甲状腺髓样癌的诊断与鉴别诊断

目的探讨甲状腺髓样癌的形态特征、免疫表型、诊断与鉴别诊断。方法用免疫组化方法对25例甲状腺髓样癌进行研究,观察其病理形态特点。结果25例甲状腺髓样癌的癌组织主要由多角形及梭形细胞组成,可呈多种组织学类型,其中巢状型8例,束状/带状型6例,腺样(管状和腺泡)型3例,弥漫和类癌型各3例,透明细胞型和混合型(髓样和滤泡癌)各1例。免疫组化降钙素、铬粒素A均( ),21例神经元特异性烯醇化酶( ),21例癌胚抗原( ),18例突触素( ),1例HMB45( ),1例癌组织甲状腺球蛋白( )。CD44V6( )表达分别为髓样癌40%,滤泡癌30%,髓样癌80%颈部淋巴结转移,而正常甲状腺滤泡上皮(-)。结论诊断时应注意与形态相似的肿瘤相鉴别,CT是甲状腺髓样癌特异性标记物,若CT阴性,CEA及内分泌激素的阳性表达有助于甲状腺髓样癌的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

电镜在甲状腺髓样癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 了解电镜在甲状腺髓样癌诊断中的应用价值。方法 通过对6例甲状腺髓样癌的光镜和电镜研究，结合文献分析甲状腺髓样癌的电镜诊断特点。结果 甲状腺髓样癌电镜观察要点为胞质内有大小不一的神经内分泌颗粒。结论 所观察到的结果在腺样型髓样癌与滤泡肿瘤、嗜酸细胞型髓样癌与嗜酸细胞腺瘤(癌)、玻璃样变梁状腺瘤样型髓样癌与玻璃样变梁状腺瘤的鉴别诊断中有重要价值。     

降钙素原测定在甲状腺疾病中的应用

目的探讨降钙素原(PCT)在诊断和鉴别诊断甲状腺髓样癌中的价值。方法选取277例甲状腺结节患者为研究对象,均经超声引导下细针穿刺活检确诊,其中良性结节142例,甲状腺髓样癌24例,非甲状腺髓样癌111例(乳头状癌61例,甲状腺滤泡癌30例,未分化癌20例)。所有患者均采用发光法检测降钙素(CT)、癌胚抗原(CEA)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、PCT。结果良性结节、非甲状腺髓样癌、甲状腺髓样癌患者CT水平呈升高趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。PCT在甲状腺髓样癌、良性结节、非甲状腺髓样癌患者中的水平依次为(3.10±2.87)、(0.20±0.19)、(0.14±0.10)μg/L,其中甲状腺髓样癌患者PCT高于良性结节、非甲状腺髓样癌患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。PCT在甲状腺乳头状癌、甲状腺滤泡癌、甲状腺未分化癌患者中的水平依次为(0.18±0.12)、(0.07±0.04)、(0.13±0.01)μg/L,甲状腺髓样癌患者PCT高于甲状腺乳头状癌、甲状腺滤泡癌、甲状腺未分化癌患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。PCT对甲状...     

甲状腺癌与甲状腺腺瘤的超声鉴别诊断

目的:探讨甲状腺癌及甲状腺腺瘤的超声表现特点及其鉴别诊断价值.方法:回顾性收集本院2018年3月-2020年3月间经病理证实为甲状腺癌60例及甲状腺腺瘤40例,并对两者的超声资料进行分析鉴别诊断.结果:在60例甲状腺癌中,乳头状癌45例,滤泡状癌10例,髓样癌2例,未分化癌3例;在甲状腺腺瘤40例中,滤泡状腺瘤32例,...     

甲状腺肿瘤癌基因产物p21ras表达的免疫组化研究

目的 探讨癌基因产物ｐ２１ｒａｓ表达的意义及在甲状腺肿瘤病理诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 采用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法检测了１０例甲状腺腺瘤、１０例不典型腺瘤、２０例乳头状癌、２０例滤泡癌、１０例髓样癌、１０例未分化癌。结果 在甲状腺癌、甲状腺腺瘤和周边正常组织中均有表达,但阳性细胞的量和染色强度有所不同。其分布特点是：癌组织区〉腺瘤区〉正常组织。良恶性肿瘤组间比较Ｐ〈０．０１,差异非常显著。结论 甲状腺癌的发生与ｒａｓ基因的活化和２１ｒａｓ的过量表达关系密切。ｐ２１ｒａｓ的过表达有助于甲状腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别。     

甲状腺髓样癌16例临床病理分析

目的：对16例甲状腺髓样癌进行分析，探讨甲状腺髓样癌的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法：收集16例甲状腺髓样癌临床与病理资料进行详细的形态学观察和免疫组化检查。结果：16例甲状腺髓样癌中呈经典型表现的11例，类癌型(小细胞型)2例，腺泡型1例，乳头型1例。免疫组化calcitonin阳性thyroglobulin阴性。结论：甲状腺髓样癌的细胞形态和组织结构多样，尤其非经典型改变的病例易误诊为甲状腺其它肿瘤，易后确诊依靠免疫组化。     

细针无负压吸取细胞学检查对甲状腺髓样癌的诊断价值

<正>甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)与乳头状癌和滤泡癌不同,是起源于甲状腺滤泡旁细胞(C细胞)特殊的恶性肿瘤。临床较少见,占所有甲状腺癌5%-10%[1]。又由于MTC细胞形态多样,明确诊断比较困难。本研究对14例经组织学证实甲状腺髓样癌的细胞学形态进行分析,旨在提高诊断MTC准确性。1材料与方法1.1材料收集我院2012年5月-2014年5月经组织病理学证实的14例甲状腺髓样癌超声引导下     

甲状腺混合性癌4例临床病理分析

目的探讨甲状腺混合性癌的临床病理学特征、组织发生、免疫组化及诊断与鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析新近诊治的4例甲状腺混合性癌的临床病理资料,运用全自动免疫组化仪进行TG、TTF-1、calcitonin、Syn、CGA、galectin-3、mesothelia、CK19、TPO、CD56、B-raf和Ki-67免疫标记染色,进行随访并复习相关文献。结果 4例患者均为女性。其中2例为髓样癌与乳头状癌混合,1例为甲状腺髓样癌与微小浸润型滤泡癌混合,另1例为甲状腺乳头状癌与微小浸润型滤泡癌混合。免疫组化:4例中髓样癌区域calcitonin、Syn和CGA均(+);滤泡癌区域TG和TTF-1(+),calcitonin、Syn和CGA(-);乳头状癌区域galectin-3、mesothelia、CK19和B-raf均(+),而TPO、CD56、calcitonin、Syn和CGA均(-)。结论两种不同类型的甲状腺癌混合发生在临床是十分少见的,其来源存在多种学说,免疫组化标记可辅助其诊断。     

annexin A2在人甲状腺癌中表达的意义

目的 观察annexin A2在甲状腺癌不同病理类型中的表达及其与临床病理指标的关系.方法 采用免疫组化EnVision法,在24例甲状腺乳头状癌、25例甲状腺滤泡癌、22例甲状腺髓样癌及24例结节性甲状腺肿中检测annexin A2的表达.结果 乳头状癌中annexin A2的阳性率为45.8%(11/24),明显高于滤泡癌、髓样癌和结节性甲状腺肿中的阳性率(4%、9.1%、8.3%)(P<0.05).annexin A2的表达在结节性甲状腺肿与滤泡癌髓样癌及滤泡癌与髓样癌之间无显著差异.乳头状癌中,annexin A2的表达与性别、年龄、淋巴结转移及远处转移无关.结论 在甲状腺乳头状癌中annexin A2过表达,提示其可能参与甲状腺乳头状癌的发病机制.     

甲状腺滤泡性病变

甲状腺滤泡性病变是甲状腺疾病中常见的病变，占甲状腺病变的大多数，且形态复杂，多样，诊断标准不统一，在实际工作中遇到一些问题，该类病变可出现在甲状腺滤泡性增生，甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤，甲状腺滤泡性癌，甲状腺滤泡性乳头状癌及甲状腺滤泡性髓样癌等病变中，熟悉该类病变的形态学特点，诊断原则，诊断程序等，对诊断甲状腺滤泡性病变有很大帮助。     

Telomerase activity in fine needle aspiration biopsy samples: application to diagnosis of human thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of thyroid follicular carcinoma by fine needle aspiration biopsy is a well known problem in thyroid pathology. METHODS: We evaluated telomerase activity (TA) in 85 fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) samples from patients with thyroid nodules. Surgery samples from patients with tumor or follicular adenomas were also analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty of the FNAB samples corresponded to carcinomas and were positive to telomerase assay (TA >10 Units). Among them, 4 follicular carcinomas and 1 papillary carcinoma were labeled as indeterminate by FNAB cytological examination. Four percent false positive cases and no false negative cases for TA in FNABs were reported. FNAB samples from follicular adenomas were diagnosed as indeterminate by cytological examination, but they showed no detectable TA. Tumor tissues from patients with follicular or papillary thyroid carcinomas presented TA >10 Units, whereas follicular adenoma tissues (benign nodules) showed no TA. CONCLUSION: Our results showed a good correlation between TA in FNAB samples and tumor/nodule thyroid tissue. This suggested that use of TA as a biological marker of malignancy might be a useful tool in the diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinomas or follicular thyroid adenomas using FNAB samples.     

冰冻切片诊断甲状腺滤泡性癌的探讨

冰冻切片诊断甲状腺滤泡性癌是病理诊断工作的难点之一。我们对３６例有包膜浸润的甲状腺滤泡性癌的术中冰冻切片标本和术后石蜡切片，与随机找５０例甲状腺腺瘤的术中冰冻切片标本和术后石蜡切片标本进行了观察比较，总结出３个方面滤泡性癌不同于甲状腺腺瘤的组织学表现，作为除浸润标准外冰冻切片诊断甲状腺滤泡性癌的综合考虑依据，供进一步探讨此问题参考。     

细胞角蛋白表达在甲状腺乳头状癌诊断中的应用

目的 探讨CK19、CK20在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达及在诊断中的价值。方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测71例甲状腺病变中CK19、CK20蛋白的表达。结果 CK19在甲状腺乳头状癌中的阳性表达率分别为96．3％(26／27，经典型)和83．3％(5／6，滤泡变异型)，且多为强阳性表达；结节性甲状腺肿(0／23)和甲状腺腺瘤(1／15)基本不表达或仅弱阳性表达。与CK19相比，CK20在甲状腺乳头状癌中阳性率低且其阳性病例CK19也均阳性。结论 CK19阳性表达对甲状腺乳头状癌，特别是滤泡变异型具有辅助诊断作用，并对结节性甲状腺肿及甲状腺腺瘤有鉴别诊断作用。而CK20对甲状腺乳头状癌诊断价值则有限。     

cyclinD_1及p21~(WAF1)表达与大肠癌关系研究

目的 :探讨cyclinD1及 p2 1WAF1表达与大肠癌发生发展的关系。方法 :用免疫组化SP法对 40例大肠癌标本进行cyclinD1和 p2 1WAF1蛋白表达的检测 ,并与同期 2 8例大肠腺瘤、14例正常大肠粘膜作对比。结果 :cy clinD1和 p2 1WAF1的阳性表达率在大肠腺瘤 (92 .9% )和大肠癌 (6 7.5 % )均显著高于正常大肠粘膜 (35 .7% ) (P<0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。cyclinD1的表达与大肠癌的分化程度及淋巴结转移无关。p2 1WAF1的阳性表达率在大肠癌 (37.5 % )显著低于正常大肠粘膜 (92 .8% ) (P <0 .0 1)。P2 1WAF1表达与大肠癌的分化程度及淋巴结转移有关。结论 :cyclinD1和 p2 1WAF1表达异常在大肠癌的发生、发展中是一个普遍事件。     

High prevalence of mutations of the p53 gene in poorly differentiated human thyroid carcinomas.

The development and progression of thyroid tumors is signaled by phenotype-specific mutations of genes involved in growth control. Molecular events associated with undifferentiated thyroid cancer are not known. We examined normal, benign, and malignant thyroid tissue for structural abnormalities of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Mutations were detected by single-strand conformation polymorphisms of PCR-amplified DNA, using primers bracketing the known hot spots on either exons 5, 6, 7, or 8. The prevalence of mutations was as follows: normal thyroid 0/6; follicular adenomas 0/31; papillary carcinomas 0/37; medullary carcinomas 0/2; follicular carcinomas 1/11; anaplastic carcinomas 5/6; thyroid carcinoma cell lines 3/4. Positive cases were confirmed by direct sequencing of the PCR products. All five anaplastic carcinoma tissues and the anaplastic carcinoma cell line ARO had G:C to A:T transitions leading to an Arg to His substitution at codon 273. In both tumors and cell lines, examples of heterozygous and homozygous p53 mutations were identified. The only thyroid carcinoma cell line in which p53 mutations were not detected in exons 5-8 had markedly decreased p53 mRNA levels, suggesting the presence of a structural abnormality of either p53 itself or of some factor controlling its expression. The presence of p53 mutations almost exclusively in poorly differentiated thyroid tumors and thyroid cancer cell lines suggests that inactivation of p53 may confer these neoplasms with aggressive properties, and further loss of differentiated function.     

Oncogenes and thyroid cancer.

Human thyroid tumors can be derived either from epithelial follicular cells or from parafollicular C-cells. Follicular cell-derived tumors represent a wide spectrum of lesions, ranging from benign adenomas through differentiated (follicular and papillary) and undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinomas, thus providing a good model for finding a correlation between specific genetic lesions and histologic phenotype. Follicular adenomas and carcinomas show frequently the presence of mutations in one of the three ras genes. Papillary carcinomas show frequently a specific gene rearrangement which gives rise to the formation of several types of so-called RET/PTC chimeric genes. This lesions occur in almost 50% of papillary cancers and consist in the juxtaposition of the 3' or tyrosine kinase domain of the RET gene (which codes for a receptor protein not normally expressed in follicular thyroid cells) with the 5' domain of ubiquitously expressed genes, which provide the promoter and dimerization functions, necessary for the constitutive activation of RET/PTC proteins. Anaplastic carcinomas are frequently associated with mutations of the p53 tumor suppressor. Finally, point mutations of the RET gene are found in familial endocrine syndromes (FMTC; MEN2A and MEN2B), a common feature of which is the medullary thyroid carcinoma, a malignant tumor derived from parafollicular C-cells.     

肠镜诊治大肠腺瘤癌变的临床价值

目的：探讨肠镜下大肠腺瘤的分布,大小,形态,病理特征与腺瘤癌变的关系及其诊治方法。方法：选择804例病理证实为大肠腺瘤或腺瘤癌变的病例,分析大肠腺瘤大小,位点,基镑特点和组织学特征对腺瘤癌变的影响。结果：发现804例共1126枚大肠腺瘤,腺瘤癌变46例（46枚）,癌变发生率4．1％,直肠乙状结肠腺瘤897枚,占腺瘤总数的79．7％,其中癌变腺瘤39枚,占癌变腺瘤总数的84．8％,直径大于2．0cm的腺瘤癌变率17．2（26／151）,1．0－2．0cm腺瘤癌变率为5．5％（15／271）,广基腺瘤癌变率为11．5％（26／226）,短蒂或亚蒂者为3．1％（18／574）,绒毛状腺瘤癌变率22．1％（21／95）,管状绒毛状腺瘤9．4％（15／159）,管状腺瘤1．1％（10／872）,结论：直肠,乙状结肠是大肠腺瘤及腺瘤癌变的好发部位,直径大于2．0cm腺瘤,广基腺瘤,绒毛状腺瘤和管状绒毛状腺瘤有较高的癌变危险性,积极治疗大肠腺瘤是防治大肠癌的有效措施之一。     

肾上腺皮质肿瘤增殖抗原和脆性组氨酸三联体表达的相关性及意义

目的 研究肿瘤增殖抗原(Ki67)和脆性组氨酸三联体(FHIT)在肾上腺皮质肿瘤中的表达及其与肾上腺皮质肿瘤的关系.方法应用免疫组化方法检测75例肾上腺皮质肿瘤(腺瘤61例、腺癌14例)及10例瘤旁正常组织标本中Ki67及FHIT的表达情况.结果Ki67在正常肾上腺组织不表达,在腺癌表达最高,腺瘤次之;FHIT表达的情况相反.Ki67和FHIT在肾上腺皮质组织的表达呈负相关关系(r=-0.721,P<0.005).结论Ki67及FHIT的表达与肾上腺肿瘤显著相关,联合检测Ki67和FHIT在肾上腺皮质肿瘤的表达,为难以判断良、恶性的肾上腺皮质肿瘤提供较为客观、简捷的诊断方法.     

应用组织芯片技术探讨HBME-1、RET在良、恶性甲状腺病变中表达的意义

目的研究HBME-1、RET在良、恶性甲状腺病变中表达的特点，寻找有助于诊断良、恶性甲状腺病变的标记物。方法应用组织芯片和免疫组化法检测22例结节性甲状腺肿、7例甲状腺滤泡性腺瘤、47例甲状腺乳头状癌、7例未分化癌、5例髓样癌、4例滤泡性癌、1例低分化岛状癌及1例鳞状细胞癌中单克隆抗体HBME-1、RET的表达。结果HBME-1、RET在甲状腺癌中的表达阳性率分别为67．69％和27．69％，在甲状腺良性病变中的表达阳性率分别为10．34％和0。结论HBME-1、RET在甲状腺癌中的表达增加对明确诊断有一定价值。