喉切除发音管重建术中环咽肌与喉下神经的应用解剖

目的：为提高全喉切除术后用发音管发音重建的成功率提供解剖学基础。方法：对４０具（男３０，女１０）成人标本环咽肌进行解剖，观测左右侧喉下神经入喉处与甲状软骨下角的距离、喉下神经和环咽肌的关系。结果：喉下神经入喉点距甲状软骨下角的距离，左侧（５．５±１．４） ｍｍ；右侧（５．３±１．３） ｍｍ。７５％（６０侧）喉下神经在环咽肌的下方穿入喉部；２５％（２０侧）喉下神经在环咽肌纤维之间穿入喉部。结论：本研究对于指导环咽肌切断术，诊治环咽肌失驰缓症，探讨喉下神经和环咽肌的关系等有重要的临床意义。     

咽丛神经切断术的应用解剖

目的：为提高全喉切除术后用发音管发音重建的成功率。方法：在４０具成人头颈部标本上观察咽丛神经的起源、走行、分支支数及类型，测量咽丛神经的分支在咽后壁舌骨大角水平至舌大角的平均距离。结果：咽丛神经的位置较为恒定，分支相对规则，两侧基本对称。咽上缩肌大部分由舌咽神经分支支配，咽下缩肌大部分由迷走神经分支支配。结论：在一侧舌骨大角后内侧咽缩肌的后表面６．５ｍｍ左右，可找到咽丛神经支配咽下缩肌的主支，将其阻滞或切断，达到解除咽下缩肌痉挛的目的。     

环咽肌的应用解剖及其临床意义

了解环咽肌的形态特征,提高全喉切除术后用发音管发音重建的成功率,探讨与环咽肌相关疾病的机理、对４０具正常成人尸体标本环咽肌的形态和解剖结构进行详细的观察和测量。结果环咽肌在咽后壁的形态略呈形,其上、下角的形态均分为弧形和三角形两种,上角的平均角度为９１．９５度,下角的平均角度为４６．２度,结论对于开展环咽肌切断术有一定的临床意义。     

环甲肌的解剖形态和生理功能的再认识

目的：为了重新认识环甲肌的形态和功能。方法：用６０个经福尔马林固定的成人尸体喉，在手术显微镜下对环甲肌进行解剖观测；用８条中国犬在手术麻醉下对环甲肌进行电生理实验。结果：电刺激单侧和双侧环甲肌，甲状软骨都固定不动，环状软骨运动；切断一侧喉上神经喉外支，使该侧环甲肌瘫痪，用直接喉镜观察声门，可见声门后端向患侧偏斜。结论：环甲肌属于二头肌，起于甲状软骨，止于环状软骨；环甲肌收缩时，甲状软骨固定，环状软骨活动；一侧环甲肌瘫痪时，环状软骨弓向健侧偏转，声门后端向患侧偏斜。     

甲咽肌的应用解剖及临床意义

目的:了解甲咽肌的形态特点,探讨甲咽肌的功能及临床相关疾病的机制。方法:通过对63例成人尸体标本甲咽肌处进行观察与测量,并进行火棉胶包埋制作薄层断层切片,观察连续切片上甲咽肌的变化。结果:甲咽肌在咽后壁的厚度由上而下逐渐减小;肌层可分为3层,内层的肌纤维不参与咽缝的构成,并与环咽肌的环形肌相续。结论:甲咽肌下端是一个解剖的薄弱环节;甲咽肌内层的肌纤维可能参与高压区的形成。     

神经肌蒂移植至环杓后肌的应用解剖

在21具成尸标本上,针对喉返神经损伤后的有关问题观察了支配舌骨下肌群和环甲肌的神经.从解剖学角度认为神经肌蒂移植时首选肩胛舌骨肌上腹肌支、胸骨舌骨肌上肌支或环甲肌肌支。暴露环(?)后肌的手术层次是咽下缩肌、咽肌、梨状隐窝和环(?)后肌筋膜。     

肩胛舌骨肌变异一例

在澳大利亚阿德雷德大学进行尸体解剖时，发现澳大利亚籍成年男性右半侧头颈部上，右侧的肩肿舌骨肌走行变异。此肌有正常起自肩胛骨上缘和肩胛横韧带的下缘，肌纤维斜向内上方，于胸锁乳突肌的深侧，在第七颈椎水平，移行为中间腱。其上腹走行异常，先在颈内静脉的外则，肌纤维从后外下斜向前内上方，越过颈动脉鞘和舌下神经的浅面，再经二腹肌后腹和茎突舌骨肌的深面；在第二颈椎的高度，经颈内动脉的前方，肌纤维编入咽中缩肌。检索未曾见到这种变异在国内外报道。舌咽神经绕过茎突咽肌的后缘，经颈内动、静脉之间，超过茎突咽肌的浅面及…     

喉上神经外支变异1例

笔者对41例标本,共82侧喉上神经外支进行解剖时发现1例成年男性尸体左侧喉上神经外支变异,现报道如下:左侧喉上神经位于第2颈椎横突,发自迷走神经,在舌骨大角处分为较大的内支和细小的外支.内支与喉上动脉伴行,经甲状软骨上缘和舌骨之间穿甲状舌骨膜入喉;外支沿甲状软骨下缘行走,伴行甲状腺上动脉,并分出3支:第1支位于甲状软骨上缘发出进入甲状舌骨肌;第2支由甲状软骨下缘发出,进入咽缩肌;第3支在甲状腺侧叶与咽缩肌和气管之间下行,于环状软骨下缘与喉返神经一起进入环甲关节后缘,沿途喉上神经外支与甲状腺侧叶实质紧贴,肉眼不易与甲状腺周围的筋膜区别(图1).     

喉上神经外支在环甲间隙的应用解剖学研究

目的为甲状腺手术中保护喉上神经外支提供解剖学基础。方法成人尸体32具(64侧),解剖观察喉上神经外支在环甲间隙的解剖学特点,观察该神经与间隙内其他解剖结构的关系。结果3侧喉上神经存在袢状结构;发现所有标本中均存在环甲肌支,71.8%(46侧)存在咽支;按Friedman分型方法进行分型:Ⅰ型占28.1%(18侧)、Ⅱ型占54.7%(35侧)、Ⅲ型占17.2%(11侧)。喉上神经外支入咽下缩肌点位置均位于胸骨甲状肌深面,斜线下方。喉上神经外支入咽下缩肌点至斜线的垂直距离为(3.60±0.30)mm,距胸骨甲状肌内侧缘的垂直距离(8.27±1.72)mm,距环状软骨中点的距离是(27.09±1.46)mm。结论甲状腺手术中,从环甲间隙入路多数情况下可以显露保护喉上神经外支环甲肌支;大于17.2%的情况下不能显露,但也不会损伤。     

喉的应用解剖与临床意义

目的：为功能性喉手术提供解剖形态学数据。方法：对50例结构完整的喉标本进行解剖观察和测量。结果：提供了喉重建术相关的甲状软骨、环状软骨、甲状舌骨膜、环甲韧带、弹性圆锥和方形膜等共75项按性别分组的测量数据。结论：为临床功能性喉手术以及喉功能重建提供了形态学参考数据。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.