目前对射血分数中间值的心力衰竭的认识

自《2016年欧洲心脏病学会急性和慢性心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南》将射血分数中间值的心力衰竭（heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction,HFmrEF）单独列出后,国内外学术界一直争议不断,HFmrEF似乎是介于射血分数降低的心力衰竭和射血分数保留的心力衰竭之间的临床状态,但在很多方面与射血分数降低的心力衰竭更相似,因此最近欧美指南,都将其更名为射血分数轻度降低的心力衰竭（heart failure with mild reduced ejection fraction,HFmrEF）。最新的指南仍将HFmrEF单独列出,有助于对其进行进一步探索。     

射血分数中间值心力衰竭

心力衰竭根据左室射血分数值分三种不同的类型。目前相关研究表明,与射血分数降低或保留的心力衰竭比较,射血分数中间值心力衰竭具有不同的临床特点及预后。本文将对射血分数中间值心力衰竭的定义、诊断、临床特点、预后及治疗等几方面进行综述。     

射血分数中间范围心力衰竭预后的研究进展

射血分数中间范围心力衰竭(HFmrEF)作为一种特殊类型的心力衰竭表型,处于射血分数降低性心力衰竭(HFrEF)与射血分数保留性心力衰竭(HFpEF)之间的"灰色区域",目前研究对于HFmrEF是为一个独立的临床综合征还是介于HFrEF和HFpEF之间的"过渡阶段"存在一定争议.现对HFmrEF的流行病学、机制、治疗和...     

可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶激动剂治疗射血分数保留性心力衰竭的研究进展

心力衰竭(心衰)发病率、病死率高,是多种心血管疾病的终末阶段,其中射血分数保留性心力衰竭(HFpEF)是一组常见且复杂的临床综合征,约占所有心力衰竭患者的50％.HFpEF预后差,再住院率及死亡率与射血分数降低性心力衰竭(HFrEF)相当.尽管针对HFrEF有了相对完整的指南共识,但目前尚缺乏可真正改善HFpEF患者预...     

射血分数改善的心力衰竭

部分射血分数减低的心力衰竭（心衰）患者经治疗后左心室射血分数改善,甚至恢复正常,被称为射血分数改善的心衰。左心室逆重构是其中重要的病生理基础,与临床预后改善相关。本文从射血分数改善的心衰的定义、发生机制、临床特征、评估、治疗及随访等几个方面进行介绍。     

射血分数正常心力衰竭的诊治进展

2005年,美国心脏病学会（ACC）和美国心脏病协会（AHA）在《成人慢性心力衰竭诊断与治疗指南》。中采用“射血分数正常的心力衰竭”（HFNEF）替代了“舒张性心力衰竭（DHF）”的概念。2010年9月9日,国际循环网在线发布了《射血分数正常心力衰竭诊治的中国专家共识》,在中国专家共识中正式采用HFNEF取代DHF的概念。本文结合近年来的文献,对HFNEF的诊治进展综述如下。     

浅谈以左室射血分数分类心力衰竭的局限性

左室射血分数(LVEF)是目前临床研究和临床疾病诊断主要分类标准,以此将心力衰竭(心衰)分为射血分数减低和射血分数保留的心衰(HFrEF和HFpEF),但该分类方法受多种因素影响,过于简单。有必要重新塑造舒张性心衰的病因、病理生理和诊断。     

平衡法核素心室显像评价慢性心衰患者心脏射血分数的临床研究

目的通过平衡法核素心室显像与心脏超声两种方法,观察心力衰竭患者不同阶段心脏射血分数的变化规律,比较两种方法测量心脏射血分数的差异。方法连续性入选心力衰竭及其高发危险因素患者206例,按心衰分期标准将患者分成高发危险因素组（A组）、器质性心脏病组（B组）、症状性心衰组（C组）、难治性心衰组（D组）4组。应用平衡法核素心室显像及心脏超声方法分别测量4组患者的左室射血分数,并进行统计学分析。结果心脏超声法测得的左室射血分数高于平衡法核素心室显像。随着心衰分期的进展,两种方法测得的射血分数差别逐渐增大。平衡法核素心室显像测量射血分数的重复性好于心脏超声法。结论平衡法核素心室显像测量射血分数更有优势,用以指导心脏再同步治疗可能提高心衰患者的费用效益比。     

射血分数保留的心力衰竭研究进展

射血分数保留的心力衰竭拥有较为独特的发病因素、病理生理变化及预后,缺乏有效的诊断治疗方法.本文总结近年相关领域的研究结果,从流行病学、病因、病理生理、诊断及治疗等方面讨论射血分数保留的心力衰竭目前的研究进展.     

缺血性心肌病合并射血分数改善的心力衰竭患者的临床特征及预后研究

目的 探讨缺血性心肌病（ICM）合并射血分数改善的心力衰竭（HFimpEF）患者的临床特征及预后。方法 选取2018年6月至2021年5月河北省人民医院心脏中心收治的ICM合并慢性心力衰竭（HF）患者425例。根据基线、复查左心室射血分数（LVEF）将其分为HFimpEF组（基线LVEF≤40%，复查LVEF>40%,n=95）、射血分数中间值的心力衰竭（HFmrEF）组（复查LVEF为41%～49%,n=84）、射血分数降低的心力衰竭（HFrEF）组（基线LVEF≤49%，复查LVEF≤40%,n=178）、射血分数保留的心力衰竭（HFpEF）组（基线LVEF及复查LVEF均≥50%,n=68）。比较四组一般资料、超声心动图检查指标、实验室检查指标、治疗情况、全因死亡率、全因再入院率。采用单因素、多因素Cox比例风险回归分析探讨ICM合并HFimpHF患者全因死亡、全因再入院的影响因素。结果 HFimpEF组年龄小于HFpEF组，收缩压（SBP）低于HFpEF组，舒张压（DBP）低于HFrEF组（P<0.05）;HFimpEF组基线左心室收缩末期内径（LVESD）、左心室...     

What have we learned about heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction one year after its introduction?

The 2016 European Society of Cardiology heart failure guidelines introduced the term ‘heart failure with mid‐range ejection fraction’ (HFmrEF) to refer to patients with heart failure and a mildly reduced ejection fraction of 40–49%. About 20% of heart failure patients fall in this category. One of the main reasons for the introduction of this category was to stimulate research into this grey area. This review aims to highlight the key findings that have been published so far. Firstly, HFmrEF more closely resembles heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) than preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with regard to ischaemic aetiology, which is more frequent in both HFmrEF and HFrEF compared to HFpEF. Secondly, changes in ejection fraction over time are common, and seem to be more important than baseline ejection fraction alone. Patients who progress from HFmrEF to HFrEF have a worse prognosis than those who remain stable or transition to HFpEF. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, retrospective analyses from a randomized trial suggest that patients with HFmrEF seem to benefit from therapies that have shown to improve outcome in HFrEF, whereas no such benefit was seen in patients with HFpEF.     

Current clinical applications of spectral tissue Doppler echocardiography (E/e’ ratio) as a noninvasive surrogate for left ventricular diastolic pressures in the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Revisited 15 years later

It is currently well established that more than half of heart failure patients have preserved ejection fraction. The diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is complex in clinical practice despite ESC recommendations issued in 2019. In this context, the demonstration of increased left ventricular filling pressures at rest or during exercise allows a definite diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with signs and/or symptoms compatible with the diagnosis and a preserved ejection fraction. The spectral tissue Doppler-derived E/e’ ratio by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography has been validated in the noninvasive assessment of left ventricular diastolic pressures at rest and during exercise. Several studies report the validity of E/e’ in the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with both isolated exertional and acute dyspnea, as well as in risk stratification. In light of the current literature, E/e’ deserves to be included on every transthoracic Doppler echocardiography report in patients with suspected heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This updated review provides an overview of the diagnostic relevance of E/e’ in patients in its two modes of clinical presentation, isolated exertional dyspnea and the decompensated congestive form.     

Diastolic heart failure in elderly: the prognostic factors and interventions regarding heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction is more common in elderly. Common comorbidities may have an impact on management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The prognosis in more recent studies has been shown to be essentially similar to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction for which many medications have been demonstrated to improve morbidity and mortality, no treatment has yet been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Therefore, current treatment recommendations are aimed at symptomatic management as well as management of concomitant comorbidities.     

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Older Adults

Age-associated physiologic changes predispose older adults to develop heart failure, even when left ventricular ejection fraction is normal or near normal. Heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction is particularly common in older hypertensive women, and hypertension plays a key role in its pathophysiology. In contrast with heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, the treatment of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction has a limited empiric basis, although some basic principles are useful. Ongoing studies provide hope of improving care of these patients.     

沙库巴曲缬沙坦在心血管疾病中应用研究进展

近年来,多项研究表明沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗射血分数降低的心力衰竭(HFrEF)效果优于传统药物血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ARB)。2019年欧洲心脏病学会专家共识会议报告指出,沙库巴曲缬沙坦可作为新发HFrEF或失代偿性心力衰竭〔左心室射血分数(LVEF)<40%〕住院或门诊患者的起始治疗方案。本文综述沙库巴曲缬沙坦在多种心血管疾病如HFrEF、射血分数中间值的心力衰竭、射血分数保留的心力衰竭、急性失代偿性心力衰竭、急性心肌梗死、高血压、慢性肾脏病、糖尿病、儿童心力衰竭中的研究进展,并分析其安全性和不良反应,同时指出未来研究方向。     

Systolic dysfunction in heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: echo-Doppler measurements

Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction, also called heart failure with preserved ejection fraction or diastolic heart failure, is thought to be characterized by normal systolic function and disturbed diastolic function only. However, studies using newer Doppler-echocardiographic techniques have shown that ventricular function is not normal particularly in the long axis. Ejection is relatively preserved because of increased radial function. Similar findings are seen with normal ageing and the typical precursors of heart failure with a normal ejection fraction such as hypertension, diabetes, and ischemia. There appears to be a spectrum of abnormalities of systolic function from the truly normal to systolic heart failure with heart failure with a normal ejection fraction occupying an intermediate position. The use of ejection fraction, which has a normal distribution, to dichotomize patients with heart failure is not supported on theoretical or experimental grounds, and any cutoff is arbitrary. Patients with heart failure have a mixture of systolic and diastolic abnormalities and variable degrees of remodeling. It is more important to correctly identify these in the individual patient.     

Heart failure with normal ejection fraction: a growing pandemic

Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome. Approximately 30-50% of patients with heart failure have normal or near normal left ventricle function. Several epidemiological studies confirm that the prevalence of heart failure with normal ejection fraction is increasing. Given the current trends, heart failure with normal ejection fraction will become the most common form of heart failure, for which we do not currently have an evidence-based successful treatment. This article summarizes the etiology, current recommended guidelines and management options for this clinical manifestation.     

The treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (“diastolic heart failure”)

Unlike heart failure with a low ejection fraction, there is no evidence-based treatment for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction which improves clinical outcomes. Indeed, the only evidence for any treatment effect comes from small studies with verapamil where this drug increased exercise capacity and reduced a heart failure score. Large trials are presently underway which are examining the effect of treatment with an ACE inhibitor, ARB and aldosterone antagonist in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction.     

肺部超声用于分析不同心力衰竭类型的比较及其与其他指标的相关性

目的 比较肺部超声在不同心衰(HF)类型中应用的差异,并分析肺部超声与其他指标的相关性。方法 124例急性HF患者,射血分数(EF)保留型HF组（HFpEF）48例;EF减低型HF组(HFrEF)76例。比较2组间临床资料以及心肺超声指标的差异,并进一步分析肺水B线在两种HF类型中分别与氨基末端脑钠尿肽原（NT-proBNP）、E/e’和左室EF（LVEF）的相关性的差异。结果 HFpEF组和HFrEF组两组患者在基本临床资料方面均无明显统计学差异; HFpEF组的LVEF、室间隔厚度明显高于HFrEF组,而左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径、下腔静脉直径均明显小于HFrEF组。两组患者的左房前后径、E/A、肺动脉压（PAP）、E/e’和B线均无明显统计学差异。在HFpEF组中B线与E/e’的相关性优于NT-proBNP（r=0.886,r=0.755）,而在 HFrEF组中肺水B线与NT-proBNP的相关性优于E/e’（r=0.829,r=0.737）。结论 无论HFpEF,还是HFrEF,B线与NT-proBNP、E/e’均有良好的正相关性。