含钛的镍铬合金和纯钛金瓷结合强度的研究

目的：比较镍铬合金、含钛的镍铬合金和纯钛的金瓷结合强度和金瓷界面特征。方法：执行ISO9693标准,采用三点弯曲试验测定金瓷结合强度。运用扫描电镜和X射线衍射进行金瓷界面分析。结果：金瓷结合强度分别为：镍铬合金（37.56±2.92）Mpa,含钛的镍铬合金（39.81±2.45）Mpa,纯钛（32.61±5.62）Mpa,前两者组间差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）,后者与前两者组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。扫描电镜和X射线衍射：镍铬合金和含钛的镍铬合金与瓷之间紧密接触,无裂纹,界面过渡层15～20μm。纯钛与瓷过渡层80μm,纯钛基体表面可见约2μm黑色带。结论：纯钛金瓷结合强度小于镍铬合金和含钛的镍铬合金,但仍超过25Mpa,能满足临床要求。金瓷之间存在结合介质,形成过渡层。纯钛界面易出现中间层。     

除气和预氧化对含钛镍铬合金金瓷结合强度的影响

目的研究上瓷前含钛镍铬合金除气和预氧化对其金瓷结合强度的影响。方法三点弯曲法测定A组（除气）、B组（预氧化）和C组（无热处理）试件的金瓷结合强度,扫描电镜和X线衍射分析金瓷界面。结果 A组金瓷结合强度为（39.812±2.466）MPa,B组为（37.406±5.238）MPa,C组为（32.704±3.140）MPa。A组与B组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但2组均明显大于C组,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。扫描电镜下,3组均可见金属与瓷之间有一清晰的过渡层,A组和B组界面过渡层厚度约10～15μm,金瓷结合良好,无明显的中间层、气泡等缺陷。C组过渡层厚度约5～10μm,见明显孔洞和裂纹。X线衍射分析,3组金瓷界面过渡层局部出现Sn、Ti、Si的聚集,Ti元素呈不规则扩散曲线。结论除气而无需再预氧化也能获得较高的金瓷结合强度,预氧化能提高金瓷结合强度,无热处理试件金瓷结合强度较低。     

自制镍铬烤瓷合金剪切结合强度的比较研究

目的探讨镍铬烤瓷合金中添加钛（Ti）、稀土金属以及不含铍（Be）对金瓷结合性能的影响。方法选用中国科学院金属研究所研制的镍铬烤瓷合金,按照是否含铍和稀土金属分为3个实验组（R1、R2、R3组）;以HI BONDNi-Cr烤瓷合金作为对照组（R4组）。对金瓷结合试件行剪切结合强度测试和金瓷界面的扫描电镜观察与能谱分析。结果R1、R2、R3、R4组剪切结合强度间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。扫描电镜观察金瓷界面形貌可见,合金与瓷紧密接触,无裂缝。各组界面元素种类接近。结论自制镍铬烤瓷合金的金瓷结合良好,剪切结合强度可以达到临床应用的要求。在镍铬烤瓷合金中加入Ti和稀土金属且不含Be可作为临床使用的更好推荐。     

镍铬合金、钴铬合金和纯钛金瓷结合强度的比较

目的比较镍铬合金、钴铬合金和纯钛的金瓷结合强度和金瓷界面特征。方法执行ISO9693[1]标准,采用三点弯曲试验分别测定在常规热处理条件下的镍铬合金、钴铬合金和纯钛的金瓷结合强度。运用扫描电镜和X射线衍射进行金瓷界面分析。结果金瓷结合强度分别为:镍铬合金:(37.56±2.92)Mpa,钴铬合金:(39.06±2.79)Mpa,纯钛:(32.61±5.62)Mpa,前两者组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),后者与前两者组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。扫描电镜和X线衍射:镍铬合金和钴铬合金与瓷之间紧密接触,无裂纹,界面过渡层15～20μm。纯钛与瓷过渡层80μm,可见孔洞。纯钛基体表面可见约2μm黑色带。结论①钴铬合金与镍铬合金的金瓷结合强度接近,都大于纯钛的金瓷结合强度。②钴铬合金、镍铬合金、纯钛的金瓷结合强度都大于25Mpa,按ISO9693标准均可应用于临床。③金瓷之间存在结合介质,形成过渡层。     

五种烤瓷合金金瓷结合强度的比较

目的：比较镍铬合金、含钛的镍铬合金、钴铬合金、钯银合金和纯钛的金瓷结合强度。方法：执行ISO9693标准,采用三点弯曲试验分别测定镍铬合金、含钛的镍铬合金、钻铬合金、钯银合金、纯钛在常规热处理条件下的金瓷结合强度。结果：金瓷结合强度分别为：镍铬合金（37．82±2．72）Mpa;含钛的镍铬合金（39．23±2．45）Mpa;钴铬合金（39．06±3．41）Npa;钯银合金（47．98±3．74）Npa;纯钛（32．61±5．62）Mpa。镍铬合金、含钛的镍铬合金、钻铬合金组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,这3种合金与纯钛、钯银合金组间差异都有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,纯钛与钯银合金组间差异也有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：①镍铬合金、含钛的镍铬合金、钴铬合金金瓷结合强度相近,都大于纯钛且小于钯银合金的金瓷结合强度。②镍铬合金、含钛的镍铬合金、钻铬合金、钯银合金和纯钛的金瓷结合强度都大于25Mpa,按ISO9693标准均可应用于临床。     

镍铬钛烤瓷金瓷剪切结合强度的测试

目的通过对自制镍铬钛（Ni-Cr-Ti）烤瓷合金与Vita常用瓷的剪切结合强度的测试,探讨镍铬烤瓷合金添加钛、混合稀土金属以及不含铍（Be）对金瓷结合性能的影响。方法使用中国科学院金属研究所研制的镍铬钛烤瓷合金,共分3个试验组,各组成分略有差异,以HI BOND非贵金属烤瓷合金为对照组,所有试件在万能试验机上采用剪切力试验测试金瓷分离时的载荷。结果3个实验组剪切强度值依次为R1组（28.1864±2.80702）MPa,R2组（26.1585±3.38148）MPa,R3组（25.1663±3.12508）MPa,对照组为（29.1436±3.28302）MPa。通过单向方差分析和SNK检验,各组之间差异均无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。结论自制镍铬钛烤瓷合金的金瓷结合良好,剪切结合强度可以达到临床应用的要求。     

含钛镍铬合金金瓷结合性能的研究

目的:研究钛对Ni-Cr-Ti合金金瓷结合强度的影响并探讨其作用机理。方法:采用三点弯曲试验评价Ni-Cr-Ti合金金瓷结合强度,运用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪分析金瓷结合界面。结果:Ni-Cr-Ti合金与瓷的结合强度,显著高于Ni-Cr合金与瓷的结合强度(P<0.001)。SEM观察显示,Ni-Cr-Ti合金与瓷结合紧密。EDS分析显示,Ni-Cr-Ti合金和Ni-Cr合金金瓷界面均存在元素扩散现象,Ni-Cr-Ti合金组Ni、Cr、Ti、Si呈“乙”状单纯扩散型曲线,界面区元素扩散带的宽度为4μm。Ni-Cr合金组Ni、Cr、Sn在界面附近聚集,呈现高峰。界面区元素扩散带的宽度为6μm。结论:Ni-Cr-Ti合金中的添加元素Ti对控制合金表面氧化膜的厚度,改善氧化膜与合金的附着,提高金瓷结合强度有一定作用。     

除气和预氧化对纯钛金瓷结合强度的影响

目的研究上瓷前纯钛除气和预氧化对其金瓷结合强度的影响。方法用ISO9693[1]规定的三点弯曲测试法测定A组（除气＋预氧化）、B组（无热处理）试件的金瓷结合强度,用电镜扫描和X线衍射分析金瓷界面。结果金瓷结合强度：A组32.61±5.62Mpa,B组24.19±3.57Mpa,两者之间具有显著性差异（P=0.001）;扫描电镜（SEM）：A组金瓷之间过渡层约65μm,金瓷结合紧密。B组金瓷间过渡层平均约35μm,可见孔洞和裂隙。x射线衍射（EDS）：两组金瓷界面附近的主要元素均为O、Si、Ti、Sn,A组Ti在界面呈单纯扩散曲线。B组Ti在界面呈不规则扩散。结论纯钛除气和预氧化后能获得较高的金瓷结合强度,大于ISO规定的25Mpa,能满足临床要求;无热处理试件金瓷结合强度较低,小于25Mpa,不能满足临床要求。     

两种金处理方法对镍铬金属烤瓷冠结合强度影响的研究

目的:研究溅射金介质层和金沉积对Ni-Cr合金与瓷结合强度的影响并探讨其作用机制,为临床应用提供一定的实验依据.方法:采用溅射金介质层和金沉积为Ni-Cr合金与瓷的中间介质,通过剪切试验测试溅射金介质层组和金沉积组金瓷结合强度;扫描电镜观察2组试件界面结合形貌并运用能谱仪检测合金中Ni、Cr元素与瓷内Si、Al元素和Au元素,在界面扩散分布情况,运用XRD对试件表面相组成进行分析.结果:溅射金介质层组金瓷结合强度为(98.095±2.73)MPa.金沉积组为(94.705±2.62)MPa,2组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).但溅金组金瓷界面表面颗粒明显细化、分布均匀且清洁度好.结论:溅射金介质层可替代金沉积来增强金瓷结合强度,它是一种理想的改善金瓷结合的工艺.     

金铂合金与镍铬合金烤瓷颜色和金瓷结合强度的比较研究

目的 探讨金铂合金烤瓷与镍铬合金烤瓷颜色和金瓷结合强度的差别,为临床选择修复材料 提供理论依据。方法 ①制作不同体瓷厚度的金铂、镍铬合金烤瓷圆盘试件各15件,用美能达CR-100色 度计测量试件上遮色瓷、体瓷后的L、a、b值,计算两种金属烤瓷颜色(A2)间的色差△E。②制作金铂、镍铬 合金烤瓷棒盘试件各5件,通过剪切实验测量金瓷结合强度。结果 ①金铂合金烤瓷颜色比镍铬合金烤瓷颜 色要偏黄、偏红,明度小,两种金属烤瓷颜色(A2)的色差△E在遮色瓷时最大,随体瓷增厚而减小。②金铂合 金烤瓷金瓷结合强度85.08±15.16MPa,镍铬合金烤瓷金瓷结合强度54.76±8.74MPa,统计学分析P<0.05。结论 金铂合金烤瓷不仅金瓷结合强度高,不易崩瓷,而且颜色更接近天然牙。     

Adhesive bonding of stainless steels and their component metals

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the bond strength of a metal adhesive system bonded to stainless steels and their component metals. Two sizes of disk specimens (10 and 8 mm in diameter x 2.5 mm thickness) were machined from two stainless steels designed for magnetic attachment (AUM20 and SUS 316L), as well as from high-purity chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) metals for reference. The specimens were air-abraded with alumina, either primed with a metal conditioner (Cesead II Opaque Primer) or left unprimed, and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond Opaque). Shear bond strengths were determined before and after thermocycling, and the results were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Post-thermocycling bond strengths of the unprimed groups were 16.3 MPa for the AUM20 alloy, 7.5 MPa for the SUS 316L alloy, 31.1 MPa for Cr and 3.1 MPa for Ni. Those of the conditioned groups were 30.3 MPa for the AUM20 alloy, 32.9 MPa for the SUS 316L alloy, 39.3 MPa for Cr and 13.1 MPa for Ni. Application of the conditioner elevated the bond strengths of all groups (P<0.05). It can be concluded that combined use of the conditioner and the Super-Bond adhesive is effective for bonding the stainless steels examined, and that Cr is a suitable component for the bonding system in question.     

Adhesive bonding of super-elastic titanium-nickel alloy castings with a phosphate metal conditioner and an acrylic adhesive

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the bonding characteristics of super-elastic titanium-nickel (Ti-Ni) alloy castings. Disk specimens were cast from a Ti-Ni alloy (Ti-50.85Ni mol%) using an arc centrifugal casting machine. High-purity titanium and nickel specimens were also prepared as experimental references. The specimens were air-abraded with alumina, and bonded with an adhesive resin (Super-Bond C & B). A metal conditioner containing a phosphate monomer (Cesead II Opaque Primer) was also used for priming the specimens. Post-thermocycling average bond strengths (MPa) of the primed groups were 41.5 for Ti-Ni, 30.4 for Ti and 19.5 for Ni, whereas those of the unprimed groups were 21.6 for Ti, 19.3 for Ti-Ni and 9.3 for Ni. Application of the phosphate conditioner elevated the bond strengths of all alloy/metals (P < 0.05). X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed that nickel was attached to the debonded resin surface of the resin-to-nickel bonded specimen, indicating that corrosion of high-purity nickel occurred at the resin-nickel interface. Durable bonding to super-elastic Ti-Ni alloy castings can be achieved with a combination of a phosphate metal conditioner and a tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesive resin.     

磁控溅射氮化锆涂层对钛-低熔瓷结合强度的影响

目的 探讨磁控溅射氮化锆涂层(ZrN)对钛-低熔瓷结合强度的影响,以期为钛-瓷修复体的临床应用提供参考.方法 根据随机数字表将16根纯钛试件随机分为涂层组和对照组,每组8根.涂层组纯钛试件表面磁控溅射ZrN涂层,对照组不进行表面处理.两组试件均按厂家规定烧结程序烧结粘接瓷、遮色瓷和牙本质瓷.X射线衍射(x-ray diffraction,XRD)分析涂层结构,万能实验机对两组试件进行三点弯曲实验,以计算钛-瓷结合强度并进行t检验.对钛-瓷结合界面进行扫描电镜(SEM)观察和能谱分析,对钛-瓷分离界面进行SEM观察.结果 XRD观察到涂层组试件ZrN新相.涂层组试件钛-瓷结合强度[(45.991±0.648)MPa]高于对照组[(29.483±1.007)MPa],差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).SEM显示涂层组钛-瓷分离界面瓷剩余数量较多,分布散在,而对照组钛-瓷分离界面未见明显瓷剩余.结论 磁控溅射ZrN涂层可显著提高钛-瓷结合强度.     

Evaluation of low-fusing ceramic systems combined with titanium grades II and V by bending test and scanning electron microscopy

The bond strength by three point bending strength of two metal substrates (commercially pure titanium or grade II, and Ti-6Al-4V alloy or grade V) combined to three distinct low-fusing ceramic systems (LFC) and the nature of porcelain-metal fracture by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were evaluated. The results were compared to a combination of palladium-silver (Pd-Ag) alloy and conventional porcelain (Duceram VMK68). Sixty metal strips measuring 25x3x0.5mm were made - 30 of titanium grade II and 30 of titanium grade V, with application of the following types of porcelain: Vita Titankeramik, Triceram or Duceratin (10 specimens for each porcelain). The porcelains were bonded to the strips with dimensions limited to 8x3x1mm. The control group consisted of ten specimens Pd-Ag alloy/Duceram VMK68 porcelain. Statistical analyses were made by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test at 5% significance level. Results showed that the bond strength in control group (48.0MPa ± 4.0) was significantly higher than the Ti grade II (26.7MPa ± 4.1) and Ti grade V (25.2MPa ± 2.2) combinations. When Duceratin porcelain was applied in both substrates, Ti grade II and Ti grade V, the results were significantly lower than in Ti grade II/Vitatitankeramik. SEM analysis indicated a predominance of adhesive fractures for the groups Ti grade II and Ti grade V, and cohesive fracture for control group Pd-Ag/Duceram. Control group showed the best bond strength compared to the groups that employed LFC. Among LFC, the worst results were obtained when Duceratin porcelain was used in both substrates. SEM confirmed the results of three point bending strength.     

Spark erosion as a metal-resin bonding system.

PURPOSE: Resin to metal bond strength of two commercial and one experimental metal-resin bonding system for crown and bridge veneer composites was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All specimens were prepared and tested according to ISO 10477 Amendment 1. A high precious alloy (HPA), a Co/Cr-alloy (Co/Cr) and pure titanium (Ti) were wet-ground to a final surface finish of 800 grit and air-dried. Twenty specimens of each metal were treated with Rocatec (RO), 20 with a Silano-Pen (SP), and 20 with the experimental spark-erosion (SE) bonding system. A light-curing opaque and a crown and bridge veneer composite were applied to each metal specimen. Ten specimens of each metal and bonding system were stored in water for 24h at 37 degrees C, 10 were thermocycled (TC) 5000 times in a water-bath between +5 and +55 degrees C prior to measuring shear bond strength (SBS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the treated metal surfaces. RESULTS: After 24h SE generated significantly higher SBS values on Ti than RO (p<0.05). SP revealed the highest SBS for Co/Cr. After TC significant decreases occurred for RO on HPA, for SP on Co/Cr and Ti, and for SP on Ti. SE revealed the highest mean bond values for all metals. These results and SEM proved that no sandblasting is required for SE to obtain good bond strength. SIGNIFICANCE: The experimental spark-erosion bonding system is an easy and very effective method for surface-treating alloys to obtain high SBS values for crown and bridge veneer composites.     

磁控溅射氮化铌对钛-瓷结合强度的影响

目的 探讨磁控溅射氮化铌(niobium nitride,NbN)对钛-瓷(Vita钛瓷粉系统)结合强度的影响,以期为钛-瓷修复体的临床应用提供参考.方法 根据随机数字表将60个钛试件随机分为T1、T2、T3和T4四个实验组.T1和T2组试件表面均先行120μm Al2O3喷砂,T2组试件表面再行磁控溅射氮化铌涂层.T3和T4组试件表面均先行磁控溅射氮化铌涂层,T4组试件表面再行120μmAl2O3喷砂.X射线衍射分析仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析各组涂层物相.试件烤瓷后用万能实验机测试钛-瓷结合强度.扫描电子显微镜-X射线能谱仪(scanning electron microscopy with energy depressive spectrum,SEM-EDS)观察和分析钛-瓷结合界面.结果 XRD观察到T2、T3和T4组均存在立方晶型的氮化铌新相.三点弯曲实验测得T1-T4组试件的钛-瓷结合强度分别为(27.2±0.8)、(43.1±0.6)、(31.4±1.0)和(44.9±0.6)Mpa,4组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).两两比较显示,任意两组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).SEM观察T1和T3组钛-瓷结合界面可见明显孔隙和裂纹,T2和T4组钛-瓷结合较好,EDS线扫描显示,T1组钛基底氧化明显,T2组和T3组界面处存在钛氧化行为,T4组界面处钛基底的氧化得到抑制.结论 磁控溅射氮化铌可抑制烤瓷侧钛基底的氧化,提高钛-瓷结合强度,同时表明Al2O3喷砂处理也能提高钛-瓷结合强度.