严重肝病患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管术后护理

严重肝病患者常伴凝血机制障碍,病程长,病情重,长期静脉输液,外周表浅静脉质量差且破坏严重,穿刺后易形成局部紫斑和渗漏、导致皮肤坏死等严重并发症。选择外周静脉置人中心静脉导管(PICC)后,解决了外周静脉质量差,长期输液困难的问题,提高了治疗效果,现将应用体会介绍如下。     

外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管的护理

2000～2002年，我们对16例患者实施外周静脉穿刺中心静脉导管置入术(PICC)，取得了良好效果。现将护理体会报告如下。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管常见并发症防治与护理

经外周中静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）已发展为一种安全有效的置管技术,其操作方法简单,可床旁操作,穿刺成功率高、留置时间长,并发症较少。具有减轻患者反复穿刺的痛苦,提高患者生活质量,也为患者赢得抢救时机。临床中广泛应用于长期静脉输液、静脉化疗、胃肠外营养等患者,为患者提供一条安全、可靠的深静脉通道。我院2008年1月—2011年5月开展PICC置管术228例,现将置管患者常见并发症防治与护理体会总结如下。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管临床应用新进展

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）是由外周静脉（贵要静脉、肘正中静脉、头静脉）穿刺插管,其尖端定位于上腔静脉的导管,临床上广泛用于需长期静脉输液、化疗、胃肠外营养（PN）、使用刺激外周静脉的药物、缺乏外周静脉通路、家庭病床、早产儿、中心静脉压测量等患者。     

老年患者经外周置入中心静脉导管术后发生上肢静脉血栓的危险因素分析

目的对老年患者经外周置入中心静脉导管(PICC)术后上肢静脉血栓发生的多因素分析。方法选择我院PICC术的650例患者,分为血栓组233例和对照组417例,对2组患者的临床资料进行回顾性单因素分析和logistic多元回归分析。结果 650例患者中,发生上肢深静脉血栓233例,血栓发生率35.8%。血栓组患者的年龄[(86.2±6.3)岁vs(78.9±9.7)岁]和体质量指数[(24.5±3.5)kg/m2 vs(23.3±3.0)kg/m2]显著高于对照组(P0.01),血栓组恶性肿瘤(44.2%vs 22.8%)、血栓史(18.0%vs 8.4%)、慢性肾功能不全(23.6%vs 6.0%)、近期手术外伤史(25.3%vs 0.7%)、年龄80岁的比例(89.3%vs 50.8%)明显高于对照组(P0.01)。logistic多元回归分析显示,年龄、慢性肾功能不全和近期手术外伤史是老年患者PICC术后上肢静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素(P=0.000)。结论老年患者PICC术后上肢静脉血栓形成的危险因素很多,有年龄、体质质量指数、恶性肿瘤、血栓病史、慢性肾功能不全、近期手术外伤史、置管手臂、PICC管尖端位置,其中年龄、慢性肾功能不全和近期手术外伤史是老年患者PICC术后上肢静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素。     

中心静脉导管置管护理研究进展

外周置入中心静脉导管(periphelly inserted central catheter,PICC)技术已广泛应用临床。PICC导管为硅胶材料制成,其柔软性和生物相容性好,可在血管内长期留置。这减轻了患者因每天注射所带来的痛苦,帮助临床护理人员解决了静脉穿刺困难的问题。现在关于PICC报道的文献非常多,大致包括置管前后的护理,并发症的预防及护理等。本文就PICC     

护理干预对外周静脉置入中心静脉导管患者疾病不确定感的影响

目的探讨护理有效沟通对外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）脑梗死患者疾病不确定感的影响。方法将66例PICC置管患者随机分为常规组（30例）和沟通组（36例），分别给予常规健康教育模式和护理干预有效沟通模式。分别比较入院时、出院时疾病不确定感评分。结果两组患者疾病不确定感（不明确性、复杂性、信息缺乏性、不可性预知性）评分出院时均较入院时降低（P〈0．01），且沟通组明显低于常规组（P〈0．01）。结论护理有效沟通干预有助于降低PICC置管患者的疾病不确定感。     

外周静脉置入中心静脉导管并发症的观察与护理

外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）是一种能够满足各种静脉给药的深静脉导管，在国外早已广泛应用，它以其独特的优点在临床应用。近年来，我们已在ICU病人中广泛应用。现就我们2003—12／2004—12应用PICC置管15例病人护理体会，介绍如下。     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管后上肢静脉血栓形成的早期诊断价值

目的探讨运用彩色多普勒超声结合血清D-二聚体对经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)后,上肢静脉血栓形成的早期诊断价值。方法选择行PICC置管患者148例,共183条上肢静脉,置入PICC的上肢静脉进行定期检查。于置入PICC前行超声及D-二聚体检测,置入PICC后每周进行D-二聚体检测,每2周进行超声检查,如上肢出现浮肿、疼痛等症状或D-二聚体值大于标准值500μg/L,即行超声检查。结果 148例患者183条上肢静脉中,32条(17.5%)被临床确诊为血栓,均被超声检出。置入PICC后发生血栓的患者D-二聚体显著高于未发生血栓者,差异有统计学意义[(1052±717)μg/L vs(423±420)μg/L,P<0.01]。结论 PICC置管后上肢静脉发生血栓的概率较高,彩色多普勒超声结合血清D-二聚体检测对静脉血栓的早期发现有重要价值。     

纳米银抗菌贴膜在AIDS患者PICC置管术中应用效果分析

目的 比较透明贴膜和纳米银抗菌贴膜在AIDS患者经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted centralcatheter,PICC)术后的应用效果.方法 将68例PICC术后的AIDS患者随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组使用纳米银抗菌贴膜,对照组使用透明贴膜,观察2组的舒适度和局部感染情况.结果 试验组自觉舒适感优于对照组,局部感染率低于对照组(P均＜0.05).结论 AIDS患者PICC术后早期使用纳米银抗菌贴膜,舒适度好,局部感染率低.     

High rate of complications associated with peripherally inserted central venous catheters in patients with solid tumours

BACKGROUND: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) have been used extensively as a cost-effective and safe form of medium-term intravascular access. There are only limited data about complications of PICC lines in oncology patients despite theoretical concerns about the higher risks of complications in these patients as a result of cancer itself and cancer therapy. AIMS: To document the frequency and type of PICC complications in patients with solid tumours. METHODS: All patients with solid tumours who were treated at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia between January 2000 and March 2001 were included in a retrospective review of PICC complications. RESULTS: Twenty-seven PICC lines were inserted in 17 patients; 40.7% (11/27) of PICC lines developed complications requiring early removal of the PICC. Complications encountered were sepsis (systemic and cellulitis), thrombosis, blockage and leakage. Septic complications were found at a rate of 8/1000 PICC days or 25.7% (7/27) of PICC inserted. The median dwell time was 20 days. The mean time for a complication to occur was 27.5 days. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates a high rate of complications, which is higher than the complication rates reported in studies of non-oncology patients. PICC lines should be used with caution in patients with solid tumours. Prospective studies of the factors influencing the incidence of complications might be warranted.     

Intravenous electrocardiographic guidance for placement of peripherally inserted central catheters

Background

Correct positioning of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) is essential to avoid complications. We evaluated intravenous electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings during PICC placement to assess the effectiveness of this guidance technique to reduce complications resulting from incorrect catheter placement.

Methods

Six patients undergoing PowerPICC catheter insertion were included in this pilot study. Venography through the PICC was performed to identify the superior vena cava-right atrial (SVC-RA) junction. Unipolar ECG recordings from the catheter stylet measured P-wave changes during PICC insertion.

Results

The peak P-wave amplitude was highest at the SVC-RA junction. With catheter insertion into the RA, P-wave amplitude decreased and eventually became negative. With catheter withdrawal into the SVC, P-wave amplitude decreased.

Conclusions

P-wave amplitude was highest when the PICC catheter was in the optimal location at the SVC-RA junction. Intravenous ECG monitoring during PICC insertion seems to be a promising technique to guide catheter positioning.     

Peripherally inserted central venous catheters for treatment of cystic fibrosis

Patients who have cystic fibrosis (CF) are frequently hospitalized for long-term intravenous (IV) treatment. We evaluated clinical effectiveness of the Drum-Cartridge Catheter (Abbott Laboratories) for such patients. The catheter is placed peripherally under local anesthesia via an antecubital vein into the superior vena cava or right atrium. Patients who were more than 10 years of age and who were hospitalized for IV antibiotic therapy and/or IV hyperalimentation were studied. All but 2 patients had CF. Using an aseptic technique the catheters were inserted into the basilic or cephalic vein. Chest radiographs were used to confirm the final location of the catheter. Catheters were used to administer IV antibiotics, hyperalimentation, and lipids. There were 38 catheterizations in 23 patients; several patients had repeated insertions at later admissions. The success rate of insertion was 86% with 31 of the 38 insertions initially located either in the superior vena cava or right atrium. Mean duration of catheterization was 15.4 days (range 5-49 days). No major complications such as sepsis, catheter or clot embolism, pneumothorax, vascular perforation, or hemorrhage occurred in the patients who had DF. Complications that required displacement of catheter into the axillary vein (1 patient), and cracked catheter hub (1 patient). This study shows that the Drum-Cartridge Catheter can be used easily for IV therapy of patients who have CF for a long duration, repeatedly, and with no major complications.     

感染相关性儿童肝病

儿童时期各种嗜肝病毒和其他病毒感染以及各种细菌、真菌等不同病原体感染都可累及肝脏,肝脏病变常为全身感染的一部分,较少引起典型的肝炎症状,也可出现严重的肝损伤。机体免疫状态与临床特征密切相关。急性病毒性肝炎病理多为肝脏全小叶细胞的弥漫性变性,慢性肝炎特征为肝实质与汇管区的炎症与纤维化等。不同细菌、真菌感染可引起肝脏化脓性病变,也可以肉芽肿的病变为主,需要综合全面分析临床资料等确诊。     

Complications of central venous catheters in patients with haemophilia and inhibitors

We report our clinical experience with central venous catheters (CVCs) in 15 patients with haemophilia who, in total, had 34 catheters inserted. Eighteen devices were Hickman, six were Port-A-Cath and 10 were nontunnelled catheters (one Quinton, seven antecubital, one jugular and one subclavian vein access). All patients had factor VIII/IX inhibitors at the time of insertion. The mean age at operation was 8.8 years (range 16 months-39 years). Eight of the 15 patients (26/34 implanted catheters, 76%) presented some kind of complication. Pericatheter bleeding during the postoperative period affected a total of seven CVCs (7/34, 20%) in six patients, which required substitutive treatment for several days. Infection was reported in 15 of the CVCs (15/34, 44%), and four of these (4/15, 26%) had more than one episode, with a mean of 1.4 infection episodes per catheter (21/15). The infection rate was 0.2 infections per 1000 patient days or 0.1 per 1000 catheter days. Despite the usefulness of CVCs in haemophilic patients, the high incidence of complications requires careful assessment of the type of device as well as continuous surveillance.     

Out of hospital treatment of patients with melioidosis using ceftazidime in 24 h elastomeric infusors, via peripherally inserted central catheters

BACKGROUND: In the tropical north of the Northern Territory, Australia, 25-50 patients are admitted to Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH) each year with Burkholderia pseudomallei infection, or melioidosis. Treatment consists of initial intensive therapy with 2-4 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. Clinical improvement may occur early and patients often prefer to be managed out of hospital in the Hospital in the Home (HITH). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate safety and efficacy of HITH management of patients with melioidosis. METHODS: A prospective observational study of our standard management which consists of 24 h infusions of ceftazidime infused through a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line, plus oral sulphamethoxazole trimethoprim. Treatment is administered in the home, which may be in Darwin, regional areas or remote communities, or in a self-care unit located in the hospital grounds. RESULTS: From February 1998 to December 2001 150 patients were admitted to RDH with culture confirmed B. pseudomallei infection. Of these, 73 patients were treated with 24 h infusions of ceftazidime, of which 70 patients were managed by HITH. Complications of treatment include a PICC line complication rate of 10.6/1000 days in situ. Nine patients had relapse or recrudescence of disease, nearly all as a result of poor adherence to subsequent oral eradication therapy, these patients were all re-treated successfully. One patient remains infected with B. pseudomallei. CONCLUSION: This clinical outcome study suggests that out of hospital management of melioidosis with 24 h infusions of ceftazidime via a PICC line is safe and effective.     

健康人群和肝病患者中检测TTV的意义

目的了解新型肝炎病毒－ＴＴＶ的致病性和在健康人群和肝病患者中的流行情况．方法收集１８０份健康体检患者血清和１５６份不同类型肝病患者血清,采用ＰＣＲ方法检测ＴＴＶ的ＤＮＡ．同时检测ＨＡＶ,ＨＢＶ,ＨＣＶ,ＨＥＶ和ＨＧＶ感染标志,比较分析ＴＴＶ在健康人群和不同类型肝病患者中流行情况及其致病性．结果健康体检人群和肝病患者中,ＴＴＶＤＮＡ检出率分别为２２％和４５％,两组间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞００５）．体检人群中,ＡＬＴ正常和升高者的检出率分别为１７％和１４３％．急性肝炎,慢性肝炎和肝硬变者的检出率分别为４８％,４３％和４７％．１１例阳性患者中,３例ＡＬＴ正常,８例ＡＬＴ异常．在８例ＡＬＴ异常患者中,６例为ＨＢＶ现行感染,１例为ＨＣＶ现行感染,仅１例为ＮＡ－Ｇ肝炎患者．结论在中国健康体检人群和肝病患者中能检出低水平的ＴＴＶ现行感染．但似乎仅引起个别患者的转氨酶轻度升高．ＴＴＶ的致病性可能较弱或需要其他因素协同致病．     

慢性肝病患者血清层粘蛋白及透明质酸的变化

目的研究血清层粘蛋白（ＬＮ）和透明质酸（ＨＡ）对慢性肝病的诊断意义。方法检测急慢性肝炎及肝硬变患者血清ＬＮ和ＨＡ浓度，与肝功能及食管静脉曲张程度和肝脏病理进行比较。结果慢性肝炎血清ＬＮ明显高于健康者和急性肝炎，肝硬变患者血清ＬＮ升高幅度较大，是慢性肝炎（ＣＨ）患者的１．８倍（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＨＡ以４００μｇ／Ｌ为界，ＬＮ以１５０μｇ／Ｌ为界，肝硬变同时升高者占８５．２％。ＣＨ则为９．７％，两组比较差异非常明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。慢性丙型肝炎患者早期血清ＬＮ就显著升高，电镜观察发现丙型肝炎患者贮脂细胞及成纤维细胞增多，此种病理现象较ＣＨ患者明显。结论联合检测血清ＬＮ和ＨＡ对区分肝纤维化与肝硬变有意义