Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Free Radical Metabolism of Liver in Mice During Endurance Exercise

This study investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on Free Radical Metabolism of Liver in mice during endurance exercise. Forty-eight mice were divided into the quiet group and the exercised group. And the two groups were both grouped again, including the control group and the drug-treated group. After exhaustive exercise, the exercised groups were subdivided into the immediate group and the recovery group. The swimming time to exhaustion significantly prolonged in the exercised drug-treated group as compared with the exercised control group (P <0.05); The SOD activity of drug-treated groups significantly increased (P <0.05) as compared with the control groups and MDA content was significantly lower (P <0.05). The SOD activity and MDA content of exercised control groups significantly increased (P <0.05) as compared with the quiet control group. The SOD activity and MDA content of exercised drug-treated groups significantly increased (P <0.05) as compared with the quiet drug-treated group. The results indicated that Ginkgo biloba extract can obviously increase the body''s endurance exercise capacity in mice and delay fatigue; Ginkgo biloba extract can help to increase the activity of the antioxidant enzymes in liver tissue, reduce the lipid peroxidation injury in liver tissue caused by free radicals, improve athletic ability, and promote the recovery process after exercise in mice.     

高脂饮食联合STZ建立2型糖尿病动物模型研究概况

高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立2型糖尿病动物模型是一种常见的造模方法,该动物模型具有较重要的研究价值。本文拟就该模型作一综述。     

Antihyperlipidemic Effect of Peucedanum Pastinacifolium Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

INTRODUCTION:

Dyslipidemia is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus, significantly contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Peucedanum pastinacifolium Boiss. & Hausskn. is commonly used as an antihyperlipidemic vegetable in Iranian folk medicine.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

In this study, we examined a hydroalcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Peucedanum pastinacifolium to determine its lipid-lowering activity in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin. Normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were separated into four groups. The groups were fed with 0, 125, 250 or 500 mg/kg body weight of Peucedanum Pastinacifolium hydroalcoholic Extract (PPE) in aqueous solution for 30 days.

RESULTS:

The results show that there were significant (P < 0.05) increases in total serum cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Treatment of diabetic rats with PPE over a period of a month returned these levels close to control levels.

CONCLUSION:

These results suggest that PPE has hypolipidemic effects in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.     

Protective Role of Artemisia Afra Aqueous Extract on Tissue Antioxidant Defense Systems in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Changes in antioxidant capacity in the body as a result of oxidative stress play an important role in the development of diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. on antioxidant defense systems in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Administration of the extract to diabetic rats for 21 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and increased body weight. The diabetic animals exhibited decreased levels of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver and kidney, which were restored to near normal levels following treatment with the herb. The increased levels of lipid peroxidation observed in the tissues of diabetic rats were also reverted back to near normalcy after administering the extract. These findings revealed the protective role of A. afra on tissues by reducing oxidative stress which could be attributed to its flavonoids content. The efficacy of the plant compared favourably well with glibenclamide, a standard hypoglycemic drug.     

2型糖尿病及其并发症患者生活质量影响因素的研究

目的:了解2型糖尿病及其并发症患者的生命质量状况,并探讨其影响因素。方法:采用自编2型糖尿病患者生活质量量表(Qualityoflifescaleforpatientswithtype2diabetesmellitus,DMQLS)评价352例2型糖尿病和74例糖尿病伴并发症的患者的生命质量,并研究其影响因素。结果:糖尿病并发症组在疾病维度、生理维度、社会维度、心理维度、满意度维度5个领域及总分方面均显著低于无并发症组(P<0.01),性别、年龄、文化程度、收入、体力和脑力活动都不同程度地影响生活质量的不同方面,独居方式、自费和农民职业的患者生活质量显著低于其他组患者(P<0.01)。结论:完善糖尿病患者的医疗保健和服务系统,减少并发症的发生,加强心理和行为的健康教育和支持系统可改善糖尿病人的生活质量。     

Acute and Subchronic Toxicity of Anacardium Occidentale Linn (Anacardiaceae) Leaves Hexane Extract in Mice

These studies focus on the toxicity leaf hexane extract of A. occidentale L (Anacardiaceae) used in Cameroon traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. Previous findings on antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory have given support to the ethnopharmacological applications of the plant. After acute oral administration, it was found that doses of the extract less than 6 g/kg are not toxic. Signs of toxicity at high doses were asthenia, anorexia, diarrhoea, and syncope. The LD₅₀ of the extract, determined in mice of both sexes after oral administration was 16 g/kg. In the subchronic study, mice received A. occidentale at doses of 6, 10 and 14 g/kg (by oral route) for 56 days. At doses of 2, 6 and 10 g/kg of extract, repeated oral administration to mice produced a reduction in food intake, weight gain, and behavioural effects. Liver or the kidney function tests were assessed by determining serum parameters like, creatinine, transaminases, and urea. All these parameters were significantly (p<0.01) abnormal. Histopatological studies revealed evidence of microcopic lesions either in the liver or in the kidney which may be correlated with biochemical disturbances. We conclude that toxic effects of A. occidentale L hexane leaf extract occurred at higher doses than those used in Cameroon folk medicine.     

前臂骨密度及血清IGF-1在2型糖尿病的特点

观察 2型糖尿病患者不同性别、不同年龄阶段以及肥胖与非肥胖状态下IGF - 1血清浓度及前臂骨密度水平。 2型糖尿病 10 0人 ,ELISA法测定血清IGF - 1浓度 ,双能X光骨密度检测仪 (DXA)测量前臂超远端及远端 1/ 3交界处骨密度、骨矿含量及T积分。结果表明 ,骨质疏松症的发病率为 14% ( <5 0岁组 )到 73 % ( >70岁组 ) ,总发病率为 3 3 % (超远端 )和2 7% (远端 )。其中女性发病率为 47.7%和 2 2 .7% ,男性为 2 1.4%和 3 0 .4%。BMD、BMC、IGF - 1血清水平随增龄逐渐低降 ,5 0岁以后女性BMD、BMC较男性显著下降。肥胖者的BMD、BMC较非肥胖者高 ,骨质疏松症的发生率低。IGF - 1在男性与女性之间及肥胖与非肥胖者之间均无差异。 2型糖尿病患者骨质疏松症的发病率女性高于男性 ,非肥胖者高于肥胖者 ,IGF- 1、年龄、体重、雌激素是影响骨代谢的相关因素 ,IGF - 1与年龄和体重无关。男性前臂中远端骨质疏松明显 ,而女性则远端明显     

胆囊结石与2型糖尿病的共病机制

随着人们生活水平的提高,饮食结构发生转变,胆囊结石及2型糖尿病的发病率逐年上升,且2型糖尿病患者的胆囊结石患病率明显高于其他人群,以往大量研究认为糖尿病是胆囊结石的危险因素。随着研究的深入,发现胆囊结石的发生机制与血脂、胰岛素抵抗及部分脂肪因子因素密切相关,甚至认为胆囊结石是代谢综合征的另一种表现形式。而这些因素在2型糖尿病的发生发展中同样起着重要作用。本文就对胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢、瘦素及脂联素在胆囊结石与2型糖尿病的发病中的作用机制进行综述,并阐明这种共病机制的研究在实际临床工作中的意义。     

Beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on insulin signaling cascade,dyslipidemia, and body adiposity of diet-induced obese rats

Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) has been indicated as an efficient medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. It remains unclear if its effects are due to an improvement of the insulin signaling cascade, especially in obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GbE on insulin tolerance, food intake, body adiposity, lipid profile, fasting insulin, and muscle levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B), and protein kinase B (Akt), as well as Akt phosphorylation, in diet-induced obese rats. Rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal fat diet (NFD) for 8 weeks. After that, the HFD group was divided into two groups: rats gavaged with a saline vehicle (HFD+V), and rats gavaged with 500 mg/kg of GbE diluted in the saline vehicle (HFD+Gb). NFD rats were gavaged with the saline vehicle only. At the end of the treatment, the rats were anesthetized, insulin was injected into the portal vein, and after 90s, the gastrocnemius muscle was removed. The quantification of IRS-1, Akt, and Akt phosphorylation was performed using Western blotting. Serum levels of fasting insulin and glucose, triacylglycerols and total cholesterol, and LDL and HDL fractions were measured. An insulin tolerance test was also performed. Ingestion of a hyperlipidic diet promoted loss of insulin sensitivity and also resulted in a significant increase in body adiposity, plasma triacylglycerol, and glucose levels. In addition, GbE treatment significantly reduced food intake and body adiposity while it protected against hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in diet-induced obesity rats. It also enhanced insulin sensitivity in comparison to HFD+V rats, while it restored insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, increased IRS-1, and reduced PTP-1B levels in gastrocnemius muscle. The present findings suggest that G. biloba might be efficient in preventing and treating obesity-induced insulin signaling impairment.     

Clinical Implications of Adiponectin and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives: To study the interrelationships of adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen with each other in T2DM patients with (T2DM-C) and without complications (T2DM-NC) among healthy individuals. Design and methods: The study comprised of 120 T2DM-C, 59 T2DM-NC patients and 40 healthy volunteers. Biochemical markers were determined in the serum. Results: Positivity rates of CRP and fibrinogen were significantly increased in T2DM-C as compared to T2DM-NC or controls, whereas adiponectin showed highest level in healthy individuals. Inflammatory biomarkers were inversely correlated with adiponectin (P < 0.01). Lipid profiles, kidney functions and BMI, showed positive significant correlation with CRP and fibrinogen but negative correlation with adiponectin. For better detection of T2DM, the combined sensitivity (98.9%) and specificity (92.5%) of fibrinogen and adiponectin was higher than the combined sensitivity and specificity of fibrinogen and CRP or adiponectin and CRP or than that of the biomarkers alone. Conclusion: Elevated levels of CRP and fibrinogen and reduced level of adiponectin can be used for early diagnosis of T2DM and can predict diabetic complications.     

银杏达莫注射液对高钾血症大鼠离体血管张力的影响

目的: 观察银杏达莫注射液(GD)对高钾血症大鼠离体胸主动脉的影响,并探讨其可能作用机制。方法: 复制高钾血症大鼠模型,制备离体胸主动脉环,经生物信号与采集分析系统测定主动脉环的张力变化。观察不同浓度GD(4、8、16 mg/L)预孵育的高钾血症大鼠胸主动脉血管环对去氧肾上腺素(PE)和KCl收缩张力的影响。结果: 与正常大鼠相比,高钾血症大鼠胸主动脉环对PE和KCl收缩张力明显升高(P<0.05)。不同浓度GD对基础张力无明显影响(P>0.05)。在内皮完整主动脉环上,GD预孵育后对KCl收缩张力无明显影响(P>0.05);而16 mg/L GD预孵育后对PE收缩张力有明显抑制作用(P<0.05),此作用可被一氧化氮合酶抑制剂左旋硝基精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME)或鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂亚甲蓝(MB)所抑制。在去内皮的主动脉环上,不同浓度GD预孵育后对PE收缩张力无显著作用(P>0.05)。结论: GD对高钾血症大鼠胸主动脉环具有内皮依赖性舒张作用,其机制可能与激活血管内皮细胞一氧化氮-鸟苷酸环化酶途径有关。     

The Inhibitory Effect of Binens Bipinnata L. Extract on U14 Tumour in Mice

The objective of this paper was to study the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effect of Bidens bipinnata L. extract on growth of cervical carcinoma U14 cells. MTT method was used to determine the inhibitory effect of Bidens bipinnata L. extract on U14 tumour cells, and the effects of Bidens bipinnata L. extract on inhibition rate of solid tumour and life prolongation rate of ascites tumour were observed through the establishment of two animal models of mouse cervical carcinoma U14 solid tumour and ascites tumour. In the in vitro MTT assay, the inhibition rate gradually increased with the increase of dose of Bidens bipinnata L. and the extension of time. Its inhibition rate was 70.44% at a concentration of 80µg/L. Solid tumour inhibition rates in the high- and low-dose groups and cisplatin group were 49.13%, 2.26% and 75.72% respectively; life prolongation rates in each ascites tumour group were 63.63%, 34.86% and 87.34% respectively. The Bidens bipinnata L. extract has a certain inhibitory effect on growth of mouse cervical carcinoma U14.     

2型糖尿病胰岛β细胞氧化应激的研究进展

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)胰岛β细胞氧化应激的研究进展.方法:从氧化应激的概念、胰岛β细胞发生氧化应激的因素、氧化应激损伤胰岛β细胞的机制三方面来探讨T2DM胰岛β细胞氧化应激的研究进展.结果:T2DM胰岛β细胞内含有较低水平的抗氧化系统, 在高糖、高脂等作用下,容易发生氧化应激反应, 氧化应激通过多种途径损伤胰岛β细胞, 使胰岛素合成分泌减少,加重T2DM.结论:T2DM胰岛β细胞容易发生氧化应激是多因素多途径共同作用的复杂过程,积极应用抗氧化剂治疗,能保护胰岛β细胞功能,预防和治疗T2DM的发生与发展.     

LOX-1在2型糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症中的表达及其作用

目的:观察2型糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症中血凝素样氧化低密度脂蛋白受体-1(LOX-1)mRNA和蛋白表达,并探讨其作用机制。方法:对9例2型糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者(糖尿病组)和7例正常肾移植供肾者(对照组)动脉标本行HE染色,应用RT-PCR和Western-blot检测动脉组织匀浆中LOX-1的mRNA和蛋白水平。结果:与对照组相比,糖尿病组LOX-1mRNA和蛋白水平表达明显升高(P0.05)。结论:2型糖尿病患者可能通过上调LOX-1表达而更容易合并下肢动脉硬化闭塞症,LOX-1可能是动脉硬化闭塞症发生发展的一个关键因素。     

2型糖尿病患者血清瘦素水平及临床意义

目的：观察2型糖尿病（DM2）患者血清瘦素（leptin）水平及其与肥胖、血糖、血脂的关系。方法：采用放射免疫分析（RIA）测定42例DM2患者和38例正常对照组的血清leptin水平。结果：DM2组血清leptin水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;血清leptin与体重指数（BMI）、血清胰岛素（INS）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、脂蛋白LDL-C呈正相关。结论：DM2患者的高leptin血症与肥胖、血脂异常及胰岛素抵抗（IR）密切相关。     

2型糖尿病患者血清脂联素水平与糖尿病肾病的关系

目的:研究2型糖尿病肾病患者血清脂联素水平与糖尿病肾病的关系.方法:用放射免疫分析测定163例2型糖尿病患者及50例正常人的血清脂联素水平.结果:在糖尿病各亚组中,大量蛋白尿组患者的血清脂联素水平高于微量蛋白尿组(P＜0.01)及正常蛋白尿组和对照组(P＜0.001).微量蛋白尿组患者的血清脂联素水平高于正常蛋白尿组(P＜0.05).脂联素水平与血肌酐、HbA1c、TC、SBP、DBP、TG及UAER呈正相关(P＜0.05),而与年龄、HDL-C、BMI无明显相关性(P＞0.05).女性血清脂联素水平(15.82±7.21)mg/L高于男性(13.98±7.86)mg/L,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:2型糖尿病肾病患者血清脂联素水平随着肾病进展而升高,说明肾脏参与了脂联素的代谢与排泄.脂联素在糖尿病肾病发生发展过程中可能起到重要作用.     

2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度与血液流变学指标的相关性分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度(CIMT)与血液流变学指标的相关性。方法:选取88例糖尿病患者,检查CIMT后,分为血管病变组及无血管病变组,检测两组患者全血粘度、血浆粘度和红细胞压积、纤维蛋白原,对结果进行组间比较及CIMT与血流变指标的相关性分析。结果:血管病变组的CIMT、全血(低切、中切、高切)粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、纤维蛋白原与无血管病变组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);血管病变组CIMT与全血(中切、低切)粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞压积、纤维蛋白原呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论:糖尿病合并颈动脉血管病变患者常伴有血液流变学指标升高,血液流变学异常变化可能参与颈动脉血管病变的发生发展。     

2型糖尿病患者骨代谢生化指标的临床意义

目的 :探讨 2型糖尿病患者骨代谢生化指标的临床意义。方法 :对 4 0例 2型糖尿病患者及 31例正常人进行血骨钙素 (BGP)、钙 (Ca)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP) ;尿脱氧吡啶啉 (DPD)、Ca、肌酐 (Cr)测定。结果 :糖尿病组血清BGP较正常对照组明显降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ;尿DPD/Cr比值 ,Ca/Cr比值显著高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ;血清Ca、ALP两组无统计学差异。结论 :2型糖尿病患者骨代谢异常引发骨量减少、骨质疏松与骨形成减少和骨吸收增加有关 ;血BGP、尿DPD/Cr、Ca/Cr可作为早期诊断糖尿病骨量减少、骨质疏松敏感的骨代谢生化指标。     

Antihyperglycaemic and Antioxidant Effects of Adenia Lobata engl. (Passifloraceae) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

The antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activities of a Ghanaian medicinal plant namely Adenia lobata Engl (Passifloraceae), used to treat diabetes mellitus in traditional medicine, was investigated. The dried stem powder of A. lobata was successively extracted by Soxhlet with petroleum ether and 70% ethanol to obtain the crude petroleum ether (PEAL: yield =1.1w/w %) and ethanol (EEAL: yield = 5.4 w/w %) extracts. The extracts were assessed for their antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activities. The antihyperglycaemic activity of PEAL and EEAL were determined in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (70 mg/kg body weight). Five groups of diabetic rats were given 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight of PEAL and EEAL orally once daily for 20 days. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg body weight) was used as positive control while distilled water (5 ml) acted as the normal diabetic control. The blood glucose levels were monitored initially for 6 hours and subsequently over 24 days. Both extracts exhibited statistically significant (p< 0.001) antihyperglycaemic activity throughout the study period, with EEAL showing the greatest activity. The antioxidant properties of the petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of A. lobata (PEAL and EEAL) were evaluated using five assays; total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, DPPH scavenging effect and lipid peroxidation activity. In all these assays, the antioxidant properties increased with increasing concentration of the extracts.     

广东汉族人群脂联素基因多态性与2型糖尿病相关性研究

目的探讨脂联素基因外显子2基因多态性与广东地区汉族人群2型糖尿病的关系。方法以聚合酶链式反应-限制性内切酶长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）技术观察200名健康人与200例2型糖尿病基因外显子2基因多态性。结果2型糖尿病组G/G基因型频率明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,G等位基因频率明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,T等位基因频率明显低于正常对照组（P〈0.01）。结论脂联素基因可能是广东地区汉族人群中2型糖尿病的易感候选基因。