汉族成人膝关节软骨厚度变化规律的研究

目的借助软骨磁共振成像技术研究我国20～40岁成年人膝关节软骨厚度变化规律及其与年龄、体质量和性别等与骨关节炎有关的主要临床因素的相关性。方法对200例20～40岁间汉族正常志愿者进行磁共振(MR)膝关节软骨成像,序列包括:快速自旋回波加权(FSE T2W)、三维脂肪抑制扰相梯度回波(3D-FS-SPGR)和脂肪抑制质子加权(FS-PD)。分别记录股骨内侧髁、外侧髁、胫骨内侧平台、外侧平台和髌骨区5个区域软骨最大厚度。同时分别记录关节胫股角、身高、体质量并计算体质指数(BMI)。分析不同性别、BMI正常和超质量组、不同年龄段(以5岁年龄差为一年龄组)的膝关节各区域之间软骨厚度差异;采用多元方差分析不同年龄组软骨厚度总体差异;采用Sperman分析法对年龄、BMI、性别与软骨厚度的相关性进行分析。结果样本胫股角平均值为4.6°,不同组间差异无统计学意义(F=14.683,P=0.094);不同年龄组在股骨内侧髁和胫骨内、外侧平台软骨厚度方面存在显著性差异,以上区域软骨随年龄增大而变薄的趋势明显(F=2 968.790,P<0.001);软骨厚度与年龄具有较为明显的负相关性(r外侧平台=-0.352,r内侧平台=-0.475,r股骨内侧髁=-0.363)。不同性别间软骨平均厚度差异无统计学意义(t=0.4235,P=0.672)。超质量与体质量正常组间软骨平均厚度无显著差异(t=0.798,P=0.425);成年人股骨外侧髁软骨厚度与BMI负相关(r=-0.162,P=0.022),其余部位与BMI无相关性。结论在我国20～40岁正常成年人中,膝关节不同区域的软骨厚度差异显著且随年龄变化明显。该年龄段正常人膝关节软骨厚度与性别、体质量无相关性。     

T_2 mapping评价关节软骨损伤及修复的研究进展

T2mapping是近年来发展的MRI新技术,能间接反应关节软骨结构及组织学成分的变化,发现关节软骨形态学变化之前的组织学改变。笔者就T2mapping成像原理、软骨损伤的组织学表现,以及成像影响因素等方面作一综述,重点介绍了T2mapping在软骨损伤、退变、修复等方面的研究进展,并展望了T2mapping未来发展前景。     

姜黄素保护关节软骨抑制骨关节炎的作用和机制

背景：研究证实姜黄素具有抗炎抗氧化抗凋亡作用。 目的：综合阐述姜黄素保护关节软骨及抑制骨关节炎等方面的机制和作用。 方法：作者检索 1973至2014 年 PubMed、Embase、Elseveir数据库文献。检索词为“Osteoarthritis,curcumin,chondrocyte,articular cartilage”,按照事先制定的标准逐一评价纳入研究的文献,提取有效资料进行综合分析。 结果与结论：姜黄素可通过抑制氧化作用酶,清除自由基,完成抗氧化作用,从而防止骨关节炎的发生和进展。姜黄素抑制基质金属蛋白酶的对软骨基质的消耗,增加Ⅱ型胶原的产生。姜黄素通过抑制胞浆型磷脂酶A2,环氧化酶2,脂氧合酶5,从而完成抗炎反应。姜黄素抑制白细胞介素1β导致的线粒体肿胀和凋亡,完成抗凋亡作用。临床研究提示,姜黄素或者其衍生物骨关节炎患者膝关节功能、关节疼痛等均有改善。高浓度姜黄素对体外培养的细胞和组织有毒性作用。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

瘦素对骨关节炎大鼠关节软骨IGF-Ⅰ表达的影响

目的探讨瘦素(Leptin)对骨关节炎模型大鼠膝关节软骨的外周作用。方法在膝关节骨关节炎模型大鼠的关节腔内注射100 gLeptin后,取胫骨平台,分别用RT-PCR法及免疫组织化学法检测胫骨平台软骨中Leptin及胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)的变化。结果骨关节炎关节软骨Leptin、IGF-Ⅰ的表达明显高于正常关节软骨;Leptin并不能增加或减少骨关节炎晚期关节软骨IGF-Ⅰ的表达。结论 Leptin是软骨细胞代谢过程中重要的外周调控因子,但对骨关节炎晚期关节软骨保护作用不明显。     

关节软骨粘弹性的实验研究

作者通过单轴向压缩试验，对正常人体关节软骨的粘弹性进行了实验研究，在定载荷条件下测定了材料的蠕变曲线，１秒末的瞬时弹性模量和５分钟的蠕变模型，并将其与椎间盘纤维环的力学性质进行了比较。     

医用臭氧可缓解颞下颌关节骨关节炎的疼痛

背景:颞下颌关节骨关节炎引起的疼痛严重影响了患者的生活质量及心理健康。研究发现医用臭氧能有效缓解颞下颌关节骨关节炎疼痛,但对其镇痛作用及机制尚不清楚。目的:探讨医用臭氧对颞下颌关节骨关节炎疼痛的作用及可能机制。方法:采用随机数字表法将24只SD大鼠分成4组,每组6只,除对照组外,模型组、空气组、医用臭氧组通过关节内注射碘乙酸钠的方法建立颞下颌关节骨关节炎模型,造模1周后,空气组、医用臭氧组大鼠颞下颌关节内分别注射洁净空气、医用臭氧,1次/周,共3次。造模前及造模后28 d内,采用Von Frey机械疼痛测量技术衡量大鼠颞下颌关节机械痛阈值;造模后28 d取材,应用ELISA法检测血清和颞下颌关节液中白细胞介素1β水平,苏木精-伊红染色观察颞下颌关节软骨组织病理学变化,免疫组化染色分析颞下颌关节内缺氧诱导因子1α、环氧合酶2表达水平。结果与结论:①与对照组相比,模型组大鼠造模后1,3,7,14,21,28 d的颞下颌关节机械痛阈值降低(P<0.01);与模型组、空气组相比,医用臭氧组大鼠造模后28 d的颞下颌关节机械痛阈值升高(P<0.01);②与对照组相比,模型组大鼠血清与关节液中的白细胞介素1β质量浓度升高(P<0.01);与模型组、空气组相比,医用臭氧组大鼠血清与关节液中的白细胞介素1β质量浓度降低(P<0.01);③苏木精-伊红染色显示模型组和空气组软骨结构紊乱,呈退行性改变;医用臭氧组软骨结构紊乱程度轻于模型组、空气组;④免疫组化染色显示,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠颞下颌关节内缺氧诱导因子1α、环氧合酶2表达升高(P<0.01);与模型组、空气组相比,医用臭氧组大鼠颞下颌关节内缺氧诱导因子1α、环氧合酶2表达降低(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结果表明,医用臭氧可通过减少关节内缺氧诱导因子1α、白细胞介素1β和环氧合酶2表达来缓解SD大鼠颞下颌关节骨关节炎引起的疼痛。     

关节腔内注射医用臭氧治疗颞下颌关节骨关节炎模型大鼠的合适剂量

背景:医用臭氧是臭氧与氧气的混合物,与体液接触能快速产生活性氧,并激活机体的抗氧化系统.在临床上,关节腔内注射医用臭氧可有效缓解骨关节炎的进展.目的:观察关节腔内注射医用臭氧对大鼠颞下颌关节骨关节炎的治疗作用.方法:采用关节腔内一次性注射碘乙酸钠法建立大鼠颞下颌关节骨关节炎模型后,向大鼠关节腔内注射质量浓度分别为20,...     

红姜提取物保护早期膝骨关节炎模型大鼠的关节软骨

BACKGROUND: Studies have reported that the combined use of ginger extract to reduce the levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, is related to the reduction of cartilage injury in knee osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective effect of red ginger extract on articular cartilage and the expression of serum interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and cartilage tissue type II collagen α1 mRNA in rats with early knee osteoarthritis, and to explore the protective effect of red ginger extract on articular cartilage of rats with early knee osteoarthritis and its possible mechanism. METHODS: Fifty SPF Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, low-dose red ginger, high-dose red ginger and positive control group (n=10 per group). Except for the blank group, the rats in the other four groups were used to prepare knee osteoarthritis models by intraarticular injection of 4% papain 0.2 mL+0.03 mol/L L-cysteine mixed solution. The rats in the blank and model groups were fed routinely, and the low-dose red ginger, high-dose red ginger and positive control groups were given 50 mg/kg red ginger extract aqueous solution, 100 mg/kg red ginger extract aqueous solution and 18 mg/kg celecoxib capsule aqueous solution respectively. All the interventions were conducted once a day, for 4 continuous weeks. Four weeks after treatment, the rats in each group were killed and the knee joints were stained with safranin O-fast green. The articular cartilage was scored by Mankin scoring. The expression levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α in serum and type II collagen α1 mRNA in cartilage were detected. The study protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, with an approval No. 20190917002. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The pathological section of knee cartilage showed that there was cartilage matrix loss in the model and each treatment group, and the Mankin score of each treatment group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P < 0.05) and lower than that of the model group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the high-dose group and the positive control group (P > 0.05), but the scores of the two groups were lower than that of the low-dose group. The levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were upregulated in the positive control group, high-dose red ginger group and low-dose red ginger group compared with the blank group and down-regulated compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Moreover, and the levels of these cytokines were ranked as follows: positive control group < high-dose red ginger group < low-dose red ginger group (P < 0.05). The level of type II collagen α1 mRNA in cartilage showed no significant difference between the blank group and the high-dose red ginger group and the positive control group (P > 0.05), whereas the expression of type II collagen α1 mRNA was significantly increased in the model group and low-dose red ginger group compared with the other three groups (P < 0.05). To conclude, red ginger extract may protect the articular cartilage of knee osteoarthritis by inhibiting interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, thereby delaying the development of knee osteoarthritis. Compared with the low-dose group, high-dose red ginger extract has better anti-inflammatory effect. © 2021, Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. All rights reserved.     

关节软骨压缩特性的实验研究

目的 探讨正常关节软骨的压缩特性。方法 将人的股骨头软骨制成圆柱形标本,分A、B、C、D四组。应用两种不同力学实验装置分别对A、B组标本加载,测定标本在受压后1秒末的应力和应变值,作出应力-应变曲线图。C组标本在恒定压力下受载,测量标本在受压后不同时间应变值的变化。D组标本受压后并保持一定的应变值,观察关节软骨受压后不同时间压力的变化。结果(1)正常关节软骨的瞬时应力-应变曲线呈非线性关系,应力越大,弹性模量值越高;两种装置的实验结果具有明显差异性。(2)关节软骨在恒定应力作用下,应变随时间的延长而增大,     

骨关节炎：关节软骨退变的相关研究与进展

背景：骨关节炎关节软骨退变被认为是不可逆的病理改变,但其病因及发病机制不清。 目的：总结并探讨骨关节炎的病因、发病机制及相关的生物标志物的最新基础研究进展。 方法：由第一作者用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI：2000/2010)和Medline数据库(2000/2010),检索词分别为“骨关节炎,关节软骨,退行性变,基础研究,生物标志物”和“Osteoarthritis,Articular cartilage,degradation,basic research,Biological markers”,语言分别设定为中文和英文。从引起骨关节炎发病的相关因素的作用及相关的生物标志物的变化2方面进行总结,对病理、生物化学和免疫等相关因素及生物标志物的研究现状进行介绍。 结果与结论：共检索到60篇文章,按纳入和排除标准对文献进行筛选,共纳入20篇文章。结果发现,关节软骨退行性变过程中可出现Ⅱ型原胶原羧基端前肽及Ⅱ型胶原羧基端肽等细胞因子的升高,基质金属蛋白酶、生物自由基、一氧化氮及细胞和体液免疫等参与了骨关节炎退行性变的过程,但其具体发病机制目前仍不明确。     

大骨节病关节软骨胶原表型表达和软骨细胞异常分化的研究

目的探讨大骨节病关节软骨胶原表型表达的变化特点和软骨细胞异常分化在发病中的意义。方法用单克隆免疫组化法测定５例大骨节病关节软骨Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ、Ⅹ型胶原表型的表达。结果（１）关节软骨表层的Ⅱ型胶原表型表达减少；（２）Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅵ型胶原表型表达见于关节软骨全层，而Ⅹ型胶原仅限于关节软骨钙化层和深层软骨细胞团周围；（３）软骨细胞团有Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅵ型胶原表型表达，而软骨细胞坏死区内无任何胶原表型表达。结论大骨节病关节软骨胶原表型表达类似于原发性骨关节病的变化，但在关节软骨表层Ⅰ型胶原表型表达增强以及软骨坏死区内无任何胶原表型表达不同于原发性骨关节病。     

3D-FS-SPGR序列在膝关节软骨病变的临床应用研究

目的　利用3D-FS-SPGR序列测量各期膝关节OA软骨厚度,探讨OA膝关节软骨厚度与病变进展的关系。 方法　62例OA患者行膝关节MRI检查,用3D-FS-SPGR序列测量不同部位关节软骨的厚度,并与20名对照组膝关节MRI检查结果进行比较。 结果　轻度OA组关节软骨厚度与正常组之间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,而重度OA组大部分软骨区域软骨厚度与正常组有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。软骨厚度的改变可能受到多方面因素的影响,年龄、体重及BMI等与软骨厚度改变之间存在负相关。 结论　关节软骨负重面大部分区域随着OA病情的加重,其软骨厚度变薄,软骨厚度改变可能还受到体重、年龄及性别等因素的影响。     

Optical imaging of articular cartilage degeneration using near-infrared dipicolylamine probes

Articular cartilage is the hydrated tissue that lines the ends of long bones in load bearing joints and provides joints with a smooth, nearly frictionless gliding surface. However, the deterioration of articular cartilage occurs in the early stages of osteoarthritis (OA) and is clinically and radiographically silent. Here two cationic near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dipicolylamine (DPA) probes, Cy5-DPA-Zn and Cy7-DPA-Zn, were prepared for cartilage degeneration imaging and OA early detection through binding to the anionic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The feasibility of NIRF dye labeled DPA-Zn probes for cartilage degeneration imaging was examined ex vivo and in vivo. The ex vivo studies showed that Cy5-DPA-Zn and Cy7-DPA-Zn not only showed the high uptake and electrostatic attractive binding to cartilage, but also sensitively reflected the change of GAGs contents. In vivo imaging study further indicated that Cy5-DPA-Zn demonstrated higher uptake and retention in young mice (high GAGs) than old mice (low GAGs) when administrated via local injection in mouse knee joints. More importantly, Cy5-DPA-Zn showed dramatic higher signals in sham joint (high GAGs) than OA side (low GAGs), through sensitive reflecting the change of GAGs in the surgical induced OA models. In summary, Cy5-DPA-Zn provides promising visual detection for early cartilage pathological degeneration in living subjects.     

Intra-articular ozone slows down the process of degeneration of articular cartilage in the knees of rats with osteoarthritis

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease of multifactorial etiology, affecting mainly the knees. We aimed to evaluate the effects of two different doses of gaseous ozone intra-articularly on the knee cartilage morphology of rats with osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsThe articular lesion was induced by sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA). 40 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: G1 control (without lesion and without treatment), G2 articular lesion (AL) (only lesion MIA-induced), G3 AL + treatment with 5 μg/mL of ozone intra-articular, and G4 AL + treatment with 10 μg/mL of ozone intra-articular. The experiment was carried out for 60 days.ResultsBoth doses of ozone intra-articular demonstrated less reduction in joint space (G3 and G4) compared to the G2, formation of osteophytes, but without subchondral sclerosis. Ozone decreased the volumetric density of the articular lesion (VV(AL)) of tibial. The treatments recovered VV(AL) of the femur similar to G1. Ozone lower dose (G3) showed lower tibia and femur macroscopic scores.ConclusionIntra-articular gaseous ozone can delay the degeneration of articular cartilage and can represents an integrative therapy in the OA treatment of knee after 60 days of treatment. For the first time the role of ozone in articular cartilage degeneration was evaluated helping to understand this therapy.     

The effects of exercise on human articular cartilage

The effects of exercise on articular hyaline articular cartilage have traditionally been examined in animal models, but until recently little information has been available on human cartilage. Magnetic resonance imaging now permits cartilage morphology and composition to be analysed quantitatively in vivo. This review briefly describes the methodological background of quantitative cartilage imaging and summarizes work on short-term (deformational behaviour) and long-term (functional adaptation) effects of exercise on human articular cartilage. Current findings suggest that human cartilage deforms very little in vivo during physiological activities and recovers from deformation within 90 min after loading. Whereas cartilage deformation appears to become less with increasing age, sex and physical training status do not seem to affect in vivo deformational behaviour. There is now good evidence that cartilage undergoes some type of atrophy (thinning) under reduced loading conditions, such as with postoperative immobilization and paraplegia. However, increased loading (as encountered by elite athletes) does not appear to be associated with increased average cartilage thickness. Findings in twins, however, suggest a strong genetic contribution to cartilage morphology. Potential reasons for the inability of cartilage to adapt to mechanical stimuli include a lack of evolutionary pressure and a decoupling of mechanical competence and tissue mass.     

Observations on the senescence of cells derived from articular cartilage

In the experiments described here, we have sought to determine whether primary cultures of cells derived from articular cartilage will, upon subsequent subculture, undergo in vitro senescence in a manner analogous to that described for several other types of diploid cell. Using cells from the articular cartilage of rabbits, dogs and man, we have established that the population doubling capacity of cultures of these cells is directly related to the specific lifespan of the donor organism. Furthermore, the doubling capacity of the initial cultures of lapine articular chondrocytes is inversely related to the age of the donor rabbit. By these criteria, serially passaged primary cultures of cells derived from articular cartilage appear, a priori, to be a valid system for studies of cellular ageing. Monolayer cultures of lapine chondrocytes appear to "dedifferentiate" after several passages. However, the same cells can be grown as clones, under which conditions they appear to retain better their differentiated properties. Even under these circumstances, lapine articular chondrocytes have a limited capacity for growth, which can be calculated to approximate to the same average number of cell divisions as undergone by monolayer cultures. Lapine chondrocytes frequently transform into established lines of fibroblastic cells. Transformation of canine chondrocytes was more rare, while human chondrocytes have not been observed to transform. This suggests that resistance to transformation is somehow related to lifespan. In addition to furthering our understanding of cellular ageing, studies of the senescence of articular chondrocytes could provide new insights into the aetiology of primary osteoarthritis.     

软骨干/祖细胞修复软骨损伤的研究进展

关节软骨损伤是临床常见的运动损伤,然而关节软骨缺乏血管、神经支配,损伤后难以自身完全再生修复,缺乏有效的治疗会导致骨关节炎(OA)的发生。随着组织工程学的发展,近期研究发现,软骨组织中存在具有多向分化潜能的软骨干/祖细胞(CSPC),可以分化成高度同质化的软骨细胞。这种细胞在软骨损伤后自发迁移并参与软骨损伤组织修复和再生,有望成为治疗软骨损伤的新方法。本文对CSPC的分布、特征及其在软骨损伤和OA中的作用和应用进行综述,旨在为CSPC的研究应用及软骨损伤的治疗提供理论基础,为临床上治疗软骨损伤开拓新方向。     

A three-dimensional osteochondral composite scaffold for articular cartilage repair

There is a recognized and urgent need for improved treatment of articular cartilage defects. Tissue engineering of cartilage using a cell-scaffold approach has demonstrated potential to offer an alternative and effective method for treating articular defects. We have developed a unique, heterogeneous, osteochondral scaffold using the TheriForm three-dimensional printing process. The material composition, porosity, macroarchitecture, and mechanical properties varied throughout the scaffold structure. The upper, cartilage region was 90% porous and composed of D,L-PLGA/L-PLA, with macroscopic staggered channels to facilitate homogenous cell seeding. The lower, cloverleaf-shaped bone portion was 55% porous and consisted of a L-PLGA/TCP composite, designed to maximize bone ingrowth while maintaining critical mechanical properties. The transition region between these two sections contained a gradient of materials and porosity to prevent delamination. Chondrocytes preferentially attached to the cartilage portion of the device, and biochemical and histological analyses showed that cartilage formed during a 6-week in vitro culture period. The tensile strength of the bone region was similar in magnitude to fresh cancellous human bone, suggesting that these scaffolds have desirable mechanical properties for in vivo applications, including full joint replacement.     

关节腔内注射透明质酸钠可以延缓创伤性骨关节炎的软骨退变

背景：透明质酸钠是一种治疗骨关节炎的有效手段,但其机制尚不清楚。有研究表明基质金属蛋白酶1,3,9和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1,2表达失调对骨关节炎有重要影响。目的：观察关节腔内注射透明质酸钠对兔创伤性骨关节炎模型软骨中基质金属蛋白酶1,3,9和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1,2表达的影响。方法：采用单侧前交叉韧带切断法构建创伤性骨关节炎模型兔,造模后4周关节腔注射体积分数1%透明质酸钠0.3 mL,每周1次,连续5周,设为透明质酸钠组,同时设模型组和正常对照组作对比。术后11周麻醉处死动物,获取软骨并提取总RNA,用实时聚合酶链反应分析各组软骨内基质金属蛋白酶1,3,9和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1,2 mRNA表达。结果与结论：与模型组相比,透明质酸钠组经关节腔内注射透明质酸钠软骨损伤范围和程度均减轻(P < 0.01),软骨组织学评分明显降低(P < 0.05)。模型组软骨内基质金属蛋白酶1,3,9 mRNA表达增强,基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1,2 mRNA表达下调,而透明质酸钠组软骨中基质金属蛋白酶1,3,9,基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1,2 mRNA的表达并无显著变化。结果说明,基质金属蛋白酶1,3,9和基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂1,2参与了创伤性骨关节炎软骨退变过程,虽然关节腔内注射透明质酸钠可以延缓创伤性骨关节炎软骨退变,但透明质酸钠并不是通过调节上述因子的表达来发挥修复作用的,具体机制有待进一步研究证实。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程