂-isoprostane isomers were quantified in baseline specimens using LC/MS–MS and were summarized as a composite index. Examined outcomes included hypertension status (yes/no), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP).ResultsPrevalent and incident hypertension were associated with greater age, Black race, impaired glucose tolerance, and greater BMI. F₂-IsoP levels were lower among men and among non-Hispanic Blacks, were inversely associated with age, and were directly associated with BMI. No cross-sectional association was found between F₂-isoprostanes and hypertension status (OR = 0.93, 0.77–0.12). Among the continuous measures of blood pressure only PP was associated with F₂-isoprostanes at baseline (beta-coefficient = 0.99, 0.11–1.86). No prospective association was found between F₂-isoprostanes and incident hypertension: OR = 0.98, 0.77–1.25. No prospective associations were found for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure. Mean arterial pressure showed an inverse association (beta-coefficient = −0.16, −0.31 to −0.01).ConclusionsElevated F₂-isoprostane levels do not increase the risk of hypertension.     

Self-Report of Fruit and Vegetable Intake that Meets the 5 A Day Recommendation Is Associated with Reduced Levels of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Increased Levels of Antioxidant Defense in Premenopausal Women

BackgroundOxidative stress has been associated with a variety of chronic diseases and reproductive disorders. Fruits and vegetables (F/V) may contribute to antioxidant vitamin and micronutrient levels and reduce oxidative stress.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of meeting the 5 A Day For Better Health Program recommendation for F/V consumption on biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant defense.DesignIn this longitudinal study, healthy premenopausal women (n=258) were followed for ≤2 menstrual cycles with ≤16 oxidative stress measures timed to cycle phase.Main outcome measuresPlasma concentrations of F₂-isoprostane, 9-hydroxyoctadecadieneoic acid, 13-hydroxyoctadecadieneoic acid, erythrocyte activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, as well as blood micronutrient concentrations were measured. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) (1 per cycle), and 24-hour recalls (≤4 per cycle).Statistical analyses performedFruit and vegetable servings were dichotomized based on the recommendation to consume five servings of F/V each day. Linear mixed models with repeated measures were used to analyze lipid peroxidation markers, antioxidant vitamins, and antioxidant enzymes by cycle phase and in association with usual F/V intake.ResultsFor both 24-hour recall (timed to cycle phase) and cycle-specific FFQ, meeting the recommendation to consume five servings of F/V each day was associated with decreased F₂-isoprostanes (24-hour recall β=?.10 [95% CI, ?0.12 to ?0.07]; FFQ β= ?.14 [95% CI, ?0.18 to ?0.11]). Glutathione reductase was lower in association with typical consumption of five or more servings of F/V by FFQ but not in the phase-specific analysis. Higher levels of ascorbic acid, lutein, beta carotene, and beta cryptoxanthin were observed with both intake measures.ConclusionsMeeting the 5 A Day For Better Health Program recommendation was associated with lower oxidative stress and improved antioxidant status in analyses of typical diet (via FFQ) and in menstrual cycle phase-specific analyses using 24-hour recalls. Green salads were commonly eaten and increasing intake of salads may be a useful strategy to influence oxidation in reproductive aged women.     

Associations between regional socioeconomic deprivation and cancer risk: Analysis of population-based Cancer Registry data from Bavaria, Germany

ObjectivePrevious research from other countries shows a positive association between cancer risk and regional deprivation. This study explores this association for lung and colorectal cancers in Germany.MethodRegional deprivation was assessed by the ‘Bavarian Index of Multiple Deprivation’. Cancer data were provided by the Cancer Registry of Bavaria (2003–2006). The association between cancer risk and regional deprivation was evaluated by multilevel Poisson regression analysis.ResultsCrude incidence and mortality rates (per 1000 people) in the least deprived areas were 1.46 and 0.92 for lung cancer, 2.82 and 0.69 for colorectal cancer. For lung cancer, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) for incidence in the most deprived districts (compared with the least deprived) in men was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.28–1.54), for mortality 1.59 (95% CI: 1.40–1.80); in women, an elevated RR was seen for mortality (1.24, 95% CI: 1.06–1.46). For colorectal cancer, the RR for incidence (men: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.17–1.46; women: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12–1.40) and mortality (men: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.28–1.80; women: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.26–1.77) was always highest in the most deprived districts.ConclusionAt the district level in Bavaria, the risk for lung and colorectal cancers mostly increases with increasing regional deprivation.     

TGFbeta1 polymorphism (L10P) and risk of colorectal adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) is a multifunctional signalling molecule with a wide array of roles. Animal experiments suggest that TGFbeta1 plays a biphasic role in carcinogenesis by protecting against the early formation of benign epithelial growths, but promoting malignant transformation of those growths that do develop. A polymorphism in the signal peptide sequence of the TGFbeta1 gene (L10P) has been associated with increased levels of plasma TGFbeta1 in individuals with the P allele. METHODS: We investigated whether this polymorphism was associated with the risk of colorectal adenomatous or hyperplastic polyps in a case-control study of individuals from Minnesota. Risk of colorectal polyps was evaluated separately for individuals with adenomatous polyps (n = 513) and hyperplastic polyps (n = 191) relative to polyp-free controls (n = 606) using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: No overall association was seen between the L10P polymorphism and risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps. The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (OR) of developing colorectal hyperplastic polyps were 1.0 (95% CI: 0.7, 1.4) and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.4, 1.1) for individuals with the LP and PP genotypes, respectively, compared with individuals with the LL genotype. When stratified by smoking, evidence for a decreased risk of hyperplastic polyps associated with the P allele was seen only among ever smokers (P for trend = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Whereas adenoma risk did not vary by TGFbeta1 L10P genotype, these results suggest that the L10P variant allele may have a protective role in the development of colorectal hyperplastic polyps, possibly consistent with its role as an inhibitor of epithelial growths.     

Familial aggregation of diabetes and hypertension in a case-control study of colorectal neoplasia

Familial aggregation of diseases potentially associated with metabolic syndrome (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases) was assessed in a colonoscopy-based case-control study of colorectal neoplasia in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, in 1993-1996. Each familial disease was analyzed by logistic regression using generalized estimating equations. Case probands had incident adenomatous polyps (n = 172) or incident (n = 25) or prevalent (n = 132) colorectal cancer (CRC), while control probands (n = 282) had a negative colonoscopy and no history of CRC or polyps. Significant effect modification was evident in the data, with the strongest positive associations between familial diabetes and colorectal neoplasia among older probands with symptoms (parents: odds ratio (OR) = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 4.8; siblings: OR = 5.8, 95% CI: 2.6, 13.3). Familial hypertension was also associated with colorectal neoplasia among probands with symptoms (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.6). In stratified analyses, familial diabetes, hypertension, and stroke were positively associated with adenomatous polyps in subgroups of probands who were older and/or had symptoms, while only familial diabetes was possibly associated with CRC. Associations in other proband groups may have been obscured by high cumulative incidence of parental CRC. Family studies are needed to understand the contribution of specific environmental and genetic factors in accounting for the disease aggregations.     

Visceral Adipose Tissue Volume and the Occurrence of Colorectal Adenoma in Follow-up Colonoscopy for Screening and Surveillance

Whether obesity accelerates adenoma recurrence is not yet clear; therefore, we analyzed the risk factors for adenoma occurrence at follow-up colonoscopy, with a focus on visceral adiposity. In total, 1516 subjects underwent index colonoscopy, computed tomography, and questionnaire assessment from February to May 2008; 539 subjects underwent follow-up colonoscopy at the National Cancer Center at least 6 mo after the index colonoscopy. The relationships between the presence of adenoma at follow-up colonoscopy and anthropometric obesity measurements, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume, were analyzed. 188 (34.9%) had adenomatous polyps at follow-up colonoscopy. Multivariate analysis revealed that VAT volume ≥ 1000 cm³ and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² were related to the presence of adenoma at follow-up colonoscopy (VAT volume 1000–1500 cm³: odds ratio [OR] = 2.13(95% confidence interval, CI = 1.06–4.26), P = 0.034; VAT volume ≥ 1000 cm³: OR = 2.24(95% CI = 1.03–4.88), P = 0.043; BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²: OR = 4.22(95% CI = 1.12–15.93), P = 0.034). In contrast, BMI 25–29.9 kg/m², SAT volume, and WC were not associated with the presence of adenoma at follow-up colonoscopy. In conclusion, excess VAT can contribute to the development and growth of new colorectal adenomas, and is a better predictor of colorectal adenoma occurrence at follow-up colonoscopy than BMI, WC, and SAT volume.     

Exercise facility availability and incidence of type 2 diabetes and complications in Spain: A population-based retrospective cohort 2015–2018

BackgroundTo study the association between exercise facility availability and type 2 diabetes incidence and its complications, and to explore effect modification by socioeconomic status (SES) and sex in the Madrid adult population.MethodsA multilevel longitudinal design, based on a population-based retrospective cohort including 1,214,281 residents of Madrid (Spain) aged 40–75 years from 2015 to 2018. Outcomes were type 2 diabetes incidence and macrovascular (cardiac ischemia and/or stroke) and microvascular (chronic kidney disease, retinopathy, and/or peripheral vascular disease) complications in those with diabetes at baseline. Exercise facility availability was defined as the count of exercise facilities in a 1000 m street network buffer around each participant's residence. Poisson regression models with robust standard errors were used to estimate the risk ratios (RR). Interactions were explored with SES tertiles and by sex.ResultsResidents living in areas with lower exercise facility availability showed higher risk of type 2 diabetes (RR_tertile3vs1 = 1.25, CI95% 1.21–1.30) as well as macrovascular (RR_{Tertile 3vs1} = 1.09 CI95% 1.00–1.19), and microvascular (RR_{Tertile 3vs1} = 1.10 CI95% 1.01–1.19) complications. Associations were strongest in low SES areas for type 2 diabetes (RR_{tertile3vs1-LOW-SES} = 1.22, CI95% 1.12–1.32; RR_{tertile3vs1-HIGH-SES} = 0.91, CI95% 0.85–0.98) and microvascular complications (RR_{tertile3vs1-LOW-SES} = 1.12, CI95% 0,94–1,33; RR_{tertile3vs1-HIGH-SES} = 0.88, CI95% 0.73–1.05).ConclusionsLiving in areas with lower availability of exercise facilities was associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes and its complications. Increasing exercise opportunities, particularly in low SES areas, could help reduce the social gradient of diabetes and its complications.     

Effects of deep-frying oil on blood pressure and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats

ObjectiveIngestion of deep-frying oil has been reported to cause physiologic and histologic changes in experimental animals' tissue, increase the oxidative stress, and possibly lead to death. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of deep-frying oil on oxidative stress and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats.MethodsDeep-frying oil was prepared by frying fresh soybean oil at 180 ± 5°C for 8 h each day, for 4 consecutive days. Male SHR and WKY rats were fed diets containing 15% fresh soybean oil or deep-frying oil (DO) for 10 wk.ResultsRats ingesting the DO diet had lower feed efficiency and higher relative liver and kidney weights but deep frying had no significant influence on blood pressure in WKY or SHR rats. The DO diet had no effect on plasma renin activity, aldosterone content, or tissue angiotension-I–converting enzyme activity. WKY rats fed the DO diet showed significantly increased urinary thromboxane B₂ and 8-iso-prostaglandin F_2α excretion, but not urinary 6-keto-prostaglandin F_1α excretion. Diets containing deep-frying oil resulted in increased plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and nitric oxide contents and decreased plasma total antioxidant capacity in SHR and WKY rats.ConclusionThe ingestion of deep-frying oil seemed not to influence blood pressure or its related parameters, but altered eicosanoid metabolism and elevated oxidative stress in SHR and WKY rats.     

Zero effect of multiple dosage of olive leaf supplements on urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy humans

ObjectiveWe determined the effect of dietary supplementation with an olive leaf capsule or liquid extract on oxidative status of young and healthy male and female subjects.MethodsThis was a single-center, randomized, single-blinded, prospective pilot comparison of the effect of dietary supplementation with olive leaf extracts. Healthy young adult male and female subjects (n = 45) were randomized into three groups and received daily doses of control, capsule, or liquid extract of olive leaf. Urinary F_2α-isoprostane, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, and Folin-Ciocalteu total reducing power were measured to assess the impact of supplementation.ResultsBaseline values (mean ± standard deviation) of the biomarkers were 0.24 ± 0.13 μg, 9.16 ± 2.94 μg, and 424.9 ± 121.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of creatinine, respectively, for the control group. Using these markers, supplementation with liquid or capsule did not alter oxidative status compared with the control group. Possible reasons for the lack of an observed correlation are presented.ConclusionDietary supplementation with olive leaf extract did not alter the oxidative status of healthy young adults.     

Prospective study of alcohol consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer before and after folic acid fortification in the United States

PurposeTo evaluate the influence of alcohol consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer according to folic acid fortification period in the United States.MethodsWe evaluated the association between alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer by fortification period (before 1998 vs. after 1998) in 2 prospective cohort studies, the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) of women and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) of men, in which 2793 cases of invasive colorectal cancer were documented.ResultsAlcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Among nonusers of multivitamins and/or folic acid supplements, the pooled multivariate relative risk for ≥30 g/d drinkers versus nondrinkers was 1.36 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.09–1.70; P for trend, 0.02). The effect of alcohol consumption was slightly stronger in the prefolic acid fortification period (1980 NHS/1986 HPFS-1998) than in the postfortification period (1998–2008); the pooled multivariate relative risks for ≥30 g/d drinkers versus nondrinkers were 1.31 (95% CI, 1.00–1.71; P for trend, 0.10) in the prefortification period and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.69–1.65; P for trend, 0.67) in the postfortification period.ConclusionsFolic acid fortification may attenuate the adverse effect of high alcohol consumption on the risk of colorectal cancer.     

Foods and food groups associated with the incidence of colorectal polyps: the Adventist Health Study

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The majority of CRC arise in adenomatous polyps and 25-35% of colon adenoma risk could be avoidable by modifying diet and lifestyle habits. We assessed the association between diet and the risk of self-reported physician-diagnosed colorectal polyps among 2,818 subjects who had undergone colonoscopy. Subjects participated in 2 cohort studies: the AHS-1 in 1976 and the AHS-2 from 2002-2005. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the period risk of incident cases of polyps; 441 cases of colorectal polyps were identified. Multivariate analysis adjusted by age, sex, body mass index, and education showed a protective association with higher frequency of consumption of cooked green vegetables (OR 1 time/d vs. <5/wk = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.59-0.97) and dried fruit (OR 3+ times/wk vs. <1 time/wk = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.58-0.99). Consumption of legumes at least 3 times/wk reduced the risk by 33% after adjusting for meat intake. Consumption of brown rice at least 1 time/wk reduced the risk by 40%. These associations showed a dose-response effect. High frequency of consumption of cooked green vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, and brown rice was associated with a decreased risk of colorectal polyps.     

The relation of magnesium and calcium intakes and a genetic polymorphism in the magnesium transporter to colorectal neoplasia risk

BACKGROUND: Mean magnesium intake in the US population does not differ from that in East Asian populations with traditionally low risks of colorectal cancer and other chronic diseases, but the ratio of calcium to magnesium (Ca:Mg) intake is much higher in the US population. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a newly found gene essential to magnesium absorption and homeostasis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to test whether the association of colorectal polyps with intake of calcium, magnesium, or both and Thr1482Ile polymorphism in the TRPM7 gene is modified by the Ca:Mg intake. DESIGN: Included in the study were a total of 688 adenoma cases, 210 hyperplastic polyp cases, and 1306 polyp-free controls from the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study. RESULTS: We found that total magnesium consumption was linked to a significantly lower risk of colorectal adenoma, particularly in those subjects with a low Ca:Mg intake. An inverse association trend was found for hyperplastic polyps. We also found that the common Thr1482Ile polymorphism was associated with an elevated risk of both adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps. Moreover, this polymorphism significantly interacted with the Ca:Mg intake in relation to both adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps. The subjects who carried >or=1 1482Ile allele and who consumed diets with a high Ca:Mg intake were at a higher risk of adenoma (odds ratio: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.29) and hyperplastic polyps (odds ratio: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.14) than were the subjects who did not carry the polymorphism. CONCLUSION: These findings, if confirmed, may provide a new avenue for the personalized prevention of magnesium deficiency and, thus, colorectal cancer.