131I-rMIF荷瘤小鼠体内生物学分布及肿瘤靶向性研究

目的研究放射性碘131标记基因重组巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(recombinant macrophage migration inhibitionfactor,rMIF)在荷瘤小鼠体内分布及肿瘤靶向性,为肿瘤早期诊断提供新的制剂。方法利用Iodogen(四氯二苯基甘脲)法放射性碘131标记rMIF(131I-rMIF),体外研究肝癌细胞系H22对该制剂的摄取;小鼠尾静脉注射131I-rMIF,研究其在H22荷瘤小鼠的生物学分布特征及放射自显影特征。结果成功制备了131I-rMIF,生物学活性良好。标记率87.34%,放化纯94.95%。室温放置48 h仍保持稳定。在0.5、1、2和4 h时,肝癌细胞H22对131I-rMIF的摄取率均明显高于对Na131I的摄取率(P<0.05)。生物学分布研究表明,小鼠尾静脉注射131I-rMIF后,肝、肾的放射性较高,其他脏器放射性较低。荷瘤模型在注射后1、3、6、24 h肿瘤/对侧肌肉(T/NT)的放射性比值分别为2.701±0.230、3.931±0.281、4.242±0.111和3.587±0.241。荷瘤鼠的放射自显影显像显示131I-rMIF注射后6 h后可以在肿瘤部位明显浓聚。结论131I-rMIF标记物稳定,标记率高,在荷肝癌小鼠中肿瘤靶向性分布明显,值得进一步研究。     

~(131)I标记抗Peroxiredoxin I肺腺癌噬菌体抗体在荷瘤裸鼠体内的分布及其对肿瘤生长的抑制作用

目的研究抗Peroxiredoxin I(PrxI)肺腺癌相关单链抗体体外对肺腺癌细胞的增殖抑制;观察131I标记抗体在肺腺癌裸鼠模型体内分布、靶向显像及体内抑瘤作用。方法放射性核素计数法测定单链抗体细胞内摄水平;MTT法及流式细胞仪检测单链抗体抑制肺腺癌A549细胞生长情况;免疫印迹法检测单链抗体作用于A549细胞后对细胞内PrxI表达水平的影响。放射性核素131I标记纯化抗体,进行荷瘤裸鼠体内分布、SPECT放免显像及病理切片观察抑瘤作用。结果单链抗体干预后细胞PrxI蛋白表达水平较对照组下降(P<0.05)。体内分布研究表明单链抗体与肺腺癌组织有效结合。荷瘤裸鼠尾静脉注射131I标记抗体48h后,瘤/血和瘤/肌肉放射性比值均达到最大值4.06±0.13和5.17±0.97。SPECT示抗体注射后48hT/NT值明显高于12h、24h和72h(F均>86,P均<0.01)。治疗4周后,131I标记抗体治疗组肿瘤体积为(0.68±0.17)cm3,质量为(1.58±0.21)g,抑瘤率56.8%,与对照组比较有统计学差异。结论抗PrxI肺腺癌单链抗体能有效抑制肺腺癌细胞生长,131I标记单链抗体在体内能抑制...     

131I-D2C5在荷瘤裸鼠体内分布实验

目的 探讨131I-D2C5在荷瘤裸鼠体内的生物分布.方法 12只荷瘤裸鼠随机分为二组(每组各6只),鼠尾静脉注射131I-D2C5 或131I-mIgG 4 h、24 h、48 h后,采用γ计数器检测体内放射性分布.结果 静脉注射131I-D2C5后4 h,131I-D2C5主要分布在血、心、肝、肾、脾中,肿瘤在4h开始略有浓集.24 h后肿瘤组织内131I-D2C5聚集达到高峰,此时每克组织的放射性占注射剂量的百分比(%ID/g)达到4.12.131I-D2C5注射后4 h、24 h、48 h肿瘤/肌肉的放射性比值依次为3.96、7.63、8.21,而131I -mIgG依次为3.30、2.80、2.60,两者变化趋势差异显著.结论 131I-D2C5 能在裸鼠肿瘤组织内特异性聚集,有望用于肿瘤组织的受体显像和导向治疗.     

131I标记多肽K237用于前列腺癌荷瘤裸鼠显像的实验研究

目的研究将放射性核素131I标记多肽K237用于前列腺癌荷瘤裸鼠显像的可行性。方法按Iodogen法用131I标记多肽K237,用薄层层析法(TLC)测定标记率及放射化学纯度,经Sephadex G25柱凝胶过滤法分离纯化,获得标记率大于95%的131I-K237注射液。体外培养前列腺癌LNCap细胞株,构建LNCap荷瘤裸鼠动物模型,经尾静脉注射131I-K237,于特定时间处死、取肿瘤及主要脏器,测定各组织的放射性百分注射剂量率,研究荷瘤裸鼠体内131I-K237的生物分布。对荷瘤裸鼠尾静脉注射5.55Mbq131I-K237 1、2、4和8h后,分别用SPECT/CT仪显像,考察最佳显像时间。结果131I标记多肽K237的标记率为(73.7±3.2)%,经Sephadex G25柱分离纯化后,放射化学纯度为(96.7±0.6)%;LNCap前列腺癌荷瘤裸鼠体内131I-K237分布显示:30min和1、2、4、8、12、24h的T/NT比值分别是2.08和2.28、2.45、2.68、3.04、3.97、4.41。荷瘤裸鼠显像结果表明,1h时即可见肿瘤隐约显影,4h肿瘤显影最清晰。结论131I-K237的制备与显像操作简易,用于前列腺癌荷瘤裸鼠显像效果理想,有望成为一种新的针对前列腺癌的肿瘤显像剂。     

131I标记的一种抗植物蛋白抗体及其片段在荷瘤小鼠体内的分布

目的研究131碘标记的抗植物蛋白抗体(131I-anti-plant protein antibody,131I-APPAb)及其片段[131I-F(ab′)2]在荷瘤小鼠体内的生物学分布.方法氯胺-T法将131I标记于APPAb及F(ab′)2分子上.成年昆明种小鼠,于前肢根部皮下接种H22肝癌瘤细胞使其荷瘤,随机分组.尾静脉注射131I-APPAb或131I-F(ab′)2 185KBq(0.2ml*每鼠).于注药后12、24和48 h分别处死动物,取血液、心、肝、脾、肾、肌肉和肿瘤组织,用r计数器测量各组织放射性.结果各组织中以肿瘤组织放射性摄取率(%ID*g-1)最高,不同组不同时相131I-F(ab′)2的%ID*g-1均高于131I-APPAb,而且131I-F(ab′)2的摄取速度也较131I-APPAb快,12 h即达到最大值,131I-APPAb则需48 h.肿瘤组织对正常组织的摄取比值(T/NT)在3～6之间.血液中的放射性浓度较高,T/NT比值也低.结论肿瘤组织中131I-APPAb和131I-F(ab′)2的摄取明显高于正常组织,131I-F(ab′)2的摄取速度快,这为肿瘤的免疫诊断和免疫治疗研究提供一种新途径.     

^131Ⅰ标记的一种抗植物蛋白抗体及其片段在荷瘤小鼠体内的分布

目的研究131碘标记的抗植物蛋白抗体(131I-anti-plant protein antibody,131I-APPAb)及其片段[131I-F(ab′)2]在荷瘤小鼠体内的生物学分布.方法氯胺-T法将131I标记于APPAb及F(ab′)2分子上.成年昆明种小鼠,于前肢根部皮下接种H22肝癌瘤细胞使其荷瘤,随机分组.尾静脉注射131I-APPAb或131I-F(ab′)2 185KBq(0.2ml*每鼠).于注药后12、24和48 h分别处死动物,取血液、心、肝、脾、肾、肌肉和肿瘤组织,用r计数器测量各组织放射性.结果各组织中以肿瘤组织放射性摄取率(%ID*g-1)最高,不同组不同时相131I-F(ab′)2的%ID*g-1均高于131I-APPAb,而且131I-F(ab′)2的摄取速度也较131I-APPAb快,12 h即达到最大值,131I-APPAb则需48 h.肿瘤组织对正常组织的摄取比值(T/NT)在3～6之间.血液中的放射性浓度较高,T/NT比值也低.结论肿瘤组织中131I-APPAb和131I-F(ab′)2的摄取明显高于正常组织,131I-F(ab′)2的摄取速度快,这为肿瘤的免疫诊断和免疫治疗研究提供一种新途径.     

131Ⅰ标记抗PeroxiredoxinⅠ肺腺癌噬菌体抗体在荷瘤裸鼠体内的分布及其对肿瘤生长的抑制作用

目的 研究抗Peroxiredoxin Ⅰ(Prx Ⅰ)肺腺癌相关单链抗体体外对肺腺癌细胞的增殖抑制;观察131I标记抗体在肺腺癌裸鼠模型体内分布、靶向显像及体内抑瘤作用.方法 放射性核素计数法测定单链抗体细胞内摄水平;MTT法及流式细胞仪检测单链抗体抑制肺腺癌A549细胞生长情况;免疫印迹法检测单链抗体作用于A549细胞后对细胞内Prx Ⅰ表达水平的影响.放射性核素131Ⅰ标记纯化抗体,进行荷瘤裸鼠体内分布、SPECT放免显像及病理切片观察抑瘤作用.结果 单链抗体干预后细胞Prx Ⅰ蛋白表达水平较对照组下降(P＜0.05).体内分布研究表明单链抗体与肺腺癌组织有效结合.荷瘤裸鼠尾静脉注射131Ⅰ标记抗体48 h后,瘤/血和瘤/肌肉放射性比值均达到最大值4.06±0.13和5.17±0.97.SPECT示抗体注射后48 h T/NT值明显高于12 h、24 h和72 h(F均＞86,P均＜0.01).治疗4周后,131Ⅰ标记抗体治疗组肿瘤体积为(0.68±0.17)cm3,质量为(1.58±0.21)g,抑瘤率56.8%,与对照组比较有统计学差异.结论 抗Prx Ⅰ肺腺癌单链抗体能有效抑制肺腺癌细胞生长,131I标记单链抗体在体内能抑制肿瘤生长.     

~(99)Tc~m标记VEGFR-3高亲和融合多肽在荷人卵巢癌裸鼠体内的分布和显像研究

目的 研究~(99)Tc~m标记VEGFR-3高亲和融合肽(phage-SHSWHWLPNLRHYAS)在荷人卵巢癌裸鼠体内分布和放射免疫定位显像.方法 用NHS-MAG3为双功能鳌合剂,固相法合成多肽.~(99)Tc~m预亚锡直接标记法进行标记,纸层析法测定标记率.经尾静脉注射于荷瘤鼠体内,取不同时相进行SPECT显像,测定标记物在体内的分布情况并进行分析.结果 融合多肽的~(99)Tc~m标记率为95.27%,放射化学纯度为96%,放射性浓度24.6 MBq/ml.经鼠尾静脉注射后1 h,植瘤部位开始出现放射性浓集,肾脏、肝脏及膀胱组织也可见显像;注射后3 h肿瘤显像最清晰,每克组织注射百分剂量率(%ID/g)为(30.20±6.89).其余大部分脏器的T/NT值均达最高,最高为肌肉(13.13);注射后4 h肿瘤部位显像逐渐消退.对照组裸鼠的肿瘤部位始终未见显像.结论 筛选获得的VEGFR-3高亲和融合肽能够靶向荷瘤鼠体内肿瘤组织,实现肿瘤的靶向受体显像.     

核素示踪反义寡核苷酸在荷人淋巴瘤裸鼠中的分布及显像研究

目的研究^125I标记反义寡核苷酸在正常小鼠内的生物分布,比较脂质体介导^131I标记正义及反义寡核苷酸在荷人淋巴瘤裸鼠体内的显像,以探讨核素标记的AS0N作为反义显像剂及反义治疗药物的可能性。方法通过氯胺-T法进行^125I与^131I标记含酪胺的18聚体寡核苷酸,制作荷瘤裸鼠模型,将148kBq ^125I标记反义寡核苷酸（2μg～3μg）,尾静脉注入正常小鼠,于不同时间处死小鼠,测定不同组织及标准源的放射性计数。荷瘤裸鼠瘤内注入脂质体介导335MBq^131I标记反义寡核苷酸（7μg～9μg）,分别与注射后不同时间进行SPECT显像,以脂质体介导正义寡核苷酸作为对照,24h显像后处死全部裸鼠,取出血液、重要器官和肿瘤组织,测定各组织的放射性计数,并记算肿瘤与非肿瘤组织（T／NT）比值。结果^125I标记反义寡核苷酸注入正常小鼠体内后1h,各脏器达高峰,24h基本清除。肝、胃和肠放射性分布最高,骨、肌肉、脑中放射性分布较少。荷瘤裸鼠瘤内注入脂质体介导的^131I标记反义寡核苷酸后立即用SPEcT成像仅见肿瘤部位,1、2h成像可见示踪剂从肿瘤到腹腔,24h仍见肿瘤显像。比较24h正义组与反义组肿瘤的％1D／g、肿瘤／血液、肿瘤／肌肉,差异有统计学意义。结论^131标记AS0N对淋巴瘤肿瘤组织有很强的特异性,可用于淋巴瘤反义显像和反义治疗的研究,但仍需进行大量的临床应用前研究。     

放射性碘标记反义寡核苷酸在荷人淋巴瘤裸鼠中的分布及显像研究

目的:探讨用放射性碘标记的框架区(framework region mRNA,FR)mRNA反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotide,ASON)作为B细胞淋巴瘤反义显像剂及反义治疗药物的可能性.方法:通过氯胺-T法用碘[125Ⅰ]与碘[131Ⅰ]标记含酪胺的18聚体寡核苷酸获得125Ⅰ-或131Ⅰ-FR-ASON,建立荷人淋巴瘤裸鼠动物模型.将148 kBq125Ⅰ-FR-ASON(2～3μg)经尾静脉注入正常小鼠,于不同时间处死小鼠,测定不同组织及标准源的放射性计数.荷瘤裸鼠瘤内注入脂质体包裹的3.33 MBq131Ⅰ-FR-ASON(7～9μg),分别于注射后不同时间进行单光子发射计算机断层(single photon emission computer tomography,SPECT)显像,以脂质体包裹的正义寡核苷酸作为对照,24 h显像后处死裸鼠,取出血液、重要器官和肿瘤组织,测定各组织的放射性计数,并计算每克组织摄取率及肿瘤与非肿瘤组织放射性摄取比值(T/NT).结果:125Ⅰ-FR-ASON注入正常小鼠体内后1 h,各脏器的放射性摄取达高峰,24 h基本清除.肝、胃和肠放射性分布最高,骨、肌肉、脑中放射性分布较少.荷瘤裸鼠瘤内注入脂质体包裹的131Ⅰ标记ASON后立即用SPECT成像仅见肿瘤部位,1和2 h成像可见示踪剂从肿瘤到腹腔,24 h仍可见肿瘤显像.比较24 h反义组与正义组肿瘤的每克组织摄取率、T/NT均有显著性差异.结论:放射性碘标记ASON对淋巴瘤组织有很强的特异性,有望用于淋巴瘤反义显像和反义治疗的研究.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.