紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体的制备

目的:制备紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体(pac-GLs),并对制备的脂质体的性质进行评价.方法:用薄膜水化-高压均质法制备紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体,纳米粒度测定仪测定其粒径,高效液相法测定其包封率.结果:制备的紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体中的药物浓度为(1.00±0.10)mg/ml,包封率为(94±3)%.结论:本研究制备的紫杉醇长循环肝靶向脂质体包封率较高,质量可控,重复性好.     

鬼臼毒素固体脂质纳米粒的制备及对人表皮细胞体外增殖的影响

目的研究鬼臼毒素固体脂质纳米粒(POD-SLN)对人表皮细胞增殖的影响。方法采用超声乳化法制备POD-SLN混悬液,采用扫描电镜观察其粒径大小和形态,粒径分析仪测定其粒径和电位,高效液相法测定其包封率,并观察其稳定性。用POD-SLN作用于体外培养的人表皮细胞,并于6、12、24、48h检测细胞的生长情况。实验设POD-SLN组、鬼臼毒素普通脂质体组、鬼臼毒素(POD)组、空白固体脂质纳米粒(SLN)组、空白对照组,MTT法测定各组对人表皮细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果制备的POD-SLN呈圆球形或椭圆形,稳定性好,粒径为87.2±10.3nm,电位25.3±0.8mV,包封率为83.2%±2.5%。POD-SLN对人表皮细胞增殖的抑制作用呈浓度和时间依赖性。POD-SLN、POD普通脂质体及POD作用48h对人表皮细胞的抑制率最高分别为91.05%、77.02h.46%,IC50分别为2.11、16.65、101.42μg/L。空白SLN对人表皮细胞增殖无影响。结论该制备工艺可行,所制备的POD-SLN在体外能有效抑制人表皮细胞增殖,且作用强于POD及普通POD脂质体。     

基于普朗尼克双配体修饰的载药纳米靶向聚合物胶束制备工艺的筛选及靶向性评价

目的 优选载多柔比星(阿霉素,DOX)纳米靶向聚合物胶束的制备工艺,并对其体外释放行为和体外靶向性进行考察.方法 以琥珀酰亚胺法合成靶向聚合物材料,以包封率、载药量和总评归一化值为评价指标,利用星点设计-响应面法优化薄膜水化法设计考察投药量、有机溶剂体积、水化体积对纳米胶束制备的影响,并优选处方.以与羟基磷灰石(HA)和离体骨片共同孵育考察骨靶向性;以乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231)为模型做体外细胞摄取考察肿瘤细胞靶向性.结果 成功合成靶向聚合物材料P123-ALN和P123-DP-8,优选纳米胶束最佳制备工艺为:DOX投药量5.48 mg,有机溶剂体积7.28 ml,水化体积8.58 ml.根据筛选出的最佳制备工艺,确定混合载体材料的比例为4∶1时,制备的双配体修饰的纳米靶向聚合物胶束P123-ALN/P123-DP-8@DOX符合纳米制剂的制备要求,包封率为76.97％,载药量3.70％,粒径122.97 nm,ζ电位-12.60 mV,缓释和体外靶向性良好.结论 用最优处方制备的纳米靶向聚合物胶束可为后续骨靶向给药奠定基础.     

葡萄糖修饰的载胰岛素脂质体以包封率为指标的制备工艺研究

目的基于乙醇对脂质双分子层膜的去稳定作用制备得较高包封率的载胰岛素脂质体。方法本研究以空白大单室脂质体在乙醇存在的条件下对胰岛素进行主动载药。考察了脂质处方、乙醇浓度、孵育温度、孵育时间、PEG2000-succ-Chol用量、药脂比等对包封率的影响。结果乙醇存在条件下空白大单室脂质体对胰岛素进行主动载药而得粒径（180±70）nm的小多室脂质体,包封率为28%～32%。结论该方法制备所得的胰岛素脂质体比文献报道的包封率提高了近2倍,而且避免了使用有机溶剂,最大程度保护了胰岛素的生物活性。     

蕨麻素冻干脂质体的制备及理化性质的研究

目的 制备蕨麻素冻干脂质体注射剂并研究其理化性质。方法 采用薄膜超声分散法并冷冻干燥来制备蕨麻素脂质体,用葡聚糖凝胶（Sephadex G-50）微型柱离心法测定包封率。结果 制得的蕨麻素脂质体包封率为56．62％,粒径范围为71．70—166．47nm,透射显微镜下观察脂质体为粒径均匀的球类或近球状小囊泡。结论 蕨麻素脂质体处方和制备工艺稳定可行,重现性好。     

交错融合脂质体的制备

目的研究交错融合脂质体（IFVs）的制备。方法采用改良方法制备交错融合脂质体（IFVs）,应用激光散射粒度分析仪（PCS）对其粒径大小及分布情况进行测定,利用高压液相色谱仪测定其包封率。结果 IFVs脂质体粒径为100 nm左右。包封率为（69.0±5.4）%,远高于其他类型脂质体,并且性质稳定。结论 IFVs是一种大单层脂质体,其特点是粒径均匀（100 nm）,包封容积大,可达20~25μl/μmol脂质,可以携带足够量药物。     

马尼地平脂质体的制备及其质量研究

目的优选马尼地平脂质体的处方和制备工艺,并对其进行质量研究。方法采用乙醇注入法制备马尼地平脂质体,并对其形态学、粒径、包封率、初步稳定性等性质进行了研究。结果在透射电子显微镜下观察,制备的马尼地平脂质体为均匀的球状或近球状,平均粒径为233．9nm,包封率为89．6％,脂质体4℃放置稳定。结论选择乙醇注入法优化工艺制备马尼地平脂质体稳定可行,为进一步开发马尼地平新制剂提供了实验依据。     

水飞蓟宾脂质体的稳定性观察研究

 目的 制备水飞蓟宾脂质体并观察其稳定性.方法 采用薄膜法制备水飞蓟宾脂质体,并对其粒径、表面电位、包封率等稳定性指标进行观察.结果 所得脂质体具有粒径小而均匀的特点;在室温条件下密封放置9 d及4℃下保存10个月,其外观性状、粒径、表面电位、包封率等无显著性改变.结论 脂质体技术能够成功地包裹水飞蓟宾,在短期内能保证良好的稳定性.     

PEG表面修饰黄芩苷脂质体制备工艺研究

目的：通过优化手段筛选最佳处方及工艺，并制备PEG表面修饰黄芩苷脂质体。方法：在建立黄芩苷含量测定方法基础上，通过HPLC法、显微镜法、激光散射法等定性及定量方法考察脂质体的包封率、微粒外观、粒径及其分布等指标，首先单因素对脂质体制备方法、表面活性剂种类、类脂组成比，以及药物使用量进行筛选，确定影响制备脂质体的主要因素，然后采用正交试验法优化黄芩苷脂质体的处方组成及制备工艺。结果：优化后的脂质体其包封率在95．0％以上，50．0％体积径D(0．5)为2．358／μm，体积粒径范围在1．173-12．022μm，占总数98．52％，粒径跨度为0．887。电镜照片显示，脂质体外观圆整而均匀。结论：优化方法科学、可靠，脂质体制备工艺合理。     

99Tcm-MIBI脂质体的制备及特征分析

目的 研究99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈（MIBI）脂质体的制备方法,并对其特征进行分析。方法 采用乙醇注入-超声法制备99Tcm-MIBI脂质体,测定脂质体粒径大小和包封率,对超声时间、大豆卵磷脂与胆固醇的质量比等条件进行优化,观察99Tcm-MIBI脂质体的稳定性。结果 当制备的99Tcm-MIBI质量浓度为0.01 mg/mL时,平均粒径大小为（171.4±25.2）nm,包封率的平均值为（8.5±1.3）%。大豆卵磷脂与胆固醇的质量比为4:1和超声时间为5 min为最佳条件。电镜图显示,制备第1天后粒径较小,形态较为规则、均匀,呈完整球形或椭圆形;30 d后粒径大小及形态未见明显改变。结论 采用乙醇注入-超声法制备的99Tcm-MIBI脂质体粒径较小、包封率高,且较稳定。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.