线粒体功能障碍与精神分裂症关系研究进展

精神分裂症是一种复杂的神经精神性疾病,发病机制涉及神经化学、神经发育等因素。有证据表明在对精神分裂症患者脑部研究中可观察到由线粒体功能障碍导致的病理变化,最近发现精神分裂症断裂基因（Disrupted—in—Schizophrenia1,DISC1）存在于线粒体中,可以确定线粒体与精神分裂症发病存在某种联系。     

线粒体动力学和线粒体自噬在缺血性脑卒中中的作用及机制研究进展

缺血性脑卒中具有较高的发病率及致残、致死率，给患者家庭和社会带来了巨大的负担。线粒体被喻为细胞的动力工厂，对血氧变化极为敏感，在维持细胞代谢中起着关键作用。近年来，越来越多的研究表明线粒体动力学和线粒体自噬与脑血管疾病的发生关系密切。现主要总结线粒体动力学和线粒体自噬的机制以及两者在缺血性脑卒中中的作用，以期为缺血性脑卒中的诊疗提供新的思路。     

线粒体脑肌病八例患者临床与神经影像学分析

目的分析线粒体脑肌病患者的临床及神经影像学特点。方法对8例病理确诊线粒体脑肌病患者进行回顾性分析研究。结果本病的主要临床表现为抽搐、运动耐受差、发育迟缓和智能障碍;主要影像学特点为幕上多发脑叶病灶,同时合并其他部位的病变,病灶广泛。结论具有上述临床特征和神经影像学改变者,提示线粒体脑肌病的可能。     

线粒体病的神经眼科学表现

线粒体病是一组以线粒体功能障碍为主要临床表现的多系统疾病，临床表现各异，其中以神经系统及眼部表现较为突出：现将线粒体病的神经眼科学表现综述如下：线粒体病最常见的4种神经眼科学表现是：双侧视神经病，眼外肌瘫痪，视网膜色素变性，视交叉后视力减退。     

线粒体功能障碍与帕金森病

帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease,PD）是一种以大脑黑质致密部（SNpc）多巴胺能神经元进行性丧失为主要特征的神经退行性疾病,好发于中老年人,以运动障碍和认知缺陷为主要临床症状。近年来,在关于帕金森病发病机制的探讨中,线粒体功能障碍一直被认为是多巴胺能神经元丢失的重要起始因素,目前认为是线粒体生物发生调控机制、基因突变等几种因素相互作用的结果 。本文总结了线粒体生物发生、线粒体动力学、线粒体自噬、线粒体基因突变等线粒体功能障碍在帕金森病中的作用,以期为帕金森病的线粒体靶向治疗提供参考。     

儿童线粒体病神经影像学特征

儿童线粒体病最常累及中枢神经系统,CT、MRI和磁共振波谱（MRS）等影像学检查常可见基底节区病变、白质脑病、脑卒中样改变、小脑或大脑萎缩、钙化和乳酸峰等特征性改变;此外,部分或某些临床少见的线粒体综合征也具有典型的神经影像学改变,对于疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断、理解中枢神经系统受累的病理生理学机制等具有重要提示意义。本文从线粒体病常见的神经影像学改变、部分线粒体综合征的神经影像学特征等角度进行阐述,从神经影像学角度助力线粒体病的早期诊断与治疗。     

神经干细胞移植联合脑源性神经营养因子局部注射对老年性痴呆鼠海马线粒体膜电位及行为学的影响

背景：移植神经干细胞的分化受移植部位微环境、各种生长及细胞因子的影响。 目的：实验拟观察神经干细胞移植与脑源性神经营养因子联合应用对老年性痴呆鼠行为学恢复及海马线粒体膜的影响。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验，于 2006-09/2007-09在重庆医科大学动物实验室及细胞实验室完成。 材料：神经干细胞来源于新生1 d龄SD大鼠。Y迷宫筛选对电击敏感并逃避迅速的三四月龄健康雄性SD大鼠，随机分成4组：正常对照组、神经干细胞组、脑源性神经营养因子组、联合组移植，每组10只。 方法：分离培养大鼠神经干细胞。参照包新民等的大鼠脑立体定位图谱制备老年性痴呆大鼠模型。造模后，神经干细胞组双侧海马区注射神经干细胞, 脑源性神经营养因子组双侧海马区注射脑源性神经营养因子，联合移植组注射神经干细胞同时持续侧脑室注射脑源性神经营养因子。 主要观察指标：用分子生物学检测老年性痴呆大鼠海马线粒体膜电位的变化，行Y迷宫试验观察大鼠行为学中学习记忆能力。 结果：联合移植组老年性痴呆大鼠海马线粒体膜电位明显升高, 并高于神经干细胞组、脑源性神经营养因子（P < 0.05）, 与正常对照组比较无明显差异。脑源性神经营养因子组、神经干细胞组学习记忆能力虽有明显恢复，但与联合移植组和正常对照组比较还有一定的距离（P < 0.05）。 结论：神经干细胞与脑源性神经营养因子联合应用能能稳定海马线粒体功能，从而抑制神经细胞凋亡，能改善老年性痴呆鼠的学习记忆功能障碍。     

线粒体外膜蛋白Miro在神经退行性疾病中的研究

<正>神经元是高度复杂的细胞,具有高代谢需求以及复杂的极性形态,线粒体及维持适当的线粒体功能对于神经元细胞生理学十分重要^[1]。大量研究表明线粒体功能障碍和钙稳态失调在神经退行性疾病中起关键作用^[2]。近年来线粒体外膜蛋白Miro参与调节的线粒体相关过程的缺陷与神经退行性疾病中神经元损伤的关系不断受到关注。本文就Miro生物学功能以及神经退行性疾病中Miro对线粒体相关过程的调节作用及研究进展进行综述。     

线粒体脑肌病的临床、病理与神经电生理

目的探讨线粒体脑肌病的临床、肌肉病理及神经电生理特点，以便早期诊断。方法对6例确诊的线粒体脑肌病患者的临床表现、肌肉组织光镜和超微结构改变以及神经电生理改变进行了回顾性分析。结果本组患者的临床特征主要以运动不耐受，阵挛、抽搐发作，精神障碍，共济失调为主。6例患者中4例发现破碎红纤维（RRF），其平均比例为5．3％；超微结构观察有线粒体异常及糖原颗粒沉积，其中有2例发现有典型晶格状包涵体。以癫痫发作为主要临床表现的患者脑电图明显异常；肌电图以神经源性改变4例，占本组病例的4／6；听觉诱发电位（BAEP）、体感诱发电位（SEP）异常3例，占3／6。结论线粒体脑肌病的临床表现复杂多样，诊断主要依赖于临床特征分析和肌肉活检；电镜超微结构改变为线粒体病的主要诊断依据；神经电生理改变对病理损伤累及范围和程度方面有一定的参考价值。     

神经营养素家族与神经精神疾病

神经营养素家族在神经发育中有重要作用，本文介绍它们与神经精神疾病的关系。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.