用LC—MS／MS法测定人血浆中的氢氯噻嗪及其药动学研究

目的:建立人血浆中氢氯噻嗪浓度测定的 LC-MS/MS 法,进行人体药动学研究。方法:测定20名健康受试者口服受试制剂(单剂量、多剂量)后血浆中氢氯噻嗪浓度。结果:单剂量口服氢氯噻嗪(12.5,25 mg)后药动学参数:T_(1/2β)为(13.57±2.39)、(10.93±1.71)h;T_(max)为(1.85±0.53)、(2.20±0.59)h;C_(max)为(74.14±15.04)、(125.57±23.47)μg·L~(-1);AUC_(0-48)为(470.0±90.7)、(794.7±182.6)μg·h·L~(-1);氢氯噻嗪多剂量(12.5 mg,qd)药动学参数:T_(max)~(ss)为(1.83±0.25)h,C_(max)~(ss)为(80.2l±17.98)μg·L~(-1),C_(min)~(ss)为(3.72±1.79)μg·L~(-1),C_(av)为(19.37±3.20)μg·L~(-1),AUC_(0-48)~(ss)为(464.90±76.89)μg·h·L~(-1)。结论:本方法灵敏度高,结果准确,氢氯噻嗪在大部分人体内的过程符合二室开放模型,其主要药动学参数与国内外文献相近。     

复方盐酸二甲双胍片在健康志愿者体内的药物动力学和生物等效性

目的:研究复方盐酸二甲双胍片在健康志愿者体内的药物动力学和生物等效性。方法:18名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单次口服复方盐酸二甲双胍片(含盐酸二甲双胍1000 mg,格列本脲5 mg,受试制剂)或联合服用盐酸二甲双胍片1 000 mg和格列本脲片5 mg(参比制剂)后,采用HPLC法分别测定盐酸二甲双胍和格列本脲的经时血药浓度,用3P97软件计算其药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果:单次口服受试制剂和参比制剂后,盐酸二甲双胍主要药物动力学参数C_(max)分别为(1.60±0.55)μg·ml~(-1)和(1.46±0.46)μg·ml~(-1),t_(max)分别为(2.1±0.7)h和(2.5±0.8)h,t_(1/2)分别为(4.9±1.7)h和(4.3±1.6)h,AUC_(0→24)分别为(10.47±2.89)μg·ml~(-1)·h和(9.22±2.56)μg·ml~(-1)·h,AUC_(0→∞)分别为(10.95±3.13)μ·ml~(-1)·h和(9.53±2.73)μg·ml~(-1)·h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度F_(0→24)为114.8%±17.6%。格列本脲主要药物动力学参数C_(max)分别为(117.70±28.38)μg·L~(-1)和(106.92±33.76)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(4.1±2.7)h和(3.8±1.8) h,t_(1/2)分别为(7.6±4.1)h和(8.8±3.9)h,AUC_(0→30)分别为(899.97±296.76)μg·L~(-1)·h和(902.64±353.82)μg·L~(-1)·h,AUC_(0→∞)分别为(943.00±290.09)μg·L~(-1)·h和(989.82±399.90)μg·L~(-1)·h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度F_(0→30)为104.91%±28.31%。结论:两制剂两组分的AUC、C_(max)对数值,经F分析、双单侧t检验和(1-2α)%置信区间法统计分析。表明两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸奥洛他定片在健康人体的药代动力学

目的 研究中国健康志愿者口服不同剂量盐酸奥洛他定片(抗过敏药)的药代动力学.方法 12名中国健康志愿者采用随机自身交叉试验设计,口服单剂量盐酸奥洛他定片(5,10,20 mg).用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血药浓度和尿药浓度.结果 盐酸奥洛他定5,10,20mg剂量组主要药代动力学参数:C_(max)分别为(76.73±26.61),(133.61±61.63),(270.44±115.19)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(0.75±0.19),(0.96±0.29),(0.83±0.32)h;t_(1/2)分别为(5.20±2.47),(6.82±3.04),(6.87±3.06)h;AUC_(0-t)分别为(246.70±66.07),(439.19±185.03),(904.69±300.21)μg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(248.36±65.81),(442.02±186.46),(907.49±299.92)μg·h·L~(-1).受试者单次口服3个剂量组的盐酸奥洛他定片后,尿中原形药物的排泄率平均约为54.6%.结论 血浆中奥洛他定的C_(max)和AUC显示线性药代动力学特征.受试者服用盐酸奥洛他定片5,10,20 mg后,药代动力学参数经单因素方差分析显示无性别差异.     

氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔崩解片与普通片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究中国健康志愿者单次口服氢溴酸加兰他敏(可逆性胆碱酯酶抑制剂)口腔崩解片的生物等效性.方法 20名健康志愿者随机分成2组,分别接受单次口服2种国产氢溴酸加兰他敏20 mg;采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定给药后不同时间点血浆中的氢溴酸加兰他敏浓度,用DAS ver 2.1软件计算其药代动力学参数.结果 氢溴酸加兰他敏的受试制剂与参比制剂主要药代动力学参数:t_(max)分别为(1.06±0.81),(0.85±0.26)h;t_(1/2)分别为(8.39±1.60),(8.22±1.58)h;C_(max)分别为(39.69±8.17),(43.41±11.58)μg·L~(-1);AUC_(0-t)分别为(384.88±101.75),(407.53±101.12)μg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(396.92±105.85),(420.10±103.73)μg·h·L~(-1).氢溴酸加兰他敏的相对生物利用度为(95.5±16.2)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

苯甲酸利扎曲普坦在健康受试者体内的药代动力学研究

目的:研究健康受试者单剂量口服苯甲酸利扎曲普坦(RZT)片的药代动力学。方法:采用 LC-MS/MS 法测定10名健康受试者单剂量口服 RZT 片5,10,15 mg 后的血浆药物浓度经时过程和尿样累计排泄率,DAS 2.0程序计算主要药代动力学参数。结果:血浆 RZT 的线性范围为0.20～100μg·L~(-1),定量下限为0.20μg·L~(-1);尿样的线性范围为0.020～10.0 mg·L~(-1),定量下限为0.020 mg·L~(-1)。测得健康受试者单剂量口服5,10,15 mg RZT 片后的主要药动学参数 C_(max)、T_(max)、t_(1/2)、AUC_(0-12h)、CL/F、V/F 分别为(13.69±3.36),(37.96±8.86),(46.83±15.54)μg·L~(-1);(2.15±0.71),(0.97±0.64),(1.95±0.76)h;(1.54±0.31),(1.57±0.24),(1.70±0.22)h;(43.64±9.56),(118.36±20.86),(168.72±53.38)h·μg·L~(-1);(117.80±24.85),(86.28±14.87),(100.56±50.64)L·h~(-1)和(265.40±95.96),(193.51±39.09),(244.82±111.76)L。低、中、高剂量下12 h 尿样累计排泄率分别为(10.91±3.43)%,(15.49±3.71)%,(14.90±7.04)%。结论:RZT 在体内的 AUC_(0-12h)、C_(max)均与剂量呈线性关系(r>0.99),男性与女性间药代动力学存在一定差异,但无统计学意义。     

双氯芬酸钠缓释片在健康人体的生物等效性与药代动力学

目的研究双氯芬酸钠(抗炎镇痛药)缓释片的相对生物利用度并评价其生物等效性。方法采用随机交叉试验设计,18名健康男性志愿者分别行单次和多次口服双氯芬酸钠缓释片受试与参比制剂,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中双氯芬酸钠的血药浓度,计算药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度。结果单次口服2种双氯芬酸钠缓释片,受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数:t_(max)分别为(2.08±0.65)、(2.11±0.78)h,C_(max)分别为(472.14±184.86)、(471.59±159.94)μg·L~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(8.36±1.60)、(8.76±1.82)h,MRT分别为(13.05±2.68)、(13.72±3.16)h,AUC_(0-t)分别为(4.52±2.27)、(4.59±2.12)mg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为(5.45±2.85)、(5.72±2.99)mg·h·L~(-1),受试制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(98.00±11.18)%。连续多次口服2种双氯芬酸钠缓释片,受试制剂和参比制剂给药4天后血药浓度达稳态,其主要药代动力学参数:t_(max)分别为(2.28±0.88)、(2.17±0.75)h,C_(ssmax)分别为(595.77±224.95)、(575.93±203.01)μg·L~(-1),C_(ssmin)分别为(84.50±46.71)、(84.34±53.62)μg·L~(-1),C_(ssav)分别为(257.64±134.41)、(261.09±129.89)μg·L~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(9.68±2.82)、(9.56±2.63)h,MRT分别为(15.47±4.63)、(14.74±3.95)h,AUC_(ss)分别为(6.18±3.23)、(6.27±3.12)mg·h·L~(-1),DF分别为2.14±0.61、2.02±0.51,受试制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(98.25±5.82)%。结论受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸非索非那定胶囊药物动力学及人体相对生物利用度研究

目的:研究国产盐酸非索非那定胶囊与进口盐酸非索非那定片药物动力学及人体相对生物利用度。方法:20例健康男性志愿者,用随机双交叉试验方法,单剂量口服盐酸非索非那定受试制剂或参比制剂120 mg,采用 HPLC-荧光法测定血浆中非索非那定浓度,进行药物动力学及相对生物利用度分析。结果:单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂的 T_(max)分别为(2.55±0.72)h 和(2.60±0.84)h;C_(max)分别为(370.8±84.7)μg·L~(-1)和(354.5±88.3)μg·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(5.34±1.15)h 和(5.62±1.23)h;Cl 分别为(51.0±8.1)L·h 和(53.8±9.4)L·h;V_d分别为(390.6±96.8)L 和(438.4±122.4)L;MRT_(0-t)分别为(6.61±0.82)h 和(6.56±0.87)h,采用梯形法计算,AUC_(0-t)分别为(2290.1±368.1)μg·h·L~(-1)和(2159.5±372.8)μg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为(2409.8±389.5)μg·h·L~(-1)和(2290.6±382.8)μg·h·L~(-1)。结论:以 AUC_(0-t)计算,单剂量口服盐酸非索非那定胶囊后,体内相对生物利用度为(107.6±17.3)%。经方差分析和双单侧 t 检验表明2种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

替格瑞洛片在中国健康志愿者空腹和进食条件下的生物等效性研究

目的评价国产替格瑞洛片与进口替格瑞洛片在中国健康志愿者空腹和进食条件下的生物等效性。方法采用开放、均衡、单剂量、双周期和随机交叉设计,分为空腹和进食2种条件,每种条件下各有36名健康志愿者随机分为2组,单剂量口服替格瑞洛片受试制剂(T)或参比制剂(R)90 mg,用经过验证的高效液质联用(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定血浆中替格瑞洛及其代谢产物AR-C124910XX的浓度,应用Phoenix Win Nonlin软件6.4版采用非房室模型计算药代动力学参数,评价生物等效性。结果空腹条件下,替格瑞洛受试制剂与参比制剂的C_(max)分别为(648±130和627±186)μg·L~(-1);T_(max)分别为(1.50[0.67,3.00])和(2.00[1.00,4.00])h;T_(1/2)分别为(8.23±1.12)和(8.20±1.25)h;AUC_(0-t)分别为(4061±1097)和(3905±1049)ng·h·m L~(-1);AUC0-∞分别为(4136±1147)和(3979±1102)ng·h·m L~(-1);2种制剂的C_(max)、AUC_(0-t)和AUC_(0-∞)经对数转换后90%可信区间分别为(99.60%～107.66%),(99.49%～107.63%)和(99.20%～113.15%),2制剂的T_(max)非参数法检验差异无统计学意义。进食条件下,替格瑞洛受试制剂与参比制剂的C_(max)分别为(527±152)和(521±156)μg·L~(-1);T_(max)分别为(4.00[1.00,6.00])和(3.00[1.00,6.00])h;t_(1/2)分别为(8.57±1.19)和(8.37±1.11)h;AUC_(0-t)分别为(4656±1474)和(4574±1261)ng·h·m L~(-1);AUC_(0-∞)分别为(4775±1562)和(4686±1332)ng·h·m L~(-1);2种制剂的C_(max),AUC_(0-t)和AUC_(0-∞)经对数转换后90%可信区间分别为(94.22%～108.93%),(97.03%～104.63%)和(97.00%～104.73%),2制剂的T_(max)非参数法检验差异无统计学意义。结论国产替格瑞洛片和进口替格瑞洛片在中国健康志愿者空腹和进食条件下均具有生物等效性。     

氨氯地平对贝那普利及其代谢物药动学的影响*

目的:比较受试者口服复方贝那普利(含盐酸贝那普利10mg和苯磺酸氨氯地平5mg)和贝那普利(10mg)后体内的药动学特征,研究贝那普利和氨氯地平之间的相互作用。方法:采用两制剂、两周期交叉实验设计,12例健康受试者自身对照,口服复方贝那普利或贝那普利。应用LC/MS/MS方法测定贝那普利的血药浓度,并采用WinNonLin软件计算药动学参数。结果:①复方和单方制剂中贝那普利原型的平均药动学参数如下:C_(max) (150.3±68.4)和(154.1±79.9)μg·L~(-1),T_(max)(0.53±0.18)和(0.46±0.16)h,AUC_(0-10b)(138.9±61.9)和(132.5±59.4)μg·h·L~(-1),t_(1/2)(1.2±0.7)和(1.5±1.1)h。②复方和单方制剂中代谢物贝那普利拉的平均药动学参数如下:C_(max)(146.7±79.8)和(119.3±50.9)μg·L~(-1),T_(max)(2.0±0.9)和(1.6±0.5)h,AUC_(0～10h)(546.7±218.5)和(515.1±230.9)μg·h·L~(-1),各参数在两制剂间均不存在显著性差异。结论:氨氯地平对贝那普利在人体内的药动学过程没有显著影响。     

沙丁胺醇气雾剂在健康受试者体内的药物动力学和相对生物利用度

目的:研究沙丁胺醇气雾剂在健康受试者的药物动力学和生物利用度.方法:十名健康男性志愿者单剂量吸入1.2 mg沙丁胺醇气雾剂或口服沙丁胺醇水溶液.用HPLC法测定人血浆中沙丁胺醇浓度.以非房室模型计算药物动力学参数,计算气雾剂相对水溶液的生物利用度.结果:气雾剂和口服溶液的药物动力学参数如下:T_(max)(0.22±0.07)和(1.8±0.6)h,C_(max)(3.4±1.1)和(3.9±1.4)μg·L~(-1),T_(1/2)(4.5±1.5)和(4.6±1.1)h,AUC_(0-20min)(0.9±0.3)和(0.16±0.10)μg·h·L~(-1).两种给药途径的T_(max)和AUC_(0-20 min)之间差异显著(P<0.01).AUC_(0-20min)(nihal)为 AUC_(0-20 min)(po)的 8倍.沙丁胺醇气雾剂相对口服溶液的生物利用度为 57％±24％.结论:沙丁胺醇气雾剂在人体的吸收过程与口服溶液差异有显著性.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.