海洛因依赖的亚冬眠疗法与美沙酮疗法对照观察

对自愿戒断海洛因依赖住院患者１１６例，分别用亚冬眠与美沙酮替代递减进行治疗。结果表明：亚冬眠和美沙酮替代递减之间效果存在着明显差异；后者能有效控制戒断症状，且容易递减和停药，病人依从性好，不影响病人意识，生活能自理，情绪平稳，副反应极少。     

Cerebrovascular disorders and alcohol intake: preliminary results of a case-control study

The role of alcohol as a risk factor for cerebral infarction and hemorrhage has been assesed in 200 middle-aged and elderly stroke patients and 200 controls matched for age, sex and hospital admission date. Computed tomographic brain scans were done in all but 10 of the stroke patients. Alcohol intake was reckoned on the 12 months preceding hospitalization and expressed in grams daily according to a standard nomogram. The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test was used for the diagnosis of alcoholism. Cerebral infarction was present in 59% of the stroke patients and cerebral hemorrhage in 9%. The role of alcohol as risk factor for stroke proved to be small (Odds Ratio 1.86) and was practically lost after adjustement for the most common risk factors for cerebrovascular disorders (previous strokes, arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity and hyperlipidemia). Our findings seem to suggest that alcohol is not an independent risk factor for stroke in the middle-aged and elderly. The data are, however, preliminary and are discussed in the light of methological problems.

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Sommario Il contributo dell'alcool come fattore di rischio per l'infarto e l'emorragia cerebrale è stato esaminato in 200 pazienti con stroke e 200 controlli in età medio-avanzata, appaiati per età, sesso e data di ricovero ospedaliero. Una tomografia assiale computerizzata dell'encefalo fu eseguita in tutti i casi di stroke tranne 10. L'entità della assunzione alcoolica fu calcolata con riferimento ai 12 mesi precedenti il ricovero e fu espressa in grammi al giorno in base ad un apposito monogramma. Per le diagnosi di alcoolismo fu usato un questionario ad-hoc, il Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. Un infarto cerebrale fu documentato nel 59% dei casi ed una emorragia cerebrale nel 9%. Il ruolo dell'alcool come fattore di rischio per lo stroke risultò modesto (Odds Ratio 1.86) e venne praticamente annullato dopo aver aggiustato per i più comuni fattori di rischio per malattie cerebrovascolari (ictus precedenti, ipertensione arteriosa, diabete, obesità ed iperlipidemia). I nostri dati sembrano escludere un ruolo indipendente dell'alcool nella genesi dello stroke. Tuttavia, i risultati ottenuti (da intendere come preliminari) sono discussi alla luce di alcuni problemi metodologici.

     

长沙市芙蓉区美沙酮门诊海洛因依赖人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染状况调查

目的 了解长沙市芙蓉区美沙酮门诊海洛因依赖人群HIV、HCV和梅毒感染情况及其危险因素.方法 对参加维持治疗的323名海洛因依赖者进行HIV、HCV梅毒血清学检测和问卷调查.结果 71％成瘾者采用静脉吸毒,6.9％的静脉吸毒者共用注射器.HIV抗体阳性率0.3％ (1/323) HCV抗体阳性率61％ (198/32...     

Depressive symptoms during buprenorphine vs. methadone maintenance: findings from a randomised, controlled trial in opioid dependence

Research suggests that buprenorphine may possess antidepressant activity. The Beck Depression Inventory was completed at baseline and 3 months by heroin dependent subjects receiving either buprenorphine or methadone maintenance as part of a larger, pre-existing, double blind trial conducted by NDARC (Australia). Depressive symptoms improved in all subjects, with no difference between methadone and buprenorphine groups, suggesting no differential benefit on depressive symptoms for buprenorphine compared to methadone.     

Chronic cannabis use does not affect the normalization of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis induced by methadone in heroin addicts

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is usually altered by heroin use. In the present study we evaluated in one hundred twenty-one heroin addicts the effects of marijuana smoking on the normalization of HPA axis upon methadone treatment. The study showed that in heroin addicts who are chronic cannabis smokers a treatment with methadone lasting 12 months was able to normalize both plasma corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol levels, as well as to control both heroin withdrawal symptoms and opioid craving. As expected in the same group of patients marijuana smoking and its craving were not reduced by methadone treatment. Our data confirm that methadone treatment outcomes are not modified by cannabis use and they add in the literature the evidence that chronic cannabis use is not able to affect the normalization of HPA axis upon methadone treatment in heroin addicts.     

静息状态下海洛因成瘾者伏核功能连接的fMRI研究

目的 利用静息态功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术分析海洛因成瘾者静息状态下与伏核有功能连接的脑区,以探讨海洛因成瘾者"奖赏系统"的组成.方法 选择安徽省戒毒所自2009年6月至2010年3月收治的自愿接受戒毒的海洛因成瘾患者15例作为成瘾组,同期健康体检者15例为对照组,进行静息态fMRI扫描后选取左、右侧伏核为感兴趣区(ROI)进行静息态脑功能连接分析,确定受试者静息状态下与双侧伏核有功能连接的相应脑区.结果 静息状态下成瘾组中与伏核有功能连接的脑区包括双侧丘脑、基底节区、海马、中脑以及对侧伏核等脑区(左侧伏核还与前扣带回有显著的功能连接);而对照组中与伏核有功能连接的脑区仅为海马和对侧伏核,而且激活程度明显小于成瘾组.结论 静息态下与伏核有功能连接的脑区构成了成瘾的"奖赏系统";静息态fMRI技术有助于了解与海洛因成瘾相关脑区之间的功能联系.     

长期海洛因成瘾者前额叶功能连接的静息态fMRI研究

目的 利用静息态fMRI探讨长期海洛因成瘾者前额叶功能连接的变化情况.方法 13例长期海洛因成瘾者和14例正常者接受静息态fMRI检查,对数据进行相关的预处理后,以前额叶为种子点与全脑每个体素进行相关分析,比较海洛因成瘾组与正常对照组前额叶功能连接的变化情况.结果 以左侧前额叶为种子点进行功能连接分析,海洛因成瘾组左侧前额叶与左侧海马、右侧前扣带回、左侧额中回、右侧额中回、右侧楔前叶功能连接明显低于正常对照组:以右侧前额叶为种子点进行功能连接分析,海洛因成瘾组右侧前额叶与左侧眶额叶、左侧额中回功能连接明显低于正常对照组.结论 长期海洛因成瘾者前额叶与相关脑区的功能连接减弱,前额叶可能参与了海洛因成瘾的维持与戒断后复吸.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the changes of functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in chronic heroin addicts under resting-state functional MRI (fMRI). Methods Resting fMRI examination was performed on 13 chronic heroin addicts and 14 healthy volunteers. After pre-processing the resting-state fMRI data, the prefrontal cortex was selected as the seed region, with which a whole-brain voxel temporal correlation in Iow frequency fMRI fluctuations was analyzed and the changes of functional connectivity of the prefrontal lobe in both chronic heroin addicts and healthy volunteers were calculated with SPM5 software. Results Compared with that in the control group, the functional connectivity between the left prefrontal cortex and the left hippocampus, right anterior cingulate, left middle frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right precuneus in the heroin addiction group was significantly decreased. The functional connectivity between the right prefrontal cortex and the left orbital frontal cortex, left middle frontal gyrus in thc heroin addiction group was also significantly decreased as compared with that in the control group. Conclusion Functional connectivity of prefrontal cortex in chronic heroin addicts decreases, indicating that the prefrontal cortex may be involved in the maintenance of heroin addiction and relapse after withdrawal.     

广州地区海洛因依赖104例临床分析

本文分析104例首次住入我院二科的海洛因依赖者的临床资料。男性97人,女性7人,平均年龄27.6±4.5岁,84.6％为个体户,89.4％的吸毒史在3年内。吸毒后期将海洛因放在香烟内吸或烫吸68人,静脉或肌肉注射36人。使用不同的药物治疗均可达到消除戒断症状目的。平均住院7.7±3.3天。出院后短期复吸海洛因者相当多,长期的康复治疗和善后照顾对防止复吸很有必要,加强康复机构的建设是当务之急。     

行为列联管理在美沙酮维持治疗者中的疗效:一项随机对照研究(英文)

背景为了应对海洛因依赖的严重后果,我国开展了美沙酮维持治疗(methadone maintenance treatment,MMT)项目,但是MMT依从性差。目的评估在美沙酮维持治疗中行为列联管理(contingency management,CM)对阿片类药物依赖者的作用。假设在上海市常规MMT项目基础上结合以奖励机制为基础的CM干预共12周,可提高MMT治疗依从性和增加操守程度。方法来自于3个自愿戒毒MMT门诊的160名海洛因依赖者被随机分入常规治疗组(MMT,n=80)和干预组(MMT+CM,n=80),在前12周每周评估患者的服药行为并进行尿液的毒品检测,随后在第16、20和24周分别进行上述评估检测。结果干预组和常规治疗组完成12周治疗的比例都很高,分别为87.5%和86.2%。12周中,两组服用美沙酮的平均天数差异无统计学意义[70(2.9)d与71(2.7)d],两组未吸海洛因的最长时间(分别为7.4周与6.5周)以及尿检阴性的次数(分别为7.9次与7.6次)也没有明显差异。同样,根据24周的分析提示两组间差异也无统计学意义。用成瘾严重程度指数评估成瘾程度,24周内两组完成随访者的成瘾严重程度都显著下降,但是两组间比较同样无明显差异。结论在我国上海的MMT门诊,以奖励机制为基础的行为列联管理干预并未起到提高治疗依从性和促进保持操守的作用。这与西方研究结果不同。究其原因,一是基线依从性高(86%),二是CM项目提供的奖励相对少。在CM项目中奖励是与场景相关的,因而需要对场景进行仔细的分析,了解在特定场景采用什么特定的奖励措施,以便鼓励目标人群改变行为。     

对海洛因依赖者康复训练的半年随访

目的 评估康复训练对海洛因依赖者的疗效.方法 对1997年9月至1998年2月在劳教所戒毒的87例吸毒劳教人员进行为期6个月的系统康复训练(康复组),对另91例吸毒劳教人员行单纯劳动教养(劳教组).解教后半年对两组进行随访.采用成瘾行为严重度指数表和成瘾行为个案调查表分别于入组前及随访时进行评定.结果 随访时,康复组的操守率(31%)高于劳教组(16%;x2＝4.20,P<0.05);康复组较劳教组在职业功能[分别为(0.56±0.31)分和(0.77±0.31)分]、海洛因滥用[分别为(0.66±0.44)分和(0.86±0.18)分]、违法犯罪[分别为(0.16±0.17)分和(0.27±0.23)分]、家庭社会关系[分别为(0.28±0.12)分和(0.31±0.10)分]、精神健康[分别为(0.12±0.08)分和(0.14±0.13)分]五个方面有改善(P<0.01,0.05).结论 在劳教基础上合并康复训练的疗效优于单纯劳教,戒毒工作应以社会心理康复、预防复吸为重点.     

心理干预合并氯硝西泮治疗酒依赖的对照研究

目的探讨心理干预合并氯硝西泮治疗酒依赖的疗效。方法将80例酒依赖患者随机分成两组,分别用心理干预合并氯硝西泮(40例为研究组)和单用氯硝西泮(40例为对照组)系统治疗4周;采用戒断症状量表评定两组的疗效,用不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定不良反应。结果治疗后两组戒断症状量表与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义,且研究组较对照组降低更明显。结论心理干预合并氯硝西泮治疗酒依赖疗效更显著,值得在临床上推广。     

康复期男性海洛因依赖者注意力与听觉P300的研究

目的探讨处于康复期的海洛因依赖者注意力与听觉P300的特点以及二者的关系。方法以数字划销测验（NCT）评估38例康复期的男性海洛因依赖者（MPHD）和14例健康对照的注意力，同时以脑诱发电位仪检测康复期MPHD及健康对照前额区（Fz）、中央区（Cz）及项区（Pz）听觉P300。结果康复期MPHDNCTI阶段、Ⅱ阶段、Ⅲ阶段、V阶段净分及总净分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；Cz点AEP—P300波幅显著低于健康对照组（P〈0．05）。MPHDFz、Cz点AEP-P300波幅与净分V呈正相关（P〈0．01），在Pz点AEP—P300波幅与净分Ⅲ呈正相关（P〈0．05）；在Cz点AEP—P300潜伏期与净分工及净分Ⅲ呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论康复期MPHD存在明显的注意力损害与皮质功能的紊乱，AEP—P300可在一定程度上反映海洛因依赖者注意力损害的程度。     

美沙酮联用丁丙诺啡对海洛因依赖重度药瘾戒毒治疗临床研究

目的　探索对海洛因依赖重度药瘾较理想的戒毒治疗方法。　　方法　采用美沙酮与丁丙诺啡联合用药方案 ,对海洛因依赖重度药瘾 41例行戒毒治疗 ,1 2天为一疗程 ,并与单用美沙酮组 2 0例进行比较。　　结果　联合用药组控制症状较彻底 ,鸦片类药物戒断症状量表 (OWS)总分平稳下降 ,症状波动小 ,减药顺利 ,两药替换平稳 ,戒毒成功率 73 2 %。　　结论　我们认为美沙酮联用丁丙诺啡是一种值得推荐的戒毒治疗方法。     

Factors affecting compliance with maintenance electroconvulsive therapy: A preliminary study

Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be an effective treatment modality in preventing relapse in major depression following acute treatment. Nevertheless, clinical experience suggests that are obstacles to pursuing this form of long-term treatment. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 17 patients recommended for maintenance ECT following inpatient ECT for major depression over a 2-year period. Eleven (64.7%) accepted the recommendation and six (35.3%) refused. The two groups did not differ with respect to age, race, gender or number of medical codiagnoses. Patients who agreed to undergo maintenance ECT tended to live at home while all but one who refused lived in institutional settings (p <t 0.01). The type of social support available approached statistical significance (p <t 0.12), as did MMSE score (p <t 0.11). Patients with family support or MMSE scores lower than 27 tended to accept outpatient ECT (relative risk 7.00, 95% CI (0.69, 70.78)). These findings suggest that patients living in the community and with significant family involvement are more likely to comply with outpatient ECT than those living in institutions and supported by professional personnel irrespective of cognitive status or other clinical or demographic factors.     

Management of Opioid Dependence in Pregnancy: A Review of the Evidence

Conventional wisdom regarding management of opioid dependence in pregnancy calls for methadone maintenance in nearly all cases. The scientific literature and historical background upon which this recommendation is based, newer evidence indicating the safety of methadone discontinuation during pregnancy and recent studies raising concerns about the effects of methadone on the fetus and neonate are reviewed. More flexibility in the management of opioid dependence during pregnancy is recommended.     

代谢型谷氨酸受体3基因多态性与酒依赖的关联研究

目的探讨中国北方汉族人群代谢型谷氨酸受体3(GRM3)基因多态性与酒依赖的相关性。方法采用聚合酶链反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)和连接酶检测反应(Ligase Detection Reaction,LDR)方法,检测100例酒依赖患者和100例正常对照的GRM3基因上3个位点rs1468412、rs917071和rs1989796的基因多态性。结果酒依赖组和对照组之间GRM3基因rs1468412、rs917071以及rs1989796位点的等位基因频率和基因型分布的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),但酒依赖组中rs1468412、rs917071和rs19897963个位点所构建的单倍型TTT的频率明显高于对照组(6%vs.1%,OR=5.17,P<0.05),TTT基因型携带者患酒依赖的可能性较高。结论在本样本中,中国北方汉族人群GRM3基因rs1468412、rs917071和rs1989796位点的多态性单独存在时与酒依赖无关联,而由此3个位点所构建的单倍型TTT可能为酒依赖的易感危险因素。     

A prospective observational study of heroin users in Johannesburg,South Africa: Assessing psychiatric comorbidities and treatment outcomes

BackgroundDespite the rise in heroin use in sub Saharan-Africa opioid agonist maintenance treatment (OAMT) is still not state-funded in South Africa and many other African countries. In South Africa there has been little data published on the profile of heroin users and the outcomes of treatment for those who attend public treatment services.Methods300 heroin users from two state-funded rehabilitation centres in Johannesburg were studied at entry into rehabilitation and 3-months after treatment. Treatment consisted of inpatient detoxification and inpatient psychosocial rehabilitation. Structured interviews measured changes in drug use, psychopathology and criminality post rehabilitation.ResultsMost (65.7%) smoked heroin in combination with cannabis while 29.7% were injecting users. Almost half the sample (49.3%) had at least one mental illness. Of the 252 (84%) participants seen at 3-month follow-up, 6.3% were abstinent of all substances (excluding tobacco), 65.5% had continued heroin use (CHU) and the balance used other substances. At follow-up there were significant decreases in heroin use (p < 0.0001) and criminality (p < 0.0001). There were however significant increases in alcohol use (p < 0.0001), crystalmetamphetamine use (p = 0.032) and the prevalence of current episode of major depression (p < 0.0001). Just 11.9% received formal psychosocial treatment after leaving rehabilitation. None were on OAMT and only three participants were on psychotropic medication. None were tested for Hepatitis C during the study period and the majority (53%) did not know their HIV status.ConclusionThere are significant gaps in current treatment services for heroin users in South Africa. Retention in treatment and assessment and management of psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidities is low. Services need to be more integrated and should also include the provision of OAMT.     

Association of the GDNF gene with depression and heroin dependence,but not schizophrenia,in a Chinese population

The association of seven GDNF tag SNPs with depression, heroin dependence (HD) and schizophrenia was evaluated in Chinese. An increased risk of HD and depression was associated with rs2910709 T/T genotype and rs884344 C allele, respectively, suggesting GDNF is a novel susceptibility gene for depression and HD.     

Experience of social discrimination correlates with neurometabolism: a pilot study in heroin addicts

Experimental social neuroscience has shown that being socially excluded is processed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We hypothesize that a chronic form of social exclusion resembling one aspect of social stigmatization is associated with altered neural plasticity reflected by neurometabolic alterations in the ACC. To test this hypothesis, a highly stigmatized patient group of heroin addicts (N = 15) during opiate maintenance therapy rated a questionnaire about being stigmatized, and neurometabolic markers in the ACC were determined using ¹H MR spectroscopy. We found a negative correlation between discrimination experience and N-acetylaspartate (NAA), indicating attenuated neuron functioning in the anterior cingulate cortex in those patients reporting high discrimination experience. Furthermore, perceived stigmatization showed an association with anxiety that was mediated by NAA. Although the correlative analysis cannot give evidence for a causal relationship, the relation of NAA in the ACC and discrimination experience indicates a malfunction of the neural system involved in cognitive control over emotionally relevant social stimuli in discrimination reporting heroin addicts. Further research is needed to elucidate factors associated with chronic stigmatization.     

呋喃唑酮合并认知行为疗法治疗酒依赖对照研究

目的:评价呋喃唑酮合并认知行为疗法对酒依赖的治疗效果。方法:将55例酒依赖患者随机分为两组,联合治疗组给予呋喃唑酮合并认知行为治疗,呋喃唑酮组单用呋喃唑酮治疗,应用临床疗效标准及酒依赖严重程度问卷(SADQC)定期评定。疗程6个月。结果:在治疗1、2、4个月和6个月时,联合治疗组疗效显著优于呋喃唑酮组,尤其是对情感性戒断症状疗效更好。结论:呋喃唑酮合并认知行为疗法治疗酒依赖效果优于单用呋喃唑酮治疗。