Optical coherence tomography assessed retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the difference of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness between Alzheimer’s disease patients and normal people, so as to provide clue for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. METHODS: The articles on the association of RNFL thickness and Alzheimer’s disease were retrieved by searching international and national databases. The qualified articles were assessed by meta analysis with Stata11.0 software. The results were pooled using weighted mean difference (WMD) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Totally 7 studies enrolled 324 eyes were included in the meta-analysis. The results of meta analysis showed that in AD patients, there was a significant average RNFL thickness reduction compared with the control group [WMD=-17.561, 95%CI: (-23.971, -11.151)]. There were significant differences in superior, inferior, nasal and temporal RNFL thickness between the two groups. WMD with a 95%CI were [-18.829, 95%CI:(-25.915, -11.743); P<0.05], [-25.775, 95%CI:(-34.304, -17.247); P<0.05], [-16.877, 95%CI: (-29.141, -4.613); P<0.001] and [-14.565, 95%CI:(-28.002, -1.128); P<0.001] respectively. Begg’s test and Egger’s test did not show significant difference, funnel plot was basically symmetrical, indicating that there was no publication bias existed. CONCLUSION: There are significant differences in the RNFL thickness in all quadrants between the two groups. RNFL thickness is reduced in AD patients compared with the control group.     

Comparison of early-stage SD-OCT findings in patients with primer open angle glaucoma and Parkinson’s disease

AIM: To provide an insight to the common pathophysiology of both most frequent and neurodegenerative diseases by comparing thickness parameters of macula and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with early stage of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and early stage of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 48 patients with an early stage of POAG, 34 patients with an early stage of PD and 37 age- and gender-matched healthy eyes as a control group. The RNFL and macular thicknesses in the nine macular quadrants according to the ETDRS were measured with an SD-OCT and Mean Deviation (MD) values by a visual field analyzer. POAG patients were selected only MD smaller than -6 dB. Patients with MD values below -6 dB were considered as early-stage glaucoma. PD severity was assessed using Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The PD group selected only H&Y Stage I-III patients.RESULTS: Statistically significant difference was determined between all groups RNFL measurements except temporal RNFL (P<0.05). Statistically significant difference was determined between all groups including fovea, mean macula thickness and macula outer quadrant thickness evaluations (P<0.05). There was not any significant difference between thickness evaluation of macula inner quadrant for POAG and PD groups (P>0.05). A weak negative correlation was determined between duration of disease and UPDRS score together with macula and RNFL thickness parameters in PD group.CONCLUSION: Similar thinning was detected by using SD-OCT for thickness parameters of macula and RNFL in early stage of POAG and early stage of PD group. However this thinning was more significant in early stage of POAG group. It can be declared that neurodegeneration on the macula which is caused by glaucoma is more destructive than PD. Thinning on foveal region is remarkable for PD patients.     

Quantitative study of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and peripapillary vessel density in patients with different stages of Parkinson’s disease

AIM: To observe the changes in the thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and peripapillary vessel density (pVD) in patients with different stages of Parkinson’s disease (PD).METHODS: Totally 47 patients (47 eyes) with primary PD were divided into the mild group and the moderate-to-severe group according to Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) stage. Among them, there were 27 cases (27 eyes) in mild group and 20 cases (20 eyes) in moderate-to-severe group. And 20 cases (20 eyes) who were included in the control group were healthy people who came to our hospital for health screening at the same time. All participants underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) examinations. The pRNFL thickness, total vessel density (tVD) and capillary vessel density (cVD) of the optic disc in average, superior half, inferior half, superior nasal (SN), nasal superior (NS), nasal inferior (NI), inferior nasal (IN), inferior temporal (IT), temporal inferior (TI), temporal superior (TS), and superior temporal (ST) were measured. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences of optic disc parameters among the three groups, and Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to analyze the correlation between pRNFL, pVD and the disease duration, H&Y stage and UPDRS-III score in patients with PD, respectively.RESULTS: There were significant differences in pRNFL thickness in average, superior half, inferior half, SN, NS, IN, IT and ST quadrants among the three groups (P<0.05). In PD group, the pRNFL thickness in average, superior half, inferior half, NS and IT quadrants were negatively correlated with H&Y stage and UPDRS-III score, respectively (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the cVD of whole image, inferior half, NI and TS quadrants, the tVD of the whole image, inferior half, and peripapillary among the three groups (P<0.05). In PD group, the tVD of whole image and the cVD of NI and TS quadrants were negatively correlated with the H&Y stage, respectively (P<0.05); the cVD of TS quadrant was negatively correlated with UPDRS-III score (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The thickness of pRNFL in PD patients is significantly decreased, and it is negatively correlated with H&Y stage and UPDRS-III score. With the increase of the severity of the disease, the pVD parameters in PD patients increase at first in the mild group, and then decrease in the moderate-to-severe group, and negatively correlate with H&Y stage and UPDRS-III score.     

Retinal capillary plexus in Parkinson’s disease using optical coherence tomography angiography

AIM: To evaluate the alterations of the retinal microvasculature and foveal avascular zone in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A).METHODS: A retrospective study of PD patients examined in the Ophthalmology Department of the General Hospital of Athens, “Georgios Gennimatas” from March 2021 to March 2022 was conducted. Totally 44 patients with PD were included and 18 healthy controls were examined, hence a total of 124 eyes were enrolled in the study. The foveal and parafoveal superficial and deep capillary plexus vascular density (fSCP-VD, fDCP-VD, pSCP-VD, pDCP-CD) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) were quantified with OCTA. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to measure macular thickness. Our statistical analysis was conducted by using a mixed effect linear regression model.RESULTS: After adjustment for age and gender, the mean parafoveal superficial capillary plexus vascular density (pSCP-VD) and mean parafoveal deep capillary plexus vascular density (pDCP-VD) were significantly decreased in individuals with PD (P<0.001 in both) by -2.35 (95%CI -3.3, -1.45) and -7.5 (95%CI -10.4, -4.6) respectively. fSCP-VD and fDCP-VD didn’t approach statistical significance. The FAZ area and perimeter were significantly decreased (P<0.001 in both) by -0.1 mm2 (95%CI -0.13, -0.07) and -0.49 mm2 (95%CI -0.66, -0.32) respectively. Circularity didn’t approach statistical significance. Central retinal thickness (CRT) was significantly decreased in individuals with PD (P<0.001) by -23.1 μm (95%CI -30.2, -16) and temporal retinal thickness (TRT) was decreased (P=0.025) by -11 μm (95%CI -22, -1.5) while nasal retinal thickness (NRT) only approached statistical significance (P=0.066).CONCLUSION: The mean pSCP-VD, pDCP-VD, CRT and TRT are significantly decreased and FAZ is altered in individuals with PD. These findings can be potentially used as biomarkers for the diagnosis and evaluation of early PD.     

Evaluation of retinal and choroidal changes in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia using optical coherence tomography angiography

AIM: To evaluate the changes in fundus parameters in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia (ATD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), to record flash electroretinograms (ERG) using the RETeval system and to explore changes in retinal function. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with ATD and 26 age-matched normal subjects were enrolled. All subjects underwent OCTA scans to analyse the superficial retinal vessel parameters in the macular area, including the vessel length density, the vessel perfusion density and the area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ), as well as the choroidal thickness. The differences between the patients with ATD and the normal control group were compared and explored the relevant factors affecting vessel parameters. We also recorded the flash ERGs using the RETeval system and intended to explore changes in retinal function by analysing the ERG image amplitude in patients with ATD. RESULTS: The vessel parameters [Pvessel length density=0.005 and Pvessel perfusion density=0.006) and average choroid thickness (P<0.001) in the macular area of the ATD group was less than the control group. The FAZ area was statistically significantly enlarged in the ATD group (P<0.001). These parameters were correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). CONCLUSION: Patients with ATD exhibit decreases in the parameters associated with fundus. In addition, these indicators significantly correlate with the MMSE score and the MoCA score. OCTA may be an adjunct tool with strong potential to track changes in the diagnosis and monitoring the progression of the disease.     

Structure-function relationship comparison between retinal nerve fibre layer and Bruch’s membrane opening-minimum rim width in glaucoma

AIM: To evaluate and compare structural optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based parameters, such as Bruch’s membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in glaucoma patients with visual field (VF) defects, and to correlate both to mean deviation (MD) values of obtained standard achromatic perimetry (SAP) examinations. METHODS: Patients with glaucoma and glaucomatous VF defects were enrolled in this prospective study and compared to age-matched healthy individuals. All study participants underwent a full ophthalmic examination and VF testing with SAP. Peripapillary RNFL thickness and BMO-MRW were acquired with SD-OCT. Correlation analyses between obtained global functional and global as well as sectorial structural parameters were calculated. RESULTS: A consecutive series of 30 glaucomatous right eyes of 30 patients were included and compared to 36 healthy right eyes of 36 individuals in the control group. Global MD of values correlated significantly with global RNFL (Pearson corr. coeff: 0.632, P=0.001) and global BMO-MRW (Pearson corr. coeff: 0.746, P<0.001) values in the glaucoma group. Global MD and sectorial RNFL or BMO-MRW values correlated less significantly. In the control group, MD values did not correlate with RNFL or BMO-MRW measurements. A subgroup analysis of myopic patients (>4 diopters) within the glaucoma group (n=6) revealed a tendency for higher correlations between MD and BMO-MRW than MD and RNFL measurements. CONCLUSION: In a clinical setting, RNFL thickness and BMO-MRW correlate similarly with global VF sensitivity in glaucoma patients with BMO-MRW showing higher correlations in myopic glaucoma patients.     

[Online First]Evaluation of retinal and choroidal changes in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia using optical coherence tomography angiography

AIM: To evaluate the changes in fundus parameters in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia (ATD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), to record flash electroretinograms (ERG) using the RETeval system and to explore changes in retinal function. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with ATD and 26 age-matched normal subjects were enrolled. All subjects underwent OCTA scans to analyse the superficial retinal vessel parameters in the macular area, including the vessel length density, the vessel perfusion density and the area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ), as well as the choroidal thickness. The differences between the patients with ATD and the normal control group were compared and explored the relevant factors affecting vessel parameters. We also recorded the flash ERGs using the RETeval system and intended to explore changes in retinal function by analysing the ERG image amplitude in patients with ATD. RESULTS: The vessel parameters [Pvessel length density=0.005 and Pvessel perfusion density=0.006) and average choroid thickness (P<0.001) in the macular area of the ATD group was less than the control group, The FAZ area was statistically significantly enlarged in the ATD group (P<0.001). These parameters were correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). CONCLUSION: Patients with ATD exhibit decreases in the parameters associated with fundus. In addition, these indicators significantly correlated with the MMSE score and the MoCA score. OCTA may be an adjunct tool with strong potential to track changes in the diagnosis and monitoring the progression of the disease.     

Descemet’s membrane detachments post cataract surgery: a management paradigm

Descemet’s membrane detachments (DMD) are relatively common after cataract surgery and most do not require any treatment. However, if large DMD are not treated appropriately, significant visual morbidity can ensue. We aim to develop a guideline for the management of DMD post cataract surgery based on a retrospective review of all cases encountered at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia over a 4-year period from 2010 to 2014. We suggest conservative management if the visual axis is not involved; however, after 3mo surgical intervention may be warranted to prevent corneal sequelae. In cases where the visual axis is involved we suggest early intervention with air tamponade. The main risk factor for irreversible corneal oedema and subsequent endothelial transplant appears to be direct endothelial trauma rather than the DMD itself.     

Bruch’s membrane opening-minimum rim width and visual field loss in glaucoma: a broken stick analysis

AIM: To determine the Bruch’s membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) tipping point where corresponding visual field (VF) damages become detectable. METHODS: A total of 85 normal subjects and 83 glaucoma patients (one eye per participant) were recruited for the study. All of the patients had VF examinations and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography to measure the BMO-MRW. Total deviation values for 52 VF points were allocated to the corresponding sector according to the Garway-Heath distribution map. To evaluate the relationship between VF loss and BMO-MRW measurements, a “broken-stick” statistical model was used. The tipping point where the VF values started to sharply decrease as a function of BMO-MRW measurements was estimated and the slopes above and below this tipping point were compared. RESULTS: A 25.9% global BMO-MRW loss from normative value was required for the VF loss to be detectable. Sectorally, substantial BMO-MRW thinning in inferotemporal sector (33.1%) and relatively less BMO-MRW thinning in the superotemporal sector (8.9%) were necessary for the detection of the VF loss. Beyond the tipping point, the slopes were close to zero throughout all of the sectors and the VF loss was unrelated to the BMO-MRW loss. The VF loss was related to the BMO-MRW loss below the tipping point. The difference between the two slopes was statistically significant (P≤0.002). CONCLUSION: Substantial BMO-MRW loss appears to be necessary for VF loss to be detectable in patients with open angle glaucoma with standard achromatic perimetry.     

Comparison of the meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease and Sjögren’s syndrome

AIM: To investigate the abnormalities in the meibomian gland in patients with dry eye disease (DED) associated with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (coGVHD) in comparison with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), a major form of aqueous deficient DED and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), a common cause of evaporative DED. METHODS: A total 135 eyes of 135 subjects included in this study: patients with DED associated with coGVHD (n=30), patients with SS (n=35), patients with MGD (n=35), and normal controls (n=35). All participants completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, ocular surface examination [Schirmer test, tear film breakup time (TFBUT), and ocular surface staining], and meibomian gland assessment [meiboscore (gland dropout detected on meibography using infrared camera of the Keratograph 5M), meibum expressibility score (MES), meibum quality score (MQS), lid margin abnormality]. In addition, correlations of meibomian gland characteristics with ocular surface parameters as well as disease severity score were investigated in coGVHD group. RESULTS: The coGVHD group showed significantly higher meiboscore, MES, and MQS than the other 3 groups (all P<0.05). In the coGVHD group, parameters of meibomian gland showed a significant correlation each other and those of ocular surface. The correlation between meibomian gland parameters and severity score of coGVHD was also established (meiboscore, r=0.62; MES, r=0.47; MQS, r=0.47; lid margin abnormality score, r=0.55; all P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with DED associated with coGVHD show poorer gland morphology and worse gland function than other types of DED. In addition, meibomian gland damage is not only associated with ocular surface damage but also disease severity of coGVHD.     

Stratus相干光断层扫描仪测量正常人视网膜神经纤维层的厚度

目的建立Stratus OCT测量我国正常人视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度的正常值,探讨正常人RNFL厚度的变异程度和与年龄及性别的关系。设计前瞻性横断面研究。研究对象10～69岁的正常人。方法用Stratus OCT的扫描程序(Fast RNFL Thickness 3.4)对210例(210眼)正常人进行视乳头环形扫描,测量各象限和平均RNFL厚度值,应用SPSS 11.5软件统计学处理。主要指标RNFL厚度值。结果210例正常人上方象限、颞侧象限、下方象限、鼻侧象限及全周平均的RNFL厚度分别为(145.5±16.8)、(84.2±12.8)、(147.6±15.2)、(84.7±14.2)μm。平均RNFL厚度变异最小,鼻侧RNFL厚度变异最大。除鼻侧象限外,其它各象限及平均RNFL厚度与年龄均呈负相关性。对正常人RNFL厚度无性别差异。结论用Stratus OCT测量的正常人RNFL厚度数值中,平均RNFL厚度变异最小,鼻侧RNFL厚度变异最大;RNFL厚度随年龄增长而变薄。     

Optical coherence tomography with or without enhanced depth imaging for peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness

AIM: To assess peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and choroidal thickness obtained with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode compared with those obtained without EDI mode using Heidelberg Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: Fifty eyes of 25 normal healthy subjects and 32 eyes of 20 patients with different eye diseases were included in the study. All subjects underwent 3.4 mm diameter peripapillary circular OCT scan centered on the optic disc using both the conventional and the EDI OCT protocols. The visualization of RNFL and choroidoscleral junction was assessed using an ordinal scoring scale. The paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 95% limits of agreement (LoA), and Bland and Altman plots were used to test the agreement of measurements. RESULTS: The visibility score of RNFL obtained with and without EDI was of no significant difference (P=0.532), the visualization of choroidoscleral junction was better using EDI protocol than conventional protocol (P<0.001). Peripapillary RNFL thickness obtained with EDI was slightly thicker than that obtained without EDI (103.25±9.42 μm vs 101.87±8.78 μm, P=0.010). The ICC of the two protocols was excellent with the value of 0.867 to 0.924, the 95% LoA of global RNFL thickness was between -10.0 to 7.4 μm. Peripapillary choroidal thickness obtained with EDI was slightly thinner than that obtained without EDI (147.23±51.04 μm vs 150.90±51.84 μm, P<0.001). The ICC was also excellent with the value of 0.960 to 0.987, the 95% LoA of global choroidal thickness was between -12.5 to 19.8 μm. CONCLUSION: Peripapillary circular OCT scan with or without EDI mode shows comparable results in the measurement of peripapillary RNFL and choroidal thickness.     

频域光学相干断层扫描在视网膜神经纤维层厚度测量中的应用

目的应用频域光学相干断层扫描（OCT）测量非青光眼受试者和青光眼患者的视盘周视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度,并对测量结果进行重复性检验。方法非青光眼受试者和青光眼患者各30例纳入研究,随机选取受试者一侧眼的数据进行统计分析。应用Spectralis OCT对每位受试者进行视盘周RNFL厚度测量,应用“随诊”模式进行3次扫描。计算出受试者内部标准筹（Sw）、变异系数（CV）和同类相关系数（ICC）,以评价该仪器测量的可重复性。应用Spearman秩相关系数分析评估每位受试者RNFL厚度平均数值与其3次测量的标准差之间的天系。结果非青光眼受试者的CV数值范围为1．44％（全周厚度平均值）～2．58％（颞侧象限）,青光眼患者的CV为1．73％（全周）～3．24％（颞侧象限）;非青光眼受试者的ICC数值范围为0．977（颞侧象限）～0．990（鼻下45。扇形区）,青光眼患者的ICC数值范围为0．981（颞侧象限）～0．997（下方象限）;非青光眼受试者的Sw为1．33μm（全周）～2．36μm（颞上45°扇形区）,青光眼患者的Sw为1．13μm（全周）～2．26μm（鼻上45。扇形区）;RNFL厚度数值与测量变异性间无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论高速扫描和眼跟踪系统使Spectralis OCT在测量非青光眼受试者和青光眼患者的视盘周RNFL厚度均有良好的可重复性,是青光眼长期随诊中对于其结构性损害可信赖的影像学检查技术。     

相干光断层扫描仪检测视网膜神经纤维层厚度影响因素分析

目的运用相干光断层扫描仪(OCT)测量正常人视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度并探讨其影响因素。方法运有Stratus OCT 4.0测量202例不同年龄及不同屈光度正常人(年龄8～74岁,屈光度-8～ 4D)各钟点、象限及平均RNEL厚度,建立多元线性回归方程探讨年龄、屈光度、性别及视盘面积对RNEL厚度的影响。结果①正常人RNFL平均厚度为108.63±9.70μm,下方象限RNFL(I):139.17±15.79μm最厚,其次为上方象限(S):134.61±17.80μm,颞侧象限(T):85.37±21.25μm,鼻侧象限(N):75.19±17.06μm最薄,即I>S>T>N。②平均及上、下、颞侧象限RNFL厚度均随年龄增长而变薄,40岁以后趋势明显,50岁以上者显著变薄,仅鼻侧象限RNFL厚度与年龄无关;平均及上、下、鼻侧象限RNFL厚度均随近视度数增加而变薄,且高度近视者显著薄于正视者。而颞侧象限RNFL厚度却随近视度数增加而变厚,高度近视者显著薄于正视者。而颞侧象限RNFL厚度却随近视度数增加而变厚,高度近视者显著厚于正视者;平均及各象限RNFL厚度除下方外均与性别无关,仅下方像限女性较男性厚;应用机器自动辨认视盘边界时,未发现RNFL厚度与视盘面积有关。结论OCT测得的正常RNFL厚度主要与年龄、屈光度有关;仅下方象限RNFL厚度与性别有关;应用机器自动辨认视盘边界时,未发现RNFL厚度与视盘面积有关;儿童可以较好地配合OCT检查并获得较为可靠的测理结果;应用规范、统一的OCT测量标准,建立人群为基础的并经相关影响因素校正的中国人RNFLJE常值数据库对青光眼的早期诊断是非常必要的。     

Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with iron deficiency anemia

Purpose:To evaluate the effect of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with optical coherence tomography (OCT).Results:Average ages of 102 patients and 49 control subjects were 35.76 ± 10.112 (range, 18–66) years, and 36.08 ± 8.416 (range, 19–57) years (P = 0.850), respectively. The average RNFL thickness was 94.67 ± 9.380 in the anemia group, and 100.22 ± 9.12 in the control group (P = 0.001). Temporal, nasal, and lower quadrant average RNFL thicknesses of IDA group were thinner than the control group (P = 0.001, P = 0.013, P = 0.008). Upper quadrant RNFL thicknesses in IDA and control groups were similar. Correlation analysis revealed positive correlation between mean RNFL thickness and hemoglobin (r = 0.273), iron (r = 0.177), ferritin (r = 0.163), and transferrin saturations (r = 0.185), while a negative correlation was found between total iron binding capacity (r = −0.199) and mean RNFL thickness.Conclusions:Peripapillary RNFL thickness measured by OCT is thinner in adult female patients with IDA. It may have a significant influence on the management of many disorders such as glaucoma and neuro-ophthalmological diseases.     

[In Press] Optical coherence tomography with or without enhanced depth imaging for peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal thickness

AIM: To assess peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and choroidal thickness obtained with enhanced depth imaging (EDI) mode compared with those obtained without EDI mode using Heidelberg Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: Fifty eyes of 25 normal healthy subjects and 32 eyes of 20 patients with different eye diseases were included in the study. All subjects underwent 3.4 mm diameter peripapillary circular OCT scan centered on the optic disc using both the conventional and the EDI OCT protocols. The visualization of RNFL and choroidoscleral junction was assessed using an ordinal scoring scale. The paired t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 95% limits of agreement (LoA), and Bland and Altman plots were used to test the agreement of measurements. RESULTS: The visibility score of RNFL obtained with and without EDI was of no significant difference(P=0.532), the visualization of choroidoscleral junction was better using EDI protocol than conventional protocol (P＜0.001). Peripapillary RNFL thickness obtained with EDI was slightly thicker than that obtained without EDI (103.25±9.42 μm vs 101.87±8.78 μm, P=0.010). The ICC of the two protocols was excellent with the value of 0.867 to 0.924, the 95% LoA of global RNFL thickness was between -10.0 to 7.4 μm. Peripapillary choroidal thickness obtained with EDI was slightly thinner than that obtained without EDI (147.23±51.04 μm vs 150.90±51.84 μm, P＜0.001). The ICC was also excellent with the value of 0.960 to 0.987, the 95% LoA of global choroidal thickness was between -12.5 to 19.8 μm. CONCLUSION: Peripapillary circular OCT scan with or without EDI mode shows comparable results in the measurement of peripapillary RNFL and choroidal thickness.     

Normative database of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular retinal thickness in a Thai population

Purpose  To investigate the distribution of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular retinal thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a Thai population. Methods  We studied one eye each of 250 healthy subjects [age ≥ 18 years; spherical refractive error within ±6 diopters (D); astigmatism ≤3 D; no ocular pathology]. A complete eye examination, standard automated perimetry, and fast RNFL and macular thickness measurement by OCT were performed, and a disc photograph was taken. The distributions of both thicknesses, including their relationship with demographic data, were analyzed. Results  The mean ± SD age of the study population was 44.7 ± 12.2 years. The mean ± SD RNFL thickness was 109.3 ± 10.5 m, which was 10% thicker than that in the OCT normative database. RNFL decreased 2.3 m per decade (P < 0.001). Sex and spherical equivalent were not associated with RNFL thinning. The mean ± SD central foveal thickness was 183.2 ± 1.3 m. The macular thickness in the outer area was significantly thinner than that in the inner area (P < 0.001). The temporal regions were the thinnest among the four quadrants (P < 0.001). Thinning of all macular areas, except the center, was found to be associated with advancing age (P < 0.05). Conclusions  RNFL thickness in the measured Thai population was about 10% thicker than that in the original normative database. Macular thickness and RNFL thickness in the superior and inferior quadrants decreased with advancing age. Presented at the 6^th International Glaucoma Society Meeting, 28–31 March 2007, Athens, Greece     

光学相干断层扫描仪不同扫描程序测量视网膜神经纤维层厚度的比较

目的 探讨光学相干断层扫描仪(STRATUS OCT,OCT3)不同扫描程序对视网膜神经纤维层(RNFL)厚度测量 的影响。设计 前瞻性、病例对照研究。 研究对象 正常人38例72眼,原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)患者19例34眼。方法 所有被检查者分别用OCT3常规扫描程序(RNFL Thickness 3_4)和个性化扫描程序(RNFL Thickness 2．27×disc)进行检 查,比较两种程序测量RNFL厚度的结果。对两种扫描方式各象限RNFL厚度及其全周平均值进行对比;分别计算两种扫描程 序测量RNFL厚度值的ROC曲线下面积,以了解其诊断青光眼的准确性;并分别对两种扫描程序测量RNFL厚度值与 Humphery视野的平均偏差(MD)进行线性回归分析。主要指标 视网膜各象限及全周平均RNFL厚度;Humphery视野平均偏 差。 结果 正常人常规扫描的颞侧、上方、鼻侧、下方、平均的RNFL厚度分别为(75．36±13．22)μm、(122．11±16．78)μm、 (70．76±13．25)μm、(125．06±14．43)μm、(98．40±9．62)μm,而个性化扫描相应的RNFL厚度分别是(77．04±12．44)μm、 (121．99±13．86)μm、(70．76±13．50)μm、(124．26±16．05)μm、(99．42±9．08)μm,两种方式进行比较,差异无显著性(P值为 O．053-1．000)。POAG患者常规扫描的颞侧、上方、鼻侧、下方、平均的RNFL厚度分别为(65．12±13．10)μm、(92．59±21．93)μm、 (59．97±12．36)μm、(73．59±22．48)μm、(72．79±9．51)μm,而个性化扫描相应的RNFL厚度分别是(63．64±13．16)μm、 (90．52±19．44)μm、(59．91±13．52)μm、(73．86±23．34)μm、(73．32±9．54)μm,两种扫描程序比较,除颞侧有显著性差异(P= O．031)外,其余各方位及全周平均值差异无显著性(P值为0．107-0．954)。两种扫描程序测量RNFL厚度的ROC曲线下面积在 全周平均及下方最大,为0．959-0．973。颞侧、上方、下方及全周平均RNFL厚度与视野MD显著相关(P<0．05)。 结论 应用 OCT3测量RNFL厚度,常规扫描和个性化扫描均可准确地测量RNFL厚度,对青光眼有较高的诊断价值。     

光学相干断层成像术检测近视眼视网膜神经纤维层厚度的特点

目的:探讨光学相干断层成像术(optical coherence tomography,OCT)检测近视眼视盘周围视网膜神经纤维层(ret-inal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)厚度的特点及其与屈光度的关系。方法:对5~40岁正常对照眼61例68眼,近视眼152例205眼,应用Stratus OCTTM3000,RNFL3.4程序对视盘为中心直径3.4mm的RNFL进行检测。结果:近视眼RFNL厚度7∶00和11∶00位最大,3∶00位最小,上象限(S)、下象限(I)平均值接近并(颞侧象限平均值(T)(鼻侧象限平均值(N)。正常眼组与低度、中度和高度近视眼组对应RNFL厚度相关参数组间比较:7∶00和11∶00,Smax,Imax,Smax/Imax,Max-Min差异均无显著性,3∶00、4∶00和N差异均有显著性。控制年龄因素条件下,近视眼RNFL厚度部分参数(上方和鼻侧居多)与等效球镜度数有较弱的负线性相关直线趋势,而部分参数(下方和颞侧居多)与等效球镜度数无直线性相关趋势。结论:近视眼视盘鼻侧RNFL厚度已变薄,中度和高度近视眼更明显,而颞侧和颞下RNFL变化不明显。     

OCT和SLP定量检测视网膜神经纤维层的研究进展

研究表明青光眼的视网膜神经纤维层(retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)损害早于视野改变。视网膜神经纤维层结构性损害的检测是青光眼早期诊断的重要手段。现代激光及计算机技术可以作为青光眼监测的有效方式。本文对OCT和SLP在RNFL定量检测方面的临床研究进展情况进行了综述。