肌层浸润性膀胱癌保留膀胱手术后不同辅助治疗方法的疗效评价

目的探索保留膀胱手术＋动脉灌注化疗＋膀胱内灌注化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法对经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切或膀胱部分切除术后确诊为肌层浸润性膀胱癌（T2N0M0）的168例患者,充分向患者及其家属介绍病情和治疗建议,对拒绝或不适合膀胱全切的患者经患者及其家属同意,均采用保留膀胱治疗方法,分为3个治疗组：（1）综合治疗组：68例,术后采用动脉灌注化疗＋膀胱灌注化疗;（2）动脉灌注化疗组：48例,术后仅采用动脉灌注化疗;（3）膀胱灌注化疗组：52例,术后仅采用膀胱灌注化疗。结果168例膀胱癌（T2N0M0）患者,观察期内,综合治疗组患者中92．65％（63／68）无复发及转移,7．45％（5／68）分别在术后6、8、12、18、20个月复发,2．94％（2／68）在术后6、13个月出现全身多处转移死亡,11．76％（8／88）非膀胱癌导致死亡。动脉灌注化疗组患者中79．17％（38／48）无复发及转移,20．83％（10／48）在术后1～28个月复发,4．17％（2／48）在术后9、18个月出现全身多处转移死亡,12．50％（6／48）非膀胱癌导致死亡。膀胱灌注化疗组患者中44．23％（23／52）无复发及转移,55．77％（29／52）在术后1～24个月复发,15．38％（8／52）在术后10～96个月转移而死亡,13．46％（7／52）非膀胱癌导致死亡。3组疗效按复发率任何两组间比较,均有统计学差别（P均〈0．05）。3组疗效按癌性死亡率任何两组间比较,综合治疗组与动脉灌注化疗组相比,差异无统计学意义（P均〉O．05）;综合治疗组、动脉灌注化疗组均低于膀胱灌注化疗组,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈O．05）。3组患者分组治疗后非膀胱癌导致死亡率任何两组间比较,无统计学差异（P均〉o．05）。结论肌层浸润性膀胱癌（T2N0M0）患者,采用保留膀胱手术＋髂内动脉灌注化疗＋膀胱内灌注化疗的综合治疗方法,能有效减少肿瘤复发、预防转移、提高患者的生活质量,患者易于接受,值得进一步探讨。     

5-ALA荧光膀胱镜的应用对非肌层浸润性膀胱癌早期复发率的影响

目的：探讨5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-ALA）荧光膀胱镜的应用对非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后早期复发率的影响。方法：将90例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者随机分为两组,每组45例,分别在白光膀胱镜和5-ALA荧光膀胱镜下行TURBt,术后6周所有患者均行5-ALA荧光膀胱镜检查以观察肿瘤复发情况,并对复发肿瘤行二次TURBt。结果：行二次TURBt后,90例患者中,25例（27．7％）发现有肿瘤发生,其中自光膀胱镜组18例（40％）,荧光膀胱镜组7例（15．5％）,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．05）。结论：5=ALA荧光膀胱镜对膀胱肿瘤的诊断和治疗具有较高价值,可以显著降低非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后早期复发率。     

保留膀胱手术后不同辅助治疗方法治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效评价

目的：探索保留膀胱手术＋动脉灌注化疗＋膀胱内灌注化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法：对经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切或膀胱部分切除术后确诊为肌层浸润性膀胱癌（T2N0M0）的168例患者均采用保留膀胱治疗方法,分为三个治疗组：综合治疗组68例,术后采用动脉灌注化疗＋膀胱灌注化疗;动脉灌注化疗组48例,术后仅采用动脉灌注化疗;膀胱灌注化疗组52例,术后仅采用膀胱灌注化疗。结果：观察期内,综合治疗组患者中92．6％（63／68）无复发及转移,2．9％（2／68）在术后6、13个月出现全身多处转移死亡。动脉灌注化疗组患者中79．2％（38／48）无复发及转移,4．2％（2／48）在术后9、18个月出现全身多处转移死亡。膀胱灌注化疗组患者中44．2％（23／52）无复发及转移,15．4％（8／52）在术后10～96个月转移而死亡。三组疗效按复发率任何两组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。按癌性死亡率比较,综合治疗组、动脉灌注化疗组分别与膀胱灌注化疗组的差异均有统计学意义（P〉〈0．05）。结论：肌层浸润性膀胱癌（T2N0M0）患者,采用保留膀胱手术＋髂内动脉灌注化疗＋膀胱内灌注化疗的综合治疗方法,能有效减少肿瘤复发、预防转移、提高患者的生活质量,患者易于接受,值得进一步探讨。     

上尿路肿瘤术后膀胱内灌注化疗价值的探讨

目的：探讨上尿路肿瘤术后预防性膀胱内灌注化疗的价值。方法：选取诊断为单侧上尿路肿瘤、无淋巴结及远处转移、不伴发膀胱肿瘤及无膀胱癌病史并行根治性肾输尿管全切除术的患者82例,对其中41例术后接受膀胱内灌注化疗者（研究组）与41例未接受膀胱内灌注化疗者（对照组）进行1：1配对研究,配对条件为肿瘤的病理分期、单发／多发和所处器官一致,患者的性别相同。研究组术后行羟基喜树碱膀胱内灌注化疗,每次40mg,每周1次,共6～8次;对照组随诊观察。结果：平均随访46（26～66）个月,研究组及对照组术后膀胱癌的发生率分别为22．0％（9例）及43．9％（18例）（P〈0．05）,再发膀胱癌的中位时间分别为13（3～59）个月及28（3～57）个月（P〈0．05）。结论：对不伴发膀胱癌及无膀胱癌病史的上尿路肿瘤患者,根治术后短疗程的羟基喜树碱膀胱内灌注化疗可有效降低膀胱癌的再发比例,延长肿瘤的再发时间。     

两种经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效比较

目的：比较非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的两种经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除手术治疗效果。方法将71例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者随机分为两组,分别采用经尿道钬激光切除术（ HoLRBT,n ＝33例）和等离子电切术（ TURBT,n＝38例）治疗,比较两组疗效。结果两组患者手术时间、术后住院天数、复发率、治愈率比较,差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）;但HoLRBT组术中出血量、闭孔神经反射、膀胱穿孔、术后低钠血症发生率明显低于TURBT组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。结论较之 TURBT,HoLRBT在治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌方面具有安全、有效、并发症少等特点,优势明显。     

膀胱内灌注纤维蛋白溶解抑制药物对卡介苗预防膀胱癌复发的影响

目的 探讨纤维蛋白溶解抑制药物作为卡介苗（BCG）的佐剂与BCG联合膀胱内灌注治疗对BCG预防膀胱癌术后复发的影响。方法 将行手术治疗后的326例浅表性膀胱移行细胞癌（BTCC）患者随机分成A组[66例,其中经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBT）59例、膀胱部分切除术7例]、B组（64例,其中行TURBT60例,膀胱部分切除术4例）、C组（65例,其中行TURBT61例、膀胱部分切除术4例）、D组（64例,其中行TURBT59例、膀胱部分切除术5例）及E组（67例,其中行TURBT61例、膀胱部分切除术6例）,A组患者术后定期膀胱内灌注BCG 100～120mg＋氨甲苯酸（PAMBA）0．1g,B组灌注BCG 50～60mg＋PAMBA0．1g,C组灌注BCG100～120mg＋氨基己酸（EACA）2．0g,D组灌注BCG 50～60mg＋EACA2．0g,E组灌注BCG 100～120mg,每周1次,6次后每月1次。灌注后每3个月行膀胱镜检查。结果 术后随访4～69个月,平均28．5个月,A、B、C、D组膀胱癌的复发率分别为12％（7／59）,10％（6／58）,9％（5／54）和9％（5／56）,低于E组的30％（17／57）,差异均有统计学意义（x。值分别为5．699,6．818,7．380,7．867,P值分别为0．017,0．009,0．007,0．005）;BCG剂量减少的B、D组复发率与A组、C组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,毒副反应发生率B、D组分别为3％（2／60）、5％（3／59）,较A、C组的11％（7／66）、13％（8／62）降低。结论 纤维蛋白溶解抑制药物PAMBA、EACA可作为BCG的佐剂,与BCG联合膀胱内灌注治疗可增强BCG预防膀胱癌术后复发的疗效,BCG剂量减半后疗效不降低。     

SHH和PTCH蛋白在膀胱移形细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨Hedgehog信号通路中SHH和PTCH蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌中的异常表达及其临床意义。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测30例膀胱癌及10例正常膀胱黏膜中SHH和PTCH蛋白的表达情况，并分析其阳性率与肿瘤分级分期的关系。结果 SHH和PTCH蛋白表达于膀胱移行细胞癌细胞的胞质，阳性表达率分别为53．33％和60．00％，正常膀胱黏膜中未见两者的阳性表达；SHH、PTCH蛋白在表浅性膀胱癌的阳性表达率分别为70％和75％，高于浸润性膀胱癌（P〈0．05）；SHH、PTCH蛋白在高中分化膀胱癌的阳性表达率分别为68％和79％，高于浸润性膀胱癌（P〈0．05）。结论 SHH和PTCH蛋白在膀胱癌中过度表达，两者的阳性率与膀胱癌的分级分期有关，提示Hh通路的激活可能部分参与膀胱癌的发生过程。     

原位回肠和乙状结肠新膀胱尿动力学的比较分析

目的：比较、分析根治性全膀胱术后,原位回肠和乙状结肠新膀胱的尿动力学结果,为选择更为理想的新膀胱提供依据。方法：2002年1月～2009年6月间,将60例浸润性膀胱癌患者随机行根治性全膀胱切除、原位回肠新膀胱术（A组,男29例,女1例,平均54岁）和根治性全膀胱切除、原位乙状结肠新膀胱术（B组,男28例,女2例,平均55岁）。术后18～24个月比较分析两组患者储尿囊及流出道的尿动力学检查结果。结果：储尿囊最大容量、储尿囊最大内压、最大尿流率、剩余尿量、昼尿可控率、夜尿可控率A组分别为（556．0±110．5）ml、（1.695±0．598）kPa、（18．2±2．3）ml／s、（81．3±3．3）ml、90．0％、83．3％;B组分别为（410．2±90．2）ml、（1．784±0．843）kPa、（17．3i2．8）ml／S、（79．3土d．3）ml、86．7％、80．0％。两组储尿囊最大容量差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,储尿囊最大内压、剩余尿量、最大尿流率、昼夜尿町控率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论两种术式术后均获得较好的控尿和排尿疗效,术者可以根据肠系膜的长短,擅长的手术方式选择新膀胱的方法。     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术后补救性动脉介入化疗治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效分析

目的：探讨补救性髂内动脉化疗存经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术（transurethralresectionofbladdertumor,TURBT）后证实为肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者中的治疗价值。方法：对34例TURBT患者术后基底部活检及病理结果证实为肌层浸润性的膀胱肿瘤患者行补救性髂内动脉化疗3次。方案为顺铂80mg、表柔吡星50mg、5-氟尿嘧啶1g（或羟基喜树碱30mg）。观察患者肿瘤复发率,Kaplan—Meier法计算总体生存率,肿瘤特异性生存率,无肿瘤复发生存率,并绘制生存曲线。结果：术后经3次补救性髂内动脉化疗及常规膀胱灌注后,29例患者得到保留膀胱（保留膀胱率85．3％）,肿瘤复发13例（肿瘤复发率38．2％）。其中,浅表性复发7例,行TURBT治疗;浸润性复发5例,行全膀胱切除术;骨转移l例,行全身化疗。总体生存率：3年69．78％,5年62．03％。肿瘤特异性生存率：3年77．43％,5年68．83％。无肿瘤复发生存率：1年93．10％,2年70．23％．3年46．82％。结论：补救性动脉介入化疗是TuRBT术后基底部活检及病理结果证实为肌层浸润性的膀胱肿瘤的良好选择。     

局部进展期结直肠癌侵及膀胱的扩大根治性手术

目的 探讨局部进展期结直肠癌（LACRC）侵及膀胱的外科治疗。方法 对侵及膀胱的LACRC 24例进行回顾性分析。结果 原发癌22例,复发癌2例。所有患均行扩大根治性手术,切除范围包括全膀胱切除8例（TC组）和部分膀胱切除16例（PC组）。住院期间的病死率为0,并发症发生率为33．3％（8／24）,其中TC组2例,PC组6例。总的复发率为33．3％（8／24）,TC组和PC组的复发率相近,分别为37．5％和31．2％（P＞0．05）。本组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为91．1％、58．3％和46．6％,其中TC组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为100％、51．4％和51．4％,而PC组则分别为86．7％、61．5％和43．9％,两组间差异无显性意义（P＞0．05）。结论 对侵及膀胱的LACRC应根据具体情况选择合适的手术治疗,根治性手术可望提高患术后生存率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.