老年脓毒症并发急性肾损伤患者持续肾脏替代治疗启动时液体过负荷与预后的相关性

目的探讨老年脓毒症并发急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury, AKI）患者在持续肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy, CRRT）启动时液体过负荷（fluid overload, FO）与预后的关系。 方法选取2015年6月至2018年12月浙江医院重症医学科收治的接受CRRT的65岁以上老年脓毒症并发AKI患者68例,收集患者入ICU后诊断为脓毒症时的基线资料,CRRT启动时的AKI分期、血生化指标、序贯器官衰竭评分（sequential organ failure assessment, SOFA）评分、前一日尿量,入ICU后诊断为脓毒症到CRRT启动时的液体进出量、间隔时间以及利尿剂、血管活性药物应用等情况。主要结局为CRRT启动后28 d死亡。比较CRRT启动后28 d生存患者与死亡组患者的基线资料、CRRT启动时的临床资料,以及不同液体容量状态患者的临床资料并作生存曲线分析,将单因素分析（采用秩和检验、t检验及χ²检验）有统计学意义的指标纳入多因素Logistic回归模型,分析CRRT启动后28 d死亡的相关因素。 结果68例患者在CRRT启动后28 d时存活22例（生存组）,死亡46例（死亡组）;两组患者基线资料中仅年龄、平均动脉压的差异有统计学意义（Z=1.991,t=2.491;P<0.05）;CRRT启动时,两组患者SOFA、前一日尿量、每日去甲肾上腺素用量、液体正平衡量、FO>10%患者比例的差异均有统计学意义（t=0.879,Z=2.343、2.042、2.222、2.229,χ²=6.852;P<0.05）。CRRT启动时,FO>10%与FO≤10%的两组患者,仅年龄、血尿素氮、间隔时间、液体正平衡量的差异有统计学意义（Z=4.110、2.079、6.101、6.964,P<0.05）;FO>10%的患者在CRRT启动后28 d的死亡率显著高于FO≤10%的患者（83.8%、54.1%,χ²=6.852,P<0.01）。将年龄、基线平均动脉压、CRRT启动前一日尿量、CRRT启动时的SOFA及血尿素氮、每日去甲肾上腺素用量、液体正平衡量、诊断为脓毒症到CRRT启动时的间隔时间、FO>10%的患者比例纳入多因素logistic回归模型,结果显示CRRT启动时的SOFA以及FO>10%是CRRT启动后28 d死亡的独立相关因素（OR=1.354、16.140,95%CI=1.069-1.715、1.883-138.379,P<0.05）。 结论老年脓毒症并发AKI患者在CRRT启动时FO>10%是28 d死亡的独立危险因素,在液体负荷持续加重时应尽早启动CRRT。     

连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)在脓毒血症急性肾损伤治疗中的作用和透析时机探讨

【摘要】目的：研究连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)在脓毒血症急性肾损伤（AKI）治疗中的作用和最佳透析时机。方法：从2012年6月-2014年12月我科诊治为脓毒血症AKI患者中随机选取92例作为研究对象。随机分组法分为观察组（46）例，对照组（46）例。对对照组实施普通药物治疗，观察组在此基础上实施CRRT治疗。按是否在48小时内启动CRRT，观察组分为两组，观察组（1）在常规药物治疗后（1.4±0.4）d进行CRRT治疗，观察组（2）于（3.1±0.3）d后进行CRRT治疗。观察并对比各组治疗疗效。结果：常规药物治疗后越早实施CRRT治疗，患者存活率越高。观察组治疗后APACHEⅡ评分显著改善，且改善程度高于对照组。观察组治疗后血肌酐水平、IL-1β含量显著降低，少尿现象显著改善，且改善程度显著高于对照组。差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论：CRRT治疗脓毒血症AKI，可显著改善患者炎症反应，调节内环境稳定。患者早期实施CRRT治疗，存活率更高。     

心脏术后急性肾损伤患者肾脏替代治疗后肾脏预后的影响因素

目的 分析心脏术后出现急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）并接受肾脏替代治疗（renal replacement therapy,RRT）患者肾脏预后的影响因素。 方法 接受心脏手术后出现AKI并接受RRT治疗的患者,记录患者临床资料,观察患者RRT后3个月是否脱离透析。脱离透析定义为肾功能恢复存活并脱离RRT连续2周。 结果 最终纳入185例患者,平均年龄（50.2±13.1）岁,男性占67.6%,术前肾小球滤过率估算值（eGFR）78.5（44.7-82.0）ml/（min·1.73 m2）。其中,95例患者脱离透析（51.4%）。多因素Logistic回归分析表明术前eGFR （HR=0.52,95% CI 0.46-0.77;P<0.05）、术中输注红细胞的量（HR=1.05,95% CI 1.01-1.26;P<0.05）、血管活性药物（HR=1.26,95% CI 1.09-1.56;P<0.05）是未脱离透析的独立危险因素。 结论 对于心脏术后需要RRT治疗的AKI患者,术前肾功能状态越差、术中红细胞输注量越高,RRT时需要使用血管活性药物的患者无法达到长期肾功能恢复的危险性越大。     

新活素对体外循环心内直视手术后肾功能损害患者心、肾功能的影响

目的观察新活素对体外循环心内直视手术后肾功能损害患者心、肾功能的影响。方法32例体外循环术后肾功能损害患者随机分为2组,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上予新活素（重组人脑利钠肽）静脉注射治疗;对照组仅予常规强心、利尿。观察治疗前后尿量、血肌酐（SCr）、估算的肾小球滤过率（eGFR）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、中心静脉压（CVP）、收缩压（SBP）的变化。结果对照组尿量、CVP、SCr、eGFR较治疗前有改善,其中4例患者行CRRT治疗,死亡1例（6．25％）。与对照组相比,治疗组治疗后48h的SCr、eGFR、CVP均显著优于对照组（P〈0．01）,LVEF改善优于对照组（P〈0．05）。治疗组肾功能恢复14例（87．5％）,2例肾功能无明显改善改行CRRT治疗。结论体外循环心内直视手术后肾功能损害患者加用新活素能有效地改善心、肾功能。     

中心静脉压在体外循环心脏术后急性肾损伤中的作用

目的:观察中心静脉压(CVP)对体外循环心脏手术后急性肾功能损伤(AKI)的影响。方法:前瞻性观察2013年7月1日至2014年5月30日期间,在安贞医院行体外循环心脏手术的患者。根据患者手术结束时的CVP是否10mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133k Pa)来分为高CVP组或低CVP组。收集手术类型、术前射血分数、术前血清肌酐水平、术后血清肌酐水平、术中体外循环时间、术后重症监护病房(ICU)停留时间、术后机械通气时间等围术期临床资料。患者出院后所有患者均进行电话随访。采用Cox回归模型分析预后相关影响因素。结果:共有1 941例患者纳入本研究,患者平均年龄为(51.97±13.62)岁。CVP组801例(41.3%),低CVP组1 140例。高CVP组347例(43.3%)患者发生AKI,低CVP组86例患者发生AKI,差异有统计学意义(P0.0001)。高CVP组每一期AKI的发病率均高于低CVP组。多因素分析显示,CVP与AKI相关(OR=1.416(1.346~1.489),P0.0001),而MAP与CO和AKI无相关性。高CVP组患者30天死亡30例(3.8%),低CVP组死亡6例(0.5%),两组病死率差异有统计学意义(P0.0001)。多因素回归分析发现CVP使患者病死率增加(HR:1.196,每增加1mm Hg,95%CI:1.114~1.285,P0.0001)。结论:CVP增高与体外循环心脏术后发生AKI有关,是患者死亡的独立危险因素。     

A型主动脉夹层术后发生急性肾损伤行持续肾脏替代治疗的危险因素

目的 探讨A型主动脉夹层患者术后发生急性肾损伤（AKI）行连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）的危险因素。方法 选取A型主动脉夹层患者690例,体外循环术后依据AKI诊断及CRRT指征将其分为AKI行CRRT 77例（CRRT组）、无AKI未行CRRT 613例（非CRRT组）。收集患者临床资料,用多因素Logistic回归分析A型主动脉夹层患者术后发生AKI行CRRT的危险因素。结果 两组术前血胱抑素C升高比例、血肌红蛋白升高比例、血肌酐水平及手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、红细胞输注量、血浆输注量比较差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,血胱抑素C升高（OR=2.213,95%CI:1.006～4.868）、红细胞输注量大（OR=2.161,95%CI:1.705～2.738）、体外循环时间长（OR=1.221,95%CI:1.150～1.295）是A型主动脉夹层患者术后发生AKI行CRRT的危险因素。结论 术前血胱抑素C水平升高、体外循环时间长及术中红细胞输注量多的A型主动脉夹层患者术后易发生AKI,需行CRRT。     

A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾损伤患者接受连续性肾脏替代治疗的预后因素

目的 分析Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后出现急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury, AKI）并接受连续性肾脏替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy, CRRT）的患者预后因素。 方法 筛选2015年4月 ~ 2018年3月西京医院收治A型主动脉夹层心脏手术后出现AKI并接受CRRT治疗的患者,记录患者术前、术中、术后临床资料,按患者是否存活分为2组:存活组(n = 32)和死亡组(n = 34)。 结果 最终纳入66例患者,年龄（49 ± 9）岁,男性占91%,术前血肌酐（144 ± 77）μmol/L。其中,34例患者死亡（52%）。多因素Logistic回归分析表明术中红细胞输注的量（HR = 3.169, 95% CI 1.180 -8.513;P < 0.05）和术后多脏器功能衰竭（HR = 3.575, 95% CI 1.196 -10.687;P < 0.05）是A型主动脉夹层术后出现AKI并接受CRRT的患者死亡独立危险因素。 结论 对于A型主动脉夹层术后需要CRRT治疗的AKI患者,术中输注红细胞量越多以及术后出现多脏器功能衰竭患者的死亡风险越大。     

心脏手术患者急性肾损伤危险因素及预后的前瞻性队列研究

  目的 观察心脏手术后急性肾损伤（AKI）的发病危险因素及预后影响因素。 方法 前瞻性收集2009年4月至2011年5月住院接受心脏外科手术治疗患者资料,包括人口统计学资料、术前一般情况、手术类型、围手术期情况及预后等。结果 共纳入4007例心脏手术患者,死亡77例（1.9%）,术后发生AKI 1250例,发病率为31.2%,接受肾脏替代治疗（RRT）者104例,RRT治疗率2.6%;AKI组院内病死率显著高于非AKI组（5.4%比0.3%,P<0.01）;AKI后接受RRT(AKI-RRT)患者院内病死率36.5% (38/104)。心脏移植术后AKI发病率最高（73.0%）、院内病死率最高（18.9%）,其次为冠状动脉（冠脉）旁路移植术联合瓣膜手术（AKI发病率57.8%、院内病死率6.1%）、主动脉瘤手术（AKI发病率52.1%、院内病死率5.5%）。Logistic多因素回归分析显示：男性、年龄、BMI、高血压、慢性心力衰竭、术前血肌酐>106.0 μmol/L、术中心肺旁路时间、术中低血压、主动脉瘤手术为心脏手术后AKI发生的独立危险因素;术前血肌酐>106.0μmol/L、术中低血压是影响AKI后肾功能完全恢复的独立危险因素,而尿量恢复是肾功能完全恢复的有利因素。结论 心脏手术后AKI发病率高、预后较差,其发病与围手术期多种危险因素密切相关。心脏移植术、冠脉旁路移植术联合瓣膜手术及主动脉瘤手术为术后AKI发病的高危手术。     

重症心脏瓣膜病术后肾功能不全患者连续性肾替代治疗体会

目的总结重症心脏瓣膜术后发生。肾功能不全患者采用连续性肾替代治疗（continuous renal replacement therapy,CRRT）的经验。方法回顾性分析15例重症风湿性心脏瓣膜病术后合并肾功能不全,术后行床旁CRRT治疗,取得了良好效果的患者的临床资料,着重分析CRRT治疗方法和效果。其中10例为主动脉二尖瓣联合瓣膜病变患者,1例为主动脉瓣膜病变患者,其余为二尖瓣合并三尖瓣瓣膜病变患者。术前心功能评估为纽约心脏协会心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级,手术前后监测肾功能和尿量,术后行床旁CRRT的治疗．监测。肾功能。结果除1例合并顽固性心力衰竭患者死亡外,其余均治愈,最短5d,最长1个月肾功能恢复。结论重症心脏瓣膜术后肾功能不全患者．尽早行CRRT．效果好．恢复快。     

不同CRRT方法对减少冠心病合并肾病患者PCI术后造影剂肾病的疗效分析

目的 探讨不同连续肾脏替代疗法（CRRT）对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）的冠心病合并慢性肾功能不全患者肾功能改善的临床疗效分析。方法 选取2016年1月（与内文不符）[]至2017年8月在我院进行PCI治疗的肾病患者56例作为研究对象,分为两组,普通组28例实行CRRT治疗时间为PCI术后的12小时,加强组CRRP治疗的时间为PCI术前24 h及PCI术后12 h内。将两组患者慢性健康情况、急性生理情况、造影剂肾病（CIN）发生率、血肌酐水平进行比较。结果 普通组与加强组患者一般资料无明显差异。加强组患者CIN发生率比普通组明显减少(7.14% 比39.28%,P< 0.01)。普通组患者PCI术后24 h血肌酐水平比PCI术前增加［(308.14±45.08)μmol/L比 (254.59±80.44)μmol/L, P=0.02］;PCI术后48 h、72 h血肌酐水平与PCI术前差别不大[(232.49±20.12)μmol/L 比 (247.52±54.81)μmol/L 比 (254.59±80.44)μmol/L, P>0.05]。加强组患者PCI术后24 h血肌酐水平与PCI术前无明显差异[(274.04±71.06)μmol/L比 (286.65±53.04)μmol/L,P>0.05];加强组患者PCI术后48 h、72 h血肌酐水平比PCI术前明显减少［(220.12±23.87)μmol/L比 (286.65±53.04)μmol/L,P=0.01］、［(250.17±44.20)μmol/L比 (286.65±53.00)μmol/L,P=0.02］。结论 实施PCI术前、术后均进行CRRT取得的效果比实施PCI术后进行CRRT的效果更好,能够减少造影剂肾病发生。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.