选择性肾动脉造影及栓塞术在肾出血性疾病中的应用

目的 评价选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞对肾出血的诊断和治疗价值.方法 对10例不同原因血尿患者进行介入性诊断和选择性血管内栓塞治疗.结果 10例病例中,阳性9例,阴性1例,9例阳性患者行栓塞治疗后止血,2例肾癌患者栓塞后行外科手术治疗,其余患者栓塞术后随访1～12个月,4例非肿瘤患者无复发出血,3例肾癌患者术后2～4个月复发出血,但出血量较初次明显减少,再次行栓塞治疗.所有患者无并发症.结论 选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞是肾出血可靠的诊断及止血治疗方法 .     

男性肾脏混合性上皮间质肿瘤一例

患者男,58岁.因左腰部疼痛不适1年,加重伴血尿2个月入院.患者于1年前出现左腰疼痛,无发热、腹痛、血尿,未行治疗,2个月前左腰疼痛加剧,曾间断出现4次肉眼血尿,于2012年5月16日科院治疗.患者发病前无长期药物应用史.平扫CT显示左肾区巨大囊实性占位,大小9.5 cm×8.7cm,病灶密度欠均匀,增强后病灶呈斑片状不均匀强化,肾实质期肿物明显强化.诊断为:左肾恶性肿瘤.行根治性左肾切除,术中发现左肾上极肿物10 cm×9 cm×7 cm,呈囊实性.     

早期和较早期食管癌的光动力治疗

目的 分析光动力治疗10例食管癌的临床疗效及不良反应的预防.方法 观察、并随访2011年6月至2013年6月行光动力治疗的10例食管癌患者,静脉注射光敏剂(photosan)2 mg/kg,44～48 h后应用波长630 nm的半导体激光进行光动力照射治疗,连续两天为1个周期,1月后重复1个周期.术后1、3、6、12、18及24月复查胃镜并取病理,复查胸腹部CT,评价临床效果和不良反应发生情况,探讨光动力治疗的疗效以及不良反应的处理方法.结果 术后次日肿瘤组织开始水肿坏死.术后1个月左右,胃镜显示原病灶部分或完全消退.第2周期治疗后1个月复查胃镜显示病灶几乎完全消失,胃镜病理未见肿瘤细胞.随访2 ～ 24月,胃镜、胸腹部增强CT均未见肿瘤复发及转移.光动力治疗除光敏反应外,主要不良反应是一过性发热、胸痛、咳嗽咳痰、肺感染及吞咽困难,经对症处理均可缓解.2例食管癌患者治疗后2月出现食管瘢痕狭窄,经胃镜下扩张并放置食管支架后缓解.10例患者光动力治疗后均发生不同程度的高凝状态,l例发生急性冠脉综合征.结论 光动力治疗较早.期食管癌疗效确切,全身不良反应较轻,对于光动力治疗后的凝血功能异常的原因及发生机制尚有待一步研究.     

18F-FDG PET/MRI与PET/CT在肾细胞癌原发灶与转移灶诊断中的对比研究

目的探讨18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)正电子发射体层摄影(PET)/MRI在诊断肾细胞癌原发灶及转移灶中的应用价值。方法横断面研究。纳入2018年3月—2023年4月于武汉大学人民医院经组织学病理确诊的68例肾细胞癌患者临床资料。患者均于同一天先后行全身18F-FDG PET/CT及MRI检查。由2名阅片者观察PET检出的肾细胞癌阳性病灶, 包括原发灶及转移灶, 在相应的18F-FDG PET/CT和PET/MRI图像上评价清晰度并比较PET阳性病灶的清晰度评分, 通过病灶诊断信心评分结果来评价18F-FDG PET/CT或18F-FDG PET/MRI对肾细胞癌的诊断信心评分。结果 68例肾癌患者中, 结合早期及延迟显像, 58例患者18F-FDG PET/CT和18F-FDG PET/MRI检出相同数量阳性病灶150个, 其中原发灶共58个、淋巴结转移灶44个、肝转移灶28个及骨转移灶20个, PET阳性病灶检出率为85.29%(58/68)。18F-FDG PET/CT原发灶清晰度评分为[3.00(2.00, 3.25)分], 低于18F-FDG PET/MRI T1加权像(T1W...     

胸腔积液诊断肾癌术后双原发癌1例

正患者女性,62岁。因左侧肾癌术后伴双肺、全身淋巴结转移2年余,2周期免疫治疗后入院。2017年患者因左侧腰部疼痛检查示左肾肿物,行左肾切除,术后病理诊断:(左)肾嫌色细胞癌。术后3个月余CT复查示双肺多发结节、全身多发淋巴结肿大,考虑转移。1年前行颈部淋巴结穿刺活检示少许异型细胞,符合肾癌来源。2个月前患者出现反复刺激性咳嗽、咳痰伴胸闷、气喘。CT示左肾癌术后,     

CT导引下^125I粒子植入在治疗恶性肿瘤中的应用

目的评价125I粒子组织间植入治疗中晚期恶性肿瘤的可行性、安全性及其疗效。方法30例经病理证实的恶性肿瘤患者行CT导引下瘤体内125I粒子植入,跟踪随访1～12个月观察疗效。结果30例粒子植入均顺利完成,粒子分布满意,其中2例有少量气胸、1例有皮下气肿,均不需要处理,未见和治疗相关的放射损伤。随诊CT检查示6个病灶消失,其余24例病灶均有不同程度缩小。结论CT导引下125I粒子植入近距离放射治疗对原发及转移性恶性肿瘤是一种安全、可行、有效的治疗方法。     

肾癌(≤4cm)的手术治疗

去年在美国大约有30,000新诊断出的肾癌患者,其中约11,900患者死亡。自六十年代初罗伯逊首先采用肾癌根治术治疗肾癌以来,因为该术有着良好的术后长期生存率,所以一直公认是治疗各类肾癌的最佳手术方式。然而对于小的肾癌采用肾癌根治术治疗今天正受到挑战。作者回顾分析1989.07～1997.07月接受手术治疗的670例肾癌患者,平均年龄63岁,其中肿瘤≤4cm的有252例(38%)。这252例患者共施行手术262次,包括肾癌根治术183次,肾部分切除术79次,有10例患者系双侧肾癌须行两次手术。术后平均随访40个月。作者用X2检验、Wilcoxon秩和检验对肾癌根治术组…     

肾恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的 探讨肾脏恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤的临床病理特征、鉴别诊断及治疗和预后.方法 报道1例肾恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤的临床病理资料并复习文献.结果 患者男性,56岁.临床主要表现为乏力、出汗、心慌、气短1年,以低血糖原因待查入院.CT示左肾上方及左肾前下方见3个类圆形软组织密度影,与肾分界不清,大小分别为9 cm×8 cm×7 cm、7 cm×7cm×7 cm和4 cm×4 cm ×4 cm.增强后边缘轻度强化,中心不均匀强化.临床、CT检查考虑为左.肾癌.行左肾癌根治术.眼观:左肾上、下极分别见一肿块,切面灰白色,部分区见有坏死,与肾界限不清.镜检:肿瘤由短梭形或卵圆形细胞组成,排列成束状、旋涡状或不规则状.部分区域血管丰富,细胞密集呈血管外皮瘤样结构;部分区域细胞稀疏伴纤维化、黏液变性.肿瘤超过60%的区域内(尤其是肾下极肿块)瘤细胞丰富密集,有异型性,核分裂象多见(>4个/10 HPF),边缘呈浸润性生长,部分区可见出血坏死.免疫表型:肿瘤细胞vimentin、CD34弥漫阳性,CD99、bcl-2阳性,Ki-67增殖指数>20%.病理诊断:左肾恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤(低度恶性).术后随访24个月情况良好.结论 肾恶性孤立性纤维性肿瘤非常罕见,确诊主要依靠病理形态学及免疫组织化学标记,并应与肾的其他梭形细胞肿瘤进行鉴别.治疗以手术完全切除为主,并注意长期随访.     

后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗囊性肾癌5例

目的:分析囊性肾癌(CRCC)的临床特征及影像学特点,探讨 CRCC术前诊断及鉴别诊断方法,及后腹腔镜治疗 CRCC的可行性.方法:2005年2月~2008年11月,我院行后腹腔镜根治性肾切除术治疗 CRCC患者5例,其中4例术前诊断为肾囊肿、术中冰冻示 CRCC,1例术前明确 CRCC,现回顾性分析其临床资料.结果:5例后腹腔镜手术均成功,均获36~60个月随访,存活良好,局部无复发,无种植转移及远处转移.结论:CRCC术前需借助超声、强化 CT或 MR尽量明确诊断,确诊为 CRCC可行一期后腹腔镜肾癌根治术,预后良好.     

CT导向下125Ⅰ粒子植入治疗肺转移癌15例疗效观察

目的 观察CT导向下125Ⅰ粒子植入治疗肺转移癌的临床疗效.方法 15例肺转移癌患者,男8例,女7例,15例病灶数为58个,平均每人3.9个病灶,病灶平均直径为2.5 cm.在CT导向下将125Ⅰ粒子植入肺转移瘤灶内,采用治疗计划系统计算布源;对残留厚度≤1.0 cm的肿瘤选择平面植入方法,采用18.5～29.6 MBq活度的125Ⅰ粒子相隔1.0～1.5 cm平面播植.结果 15例58个病灶,完全缓解31个;部分缓解14个;无变化8个;进展5个.总有效率77.6%.结论 放射性粒子植入治疗肺部转移癌临床疗效好,创伤小,并发症发生率低.     

肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤CT及MRI特征分析

目的 探讨肾嗜酸细胞腺瘤(RO)CT及MRI的表现特点,为RO的临床诊断提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2011年2月—2017年7月解放军福州总医院经术后病理检查确诊为RO的24例患者的临床资料,其中男12例、女12例,年龄36~71(55.2±10.4)岁。患者术前行CT平扫及增强三期扫描,或行MRI平扫及增强扫描,观察病灶的部位、大小、形态、边界,坏死、囊变及星状瘢痕,平扫及多期增强扫描病灶强化情况,以及有无肾周组织侵犯及淋巴结转移。结果 24例患者中22例行CT检查,5例行MRI检查。共发现25个病灶,23例为单侧单发,1例为双侧单发;9例位于右肾,16例位于左肾;病灶最大径(3.4±1.2)cm。CT检查22例23个病灶,平扫13例病灶呈等密度,2例可见钙化,3例见囊状低密度影,12例见星状瘢痕;增强扫描均强化明显,动态增强曲线呈“速升缓降”型。MRI检查5例5个病灶,平扫5例T₁WI呈等、低信号,T₂WI呈混杂稍高信号,DWI呈混杂高信号;增强扫描1例见囊状低密度影,1例见星状瘢痕。所有病例肾周脂肪间隙清晰,肾静脉及下腔静脉内均未见瘤栓,肾门及腹主动脉旁均未见肿大淋巴结。结论 RO的CT及MRI表现具有一定的特征性,术前提高对RO的认识,可减少不必要的根治性肾切除术,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

胎儿多囊性肾病变的产前诊断和临床分析

目的探讨胎儿肾脏多囊性病变的原因和临床意义。方法本文对59例产前超声发现胎儿肾脏多发囊性病变患者进行临床管理,向患者交代可能的预后,让其知情选择,如患者选择终止妊娠放弃胎儿,则对患儿尸体进行解剖验证,并引产后取脐血进行染色体分析;如选择继续妊娠患者,定期随访,严密监测。结果1.59例患者产前诊断为多囊性肾病变,其中多囊性肾发育不良40例（27例选择了终止妊娠放弃胎儿,其中1例合并染色体异常,2例伴其他部位畸形;13例患者选择了继续妊娠,分别于出生后3个月至2.5岁时因并发症出现而选择患侧肾脏切除）;婴儿型多囊肾6例（2例合并多囊肝,1例染色体为21三体。4例选择终止妊娠放弃胎儿,病理证实为婴儿型多囊肾。另2例患者选择继续妊娠,其中1例患儿于新生儿期死亡,另1例患儿于出生后13个月死亡）;成人型多囊肾10例（染色体均正常。3例选择终止妊娠放弃胎儿,1例于新生儿期死亡;1例于出生后7个月死亡,其余5例目前临床无不适症状,正严密观察中）。2.3例胎儿肾多发囊肿患者,均为单侧肾脏发病,其中1例选择终止妊娠放弃胎儿,另1例患儿出生后1岁时行患侧肾切除术,另1例现已经生后11个月,没有任何临床症状,复查肾脏囊肿与出生前没有明显改变。结论胎儿肾脏多囊性病变类型多样,病因不尽相同,临床结局也不相同,建议产前仔细鉴别胎儿肾脏囊肿类型,根据囊肿类型对胎儿可能的预后给予产前合理评价及咨询意见。     

Small cell carcinoma of the kidney: a clinicopathologic study of 14 cases

Small cell carcinoma of the kidney is distinctively rare. We searched pathology files in 2 institutions and found 14 cases of renal small cell carcinoma. The patients' mean age at diagnosis was 59 years (range, 22-75 years); 8 were women, and 6 were men. Patients usually presented with hematuria (n = 6) and abdominal pain (n = 5). The mean tumor size was 7.1 cm (range, 3.5-14.0 cm). The small cell carcinoma was pure in 9 cases and mixed with high-grade urothelial carcinoma in 5 cases. None was associated with any type of renal cell carcinoma. Tumor necrosis was present in all cases, and lymphovascular invasion was identified in 6 cases. The tumor invaded the perinephric adipose tissue in 13 cases and was confined to the kidney in only 1 case. Lymph node metastases were identified in all patients who underwent lymph node dissection (5/5). On immunostains, the small cell carcinoma cells were positive for pancytokeratin (11/12), chromogranin (6/9), and synaptophysin (8/9). Follow-up data were available for 13 patients, and 11 died of small cell carcinoma at a mean of 15 months (range, 4-31 months) after diagnosis. Of the 2 surviving patients, 1 was alive at 5 months after diagnosis, and the other, whose disease was confined to the kidney, was alive with no evidence of disease at 137 months. In summary, renal small cell carcinoma is a highly aggressive disease that often presents at an advanced stage with widespread metastases. Patients usually have a poor clinical outcome despite multimodal therapy. The frequent coexistence of small cell carcinoma with urothelial carcinoma suggests that renal small cell carcinomas may evolve from a preexisting urothelial carcinoma.     

肾平滑肌瘤六例的影像学表现

目的 探讨肾平滑肌瘤的影像学表现特征,以提高对该病的诊断水平,从而选择更合理的治疗方案。方法 回顾性分析2005年1月—2016年12月4所医院经手术病理确诊的6例肾平滑肌瘤患者的影像学资料,其中男5例、女1例,年龄26～77岁。6例患者均行CT平扫及增强扫描;MRI平扫2例, 其中1例同时行增强检查。结果 6例共发现7个平滑肌瘤病灶,肿瘤最大径2.5～7 cm,平均5.3 cm;其中5个位于右肾,2个位于左肾;5个位于肾脏边缘,1个位于肾实质内,1个位于肾盂。肿瘤呈圆形和椭圆形各3个,呈分叶状1个。CT平扫5个病灶呈高密度,2个呈等密度;1个病灶密度不均,肿块内见坏死、囊变,其它6个密度均匀。CT增强扫描7个病灶均表现出渐进性延迟强化的特点,其中6个呈均匀强化,1个强化不均。MRI平扫2例共检出3个病灶:2个信号均匀,其中1个呈T₁WI低信号、T₂WI略高信号,1个呈 T₁WI等信号、T₂WI明显低信号;1个信号不均,T₁WI、T₂WI均呈高低混杂信号,T₂WI上病灶周围可见低信号肿瘤包膜;2个瘤体内见斑点状钙化。MRI增强检查1个病灶呈均匀延迟强化。结论 肾平滑肌瘤的主要影像学特征为发生于肾脏边缘密度或信号均匀的软组织肿块,CT 或 MRI增强扫描呈均匀延迟强化特点;虽然确诊需要依靠组织病理学检查,但熟悉其影像表现特点,可以帮助临床医生尽早选择更合适的治疗措施,减少不必要的肾切除。     

Biodegradation of amino-acid-based poly(ester amide)s: in vitro weight loss and preliminary in vivo studies

A systematic in vitro biodegradation study of regular poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) composed of naturally occurring hydrophobic alpha-amino acids, fatty diols and dicarboxylic acids using gravimetric (weight loss) method was carried out in the presence of hydrolases like alpha-chymotrypsin, lipase and a complex of proteases of Papaya. The last enzyme was used for modeling the catalytic action of nonspecific proteases. It was found that the PEAs, in the presence of enzyme solutions, were biodegraded by surface chemical erosion mechanism, according to the first-order kinetics. Spontaneous immobilization (adsorption) of the enzymes onto the PEAs surfaces was observed. The surface immobilized enzyme can also catalyze the chemical erosion of the PEAs. The enzymes could also be impregnated into the PEAs to make PEAs biochemically biodegraded, i.e. 'self-destructive', at a target rate. A comparison of in vitro biodegradation data of the PEAs with polylactide (PDLLA) showed that PEAs exhibited a far more tendency toward enzyme catalyzed biodegradation than PDLLA. A preliminary in vivo biodegradation study of selected PEA films in rats with and without lipase-impregnation showed that those PEAs were completely absorbed within 1-2 months post-implantation (for the lipase-impregnated ones) and 3-6 months (for the lipase-free ones). These findings prompt us to suggest that these new PEAs may have a great potential for designing drug sustained/controlled release devices, as well as implantable surgical devices.     

A biodegradable poly(ester amine) based on polycaprolactone and polyethylenimine as a gene carrier

The aim of research was to develop and optimize delivery systems for plasmid DNA (pDNA) based on biodegradable polymers, in particular, poly(ester amine)s (PEAs), suitable for non-viral gene therapy. Poly(ester amine)s were successfully synthesized by Michael addition reaction between polycaprolactone (PCL) diacrylate and low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI). PEA/DNA complexes showed effective and stable DNA condensation with the particle sizes below 200nm, implicating its potential for intracellular delivery. PEAs showed controlled degradation and were essentially non-toxic in all three cells (293T: Human kidney carcinoma, HepG2: Human hepatoblastoma and HeLa: Human cervix epithelial carcinoma cell lines) at higher doses in contrast to PEI 25K. PEAs also revealed much higher transfection efficiencies in three cell lines as compared to PEI 25K. The highest reporter gene expression was observed for PCL/PEI-1.2 (MW 1200) complex having transfection efficiency 15-25 folds higher than PEI 25K in vitro. Also PEA/DNA complexes successfully transfected cells in vivo after aerosol administration than PEI 25K. These PEAs can be used as most efficient polymeric vectors which provide a versatile platform for further investigation of structure property relationship along with the controlled degradation, significant low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency.     

Primary renal angiosarcoma: A case report and review of the literature

Primary renal angiosarcoma is very rare. To our knowledge, only 15 cases have been reported to date. A 77-year-old Japanese man with a unilateral kidney presented with massive hematuria followed by renal failure. A renal tumor was suspected and a left nephrectomy was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was angiosarcoma of the kidney. A hemorrhagic tumor measuring 10 × 5 cm and clotted blood was found in the modularly area. The atypical tumor cells had a sinusoidal and solid appearance, and showed Immunohistochemically positive reactions for some of the endothelial markers. The patient died about 21 months after the nephrectomy and the autopsy revealed massive metastases to the liver and retroperitoneum. One of the differential diagnoses of the case was anglomyolipoma, because the tumor cells were relatively bland in their histological appearance with entrapped fat cells in the pelvic area. Fifteen case reports with titles that included the term 'hemangiosarcoma/anglosarcoma', 'hemangioendothelloma/endothelloma' or 'vascular sarcoma' of the kidney were reviewed and compared to the present case.     

A synchronous hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma treated with radio-frequency ablation

Radio-frequency ablation (RFA) is a curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Percutaneous RFA has been shown to be beneficial for patients with small renal cell carcinoma (RCC) lacking indications for resection. We experienced the case of a 53-year-old male who had conditions that suggested HCC, RCC, and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance image showed liver cirrhosis with 2.8 cm ill-defined mass in segment 2 of the liver and 1.9 cm hypervascular mass in the left kidney. These findings were compatible with the double primary cancers of HCC and RCC. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed to treat the HCC. After the TACE, a focal lipiodol uptake defect was noticed on a follow up CT images and loco-regional treatment was recommended. Therefore, we performed RFAs to treat HCC and RCC. There was no evidence of recurrence in the follow up image after 1 month.     

Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the testis and its adnexa: a report of five cases including three that accounted for the initial clinical presentation

Five cases of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the testis or its adnexa are described, including 3 that represented the initial presentation and mimicked primary testicular neoplasms. The patients ranged from 46 to 85 years of age. Three presented with self-identified testicular masses. One patient was investigated because of fever of unknown origin and was found to have a left rib metastasis. Further work-up led to the discovery of a testicular mass. The final patient had a tumor of the spermatic cord that was examined without knowledge that he had a prior renal neoplasm. All the tumors were unilateral. They ranged from 1.8 to 5.0 cm; multiple tumor nodules were present in one of them but the others were discrete solitary masses. Four tumors were yellow/yellow-tan, and one was gray. On microscopic examination all the tumors were of the clear cell type. Patterns included solid sheets, acini, cysts, alveoli, and trabeculae. Two had prominent vascular invasion. Diagnoses initially entertained in these cases included Sertoli cell tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, and clear cell cystadenoma of the epididymis. In 3 cases a kidney tumor was discovered 2 to 4 weeks after the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the testis was rendered. On follow-up two patients died of tumor, and two were alive (5 months and 1 year) after orchiectomy. The diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the testis should be considered in evaluating a clear cell tumor of the testis, particularly in an older male or if the appearance suggests a Sertoli cell tumor. The differences in survival between metastatic renal cell carcinoma and sex cord-stromal tumors indicate the importance of considering the former in the differential.     

Spontaneous subcapsular and intrarenal hematoma demonstrated by various diagnostic modalities and monitored by ultrasonography until complete resolution

A patient with acute right abdominal pain and nausea underwent various diagnostic imaging studies, including ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), technetium-99m DTPA renal study, and contrast arteriogram. The 99mTc renal study showed a linear photopenic area along the lateral cortical aspect of the right kidney and a focal cortical defect in the left kidney. These lesions corresponded to the findings of US, CT, MRI, and contrast angiography. Because of a suspected malignant mass, a CT-guided aspiration biopsy of the right kidney was performed that resulted in bloody fluid without malignant cells. The patient's condition was diagnosed as intrarenal and subcapsular renal hematoma. The patient was treated conservatively and followed up with CT and US studies. Sequential CT and US demonstrated gradual reduction of the size of the hematoma, and complete resolution was confirmed by US 1.5 years later. As long as underlying pathology can be ruled out, conservative management of spontaneous renal subcapsular hematoma is recommended.