阴茎皮肤和包皮静脉的应用解剖学

用手术显微镜（10×）解剖观察30具成年男尸阴茎浅静脉，以期为临床取用阴茎皮瓣、修复尿道下裂提供资料。结果：阴茎背浅静脉起于包皮内板静脉网，经内、外极交界处入外板至阴茎皮下，未与浅动脉伴行。其支数多为3支（17例占56．7％）或2支（8例占26．7％）．单支较少（5例占16．6％）。阴茎背浅静脉是阴茎背侧皮瓣血液回流的主要静脉。内、外饭间静脉的续连．为延长皮瓣长度，分离内、外板的可行性提供了解剖学基础。     

肩胛下血管蒂复合组织瓣移植的解剖学基础

目的：为以肩胛下血管为蒂复合组织瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：４０侧成人上肢标本解剖观察肩胛下动脉的分支类型及分布。结果：肩胛下动脉分支有３种类型：①肩胛下动脉直接分出旋肩胛动脉和胸背动脉,占５２．５％;②肩胛下动脉发出旋肩胛、胸背、旋肱后或胸外动脉,占４０％;③旋肩胛动脉与胸背动脉分别起于腋动脉,占７．５％。旋肩胛动脉恒定发浅、深支,浅支分布于肩胛冈下部筋膜皮肤,深支分布于肩胛骨外侧缘。胸背动脉恒定发肩胛骨支、前锯肌支,分布于肩胛骨外侧缘中下部、前锯肌及第５～７肋。胸背动脉于肩胛骨下角上方１．９ｃｍ处分为内、外侧支。结论：９２．５％可以肩胛下血管为蒂形成：①肩胛（骨）皮瓣与背阔肌皮瓣;②肩胛（骨）皮瓣与侧胸皮瓣;③肩胛（骨）皮瓣与前锯肌肋骨瓣。７．５％则可以胸背动脉为蒂形成背阔肌皮瓣与前锯肌肋骨瓣。     

阴茎皮肤和包皮血管的应用解剖学（Ⅱ）

阴茎皮肤和包皮血管的应用解剖学（Ⅱ）王继丰，雷清芳华西医科大学成都６１００４１用有色明胶，经左阴茎浅动脉灌注８例新鲜成人男尸。取５例进行组织切片，３例进行解剖。结果：１．灌注时，左侧出现一条有色迂曲走行的浅动脉，后外板，内板皮肤被染色，随后右侧内板，...     

带肉膜蒂阴茎皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带肉膜蒂的阴茎皮瓣提供解剖学基础。方法 :成人男性防腐尸体 15具 ,逐层解剖阴茎 ,观察各层结构和血液供应 ,以及层与层之间的联系 ;3具新鲜尸体 ,模拟不同切取阴茎皮瓣手术。结果 :阴茎肉膜疏松 ,伸缩性好 ;深筋膜致密 ,伸缩性差。阴茎背浅动脉走在阴茎背外侧的肉膜层 ,起点外径为 0 .8± 0 .2mm ;阴茎背动脉走在深筋膜层 ,起点外径为 1.5± 0 .3mm。阴茎背动脉发出分支支配阴茎头和尿道 ;阴茎包皮同时接受阴茎背浅动脉和阴茎背动脉的血供。可作为皮瓣蒂部的组织有三种 :肉膜、肉膜 Buck氏筋膜和Buck氏筋膜。肉膜蒂皮瓣可保留皮瓣、阴茎头和尿道的供血动脉 ,容易切取和转位 ;Buck氏筋膜蒂皮瓣无这些特性。结论 :设计带肉膜蒂阴茎皮瓣应是 :皮瓣的远端在Buck氏筋膜的浅面 ,近端在肉膜的浅面 ,宽度包括阴茎背外侧 ,蒂部由阴茎肉膜组成 ,供血动脉是阴茎背浅动脉。     

阴茎皮肤和包皮动脉的解剖及l临床应用

尿道下裂是泌尿外科先天性畸形疾病 ,发病率为3‰～ 4‰[1] ,国内外多采用包皮内板横行岛状皮瓣尿道成形术修复尿道下裂[2 ,3] ,该术式存在取材长度不足及皮瓣转移后血供差等问题 ,有 15 %～ 30 %的并发症[4 ] 。我们自 1998年至 2 0 0 0年通过对 2 0具成人男尸阴茎皮肤和包皮动脉的解剖观察 ,采用阴茎背侧纵行带蒂岛状皮瓣行尿成形术修复尿道下裂 12例 ,疗效满意。现报道如下。1　应用解剖成人男尸 2 0具 ,采用大体解剖和手术显微镜 (×10 )下解剖观察 :阴茎背浅动脉从阴茎根部的外上方进入阴茎浅筋膜 ,在阴茎浅筋膜内迂曲走行。该动脉在阴…     

弧形阴茎阴囊联合皮瓣设计的解剖学基础

目的：为弧形阴茎、阴囊联合皮瓣的设计提供解剖学基础。方法：采用显微解剖、皮瓣血管透明、Ｘ线造影等方法，对３６侧阴茎和阴囊外侧皮瓣的血供来源、动脉主干走行、分支分布及吻合进行观测。结果：阴茎和阴囊外侧皮瓣的血供分别来自阴茎背浅和阴囊前动脉，前者起点外径为０．８±０．２ｍｍ，行于阴茎浅筋膜的疏松组织层。在阴茎阴囊交界区，两动脉的分支相互吻合。阴茎皮瓣的静脉回流有二套，其中阴茎背浅静脉为血液回流的主要血管。结论：阴茎、阴囊交界区动脉间有吻合，可设计成阴茎阴囊弧形联合皮瓣。该型皮瓣较长，足以满足重度尿道下裂的修复。     

阴部外动脉阴茎支皮瓣尿道成形术的应用解剖

目的：为设计阴部外动脉阴茎皮瓣转位尿道成形术提供依据。方法：30侧经动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体，解剖观测阴部外动脉起始、行程；着重阴部外动脉阴茎支在阴茎的走行、分支分布。结果：阴部外动脉始于股动脉，外径1．8±0．4mm，伴行静脉1-2支，汇入大隐静脉。阴茎支可视为本干的延续，经耻骨结节两侧靠近阴茎，分别经2(10)点、3(9)点和1(11)点进入阴茎，多数分出背侧支、腹侧支分布阴茎皮肤。外径0．8±0．2mm。结论：阴茎皮肤血管恒定，以阴茎支为蒂，可在阴茎外侧或背外侧、腹外侧设计皮瓣，用于尿道成形术。术式已在临床应用，效果满意。     

颈横动脉项背部皮瓣的解剖学基础

在５具（１０侧）从动脉灌注乳胶的新鲜成人尸体上解剖观察了颈横动脉在项背部的走行，分支及双侧交通吻合情况。颈横动脉分为深，浅２支，其中浅支又分为肌支（降支）和皮支（升支）。双侧皮支在项背部互相物合交通。根据其血供特点，在项背部可设计成５种皮瓣：（１）真皮下篾这网皮瓣：（２）轴型皮瓣；（３）轴型肌皮瓣；（４）岛状皮瓣；（５）游离皮瓣。此外，尚可根据创面需要，形成双侧项背部皮瓣，皮瓣的最大面积可达３３ｃ     

第2跖趾关节、肌腱及皮瓣复合移植的显微外科解剖

目的：为第２跖趾关节、肌腱及皮瓣复合组织移植修复掌指关节、肌腱及皮肤缺损提供应用解剖学基础。方法：在２０侧灌注红色乳胶的新鲜足标本上，对第２跖趾关节、肌腱及邻近皮肤的血供进行了观测；２侧标本摹拟术式设计。结果：第２跖趾关节、肌腱及皮肤由第１、２跖背及跖底动脉供给，其分支间在关节周围和深浅筋膜间形成丰富吻合。其中第１跖背动脉沿途发４～９支、外径０．１～０．３ｍｍ（混合支０．５～０．８ｍｍ）的分支，至关节面以近０．８～１．５ｃｍ与以远０．３～０．８ｃｍ之间的跖趾关节及背侧肌腱和皮肤。结论：以足背动脉→第１跖背动脉为蒂，第２跖趾关节、肌腱及皮瓣复合组织移植，其皮瓣可依据受区需要，设计四种形式。     

颈浅动脉游离皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为开发颈浅动脉游离皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础。方法：解剖观测３０ 侧成人尸体标本颈横动脉及其浅支的起源、走行、分支、分布及其吻合情况,对其肌皮穿支进行体表定位。结果：颈浅动脉为颈横动脉的主要分支。颈横动脉起点至斜方肌前缘５ ．５ ±０ ．８ ｃｍ 。颈浅动脉起点外径２ ．１ ±０ ．３ｍ ｍ ,有２ 条伴行静脉。其肌皮穿支恒定的有２ 支,血管蒂长７ ～８ ｃｍ 左右。结论：颈浅动脉有恒定的肌皮穿支,体表定位明确,血管蒂较长,管径较粗,吻合丰富,有２ 条伴行静脉,可以形成颈浅动脉游离皮瓣。     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

局部注射辛伐他汀对骨质疏松大鼠股骨髁骨小梁的改建效应

背景：局部注射具有成骨作用的辛伐他汀,可显著增加骨质疏松大鼠股骨颈及股骨髁部的骨密度及力学强度,分析局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。 目的：进一步研究骨质疏松大鼠股骨内局部注射辛伐他汀对股骨髁骨小梁的影响。为将辛伐他汀应用于临床骨质疏松局部治疗提供实验基础。 方法：18只雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢切除后3个月,制备大鼠骨质疏松模型。实验大鼠随机数字表法均分为3组,分别在实验大鼠的右侧股骨髓腔内单次注射辛伐他汀溶液5 mg、10 mg,对照组单纯注射空白载体。分别在注射后1个月处死大鼠并取材。Micro-CT扫描并定量分析骨组织形态变化。 结果与结论：给药后1个月,Micro-CT扫描结果显示,辛伐他汀治疗组的骨微结构参数如骨皮质厚度、骨小梁密度及连接率明显优于对照组。说明疏松骨骼单次注射小剂量辛伐他汀可显著促进股骨髁部骨小梁改建,改善骨骼微结构,可为强化局部、防治骨质疏松骨折的新选择进一步提供实验基础。     

石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究

中药石斛早在《神农本草经》中就被列为上品,其应用历史悠久,具有养阴生津、补肾益气、润喉护嗓、活血明目、抗癌防老等功效。本文对国内外石斛属民族药用植物的分类及生药学研究进行了综述。     

膝关节骨性关节炎的关节镜治疗体会

目的我科自2001～2005年4月对59例67膝的骨性关节炎（0A），进行关节镜检查及镜下清理术。方法镜检：膝关节骨性关节炎伴不同程度滑膜炎，滑膜皱壁粘连纤维片，关节软骨不同程度破坏。镜下清除增生滑膜，松解粘连，去除剥脱软骨、修复关节面。结果随访2月～4年，平均1.5年，术后综合评估2月～1年，优良率94％；1～2年，优良率79.2％；2年以上优良率54.8％。结论关节镜对膝关节骨性关节炎诊断能提供了比较全面的资料，并对骨性关节炎早期有良好疗效，具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少和重复治疗等优点。     

Anatomical study of distribution of valves of the cutaneous veins of adult''s limbs

Since the cutaneous veins of the four limbs have been used as autogenous grafts in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, knowledge of distribution of the valves is increasingly required depending upon the use. In the gross anatomical study of distribution of valves of the trunci venae, there has been argument about locational relationships between the venous roots and the valves in the vicinity of the roots and the inter-valvular distance. However, there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about valves of the cutaneous veins of the four limbs. The authors observed patterns of distribution of the cutaneous venous valves of the four limbs of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy. The following parts were excised from each cadaver: the cephalic, basilic, and the great saphenous veins, which originate from the acral venous network and flow into the proximal deep veins, and the venous roots communicating with these veins. An incision was made on each excised vein in the direction of the long axis under observation with a stereoscopic microscope, and the inter-valvular distance and the distance between the valve and the orifice of venous root in the vicinity of the valve were measured. The inter-valvular distance varied with type of the truncus venae, and it varied according to area even in the same truncus venae.     

Pathways of the realization of immunomodulating effects of neurotransmitters

Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 115, N ^o 4, pp. 401–404, April, 1993     

Characterization of sterols of three digenetic trematodes of buffalo

Sterols of three digenetic trematodes were isolated and characterized by infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies, and gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sterols identified were cholesterol, cholestanol, 24-methylcholesterol, 24-methylcholestanol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholesterol, 24-ethyl-22-dehydrocholestanol, 24-ethylcholesterol and 24-ethylcholestanol.     

Mechanisms of generation of slow components of bioelectric activity in diagnostics of functional state of the gastrointestinal tract

New electrophysiologic devices were used for the diagnostics of the state of excitable structures in the gastrointestinal tract and correction of their motor functions. Bioelectrical and biomechanical activities form the basis of functioning of internal organs. The mechanisms of generation of slow bioelectrical activity that are important for clinical and physiological studies are described. One of these mechanisms is a capacitance parametric transducer converting the energy of contractions into specific electric signals reflecting muscle functions. Another mechanism results from slow oscillations of resting potentials of interrelated excitable cells in large neuromuscular structures of internal organs. The elaborated procedure is efficient for preventing early postoperative paresis of the gastrointestinal tract. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 10, pp. 448–452, October, 1999     

胃小弯侧血管弓的MDCT解剖

目的：研究正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的多排螺旋CT表现。方法：回顾性分析51例正常成人的上腹部CT资料,观察胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管的显示情况、血管弓形态及其与胃壁的关系。结果：51例均显示胃小弯侧血管弓,血管弓贲门部属支、胃体部属支和幽门部属支分别显示46例、15例和10例;血管弓与胃壁紧邻41例。结论：MDCT检查可良好显示正常胃小弯侧血管弓及其属支血管。     

Assessment of the efficacy of treatment of hemangiomas

Assessment of the aftereffects of cryoexposure and ultrahigh-frequency cryoexposure on hemangioma tissue of various types, cavernous and squamous, showed a higher cryogenic effect in hemangiomatous tissue preexposed to ultrahigh-frequency waves. A quantitative criterion is proposed for assessing the efficacy of the studied methods of exposure. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 119, N ^o 6, pp. 669–672, June, 1995