去极化速率的变化对急性分离的后根节神经元重复放电频率和幅度的影响

为了观察大鼠背根节神经元对不同速率（ｄＩ／ｄｔ）去极化电流刺激的反应性,本实验采用全细胞膜片钳技术,在新鲜分散的后根节神经元胞体上,以持续去极化电流（４００ ｐＡ, １８０ ｍ ｓ）刺激所诱发的重复放电为指标,观察改变去极化速率对重复放电频率和幅度以及最大复极化电位的影响。结果发现：随着去极化速率的减小（２０、１０、６．６、５、４ ｐＡ／ｍ ｓ）重复放电频率逐渐增加。若与方波去极化电流刺激所诱发重复放电的频率和幅度（定为１００％ ）相比较,放电频率分别增加为１０９．４５±２．６％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,１１３．３±２．８（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,１１５．６±２．４（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,１２１．３±２．４（Ｐ＜ ０．００１）和１２２．８±３．１（Ｐ＜ ０．００１）;放电幅度分别减小到方波电流刺激时的９４．５±１．２（Ｐ＜ ０．００１）,９２．８±２．７（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,８４．５±２．９（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,８２．８±１．９（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）和７５．０±４．５（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）;增加去极化电流的强度（４００, ６００ 和８００ ｐＡ）,仍可观察到重复放电频率和幅度随去极化速率而变化的现象。但随着强度的增加,频率和幅度的变化程度     

胰岛素促进基底前脑胆碱能神经元树突的增生

本实验采用２月龄ＳＤ大鼠３０只，建立隔－海马通路损伤模型，分别存活２和４周．实验用药组给予胰岛素脑室内注射（０．６ｕ／次／３ｄ）．到期动物用Ｇｏｌｇｉ－Ｃｏｘ改良技术染片，并用ＣａｍｅｒａＬｕｃｉｄａ描绘出基底前脑内侧隔核和斜角带核神经元全貌，按Ｓｈｏｌｌ方法分析神经元树突结构．结果显示，基底前脑内侧隔核和斜角带核神经元树突结构在损伤后发生较大变化，神经元树突野明显缩小，但在胰岛素用药组，树突的截点数，总长均大于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）．Ｓｈｏｌｌ线性回归分析结果显示，用药组神经元树突的截距大于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），斜率小于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）．因此，本文认为胰岛素具有减少损伤后基底前脑内侧隔核和斜角带核神经元树突的丢失．促讲其增生的作用．     

雌激素拮抗胰岛素在中枢胆碱能神经的生物效应

雌性ＳＤ大白鼠２０只，于鼠脑顶皮质作宽２ｍｍ的冠状损伤切口，分为胰岛素脑室内注射组（０．６ｕ／次／３日），雌二醇肌注射组（１００μｇ／ｋｇ／２日），胰岛素和雌二醇联合应用组（用药同前），损伤对照组和正常对照组。术后存活４周，用Ｈｅｄｒｅｅｎ推荐的染色方法显示ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维，结合网格计算分析切口嘴、尾侧区胆碱能纤维的再生和抽芽情况．结果是：（１）胰岛素用药组嘴、尾侧纤维密度（１５９．９±１６．８，９２．７±１１．７）和雌二醇用药组嘴、尾侧的纤维密度（１５０．４±１６．５，８０．１±１１．０）均高于损伤对照组（１３６．９±１１．６，６８．３±７．１）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；（２）胰岛素和雌二醇联合用药组嘴、尾侧纤维密度（１００．８±１４．１，４８．９±８．６）低于损伤对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：胰岛素、雌激素对皮质胆碱能纤维损伤后的再生和抽芽有促进作用，但联合应用雌激素和胰岛素显示出拮抗效应，结果使损伤后皮质胆碱能纤维的再生和抽芽受到抑制．     

骶前区静脉丛的解剖学特点及临床意义

目的：研究骶前区静脉丛（Ｖｅｎｏｕｓ ｐｌｅｘｕｓ ｏｆ ｐｒｅｓａｃｒａｌ ｒｅｇｉｏｎ ，ＶＰＰＳＲ） 的解剖学特点，为骶前区静脉破裂大出血的防治提供解剖学基础。方法：在３４ 具成人尸体上，分虽观测ＶＰＰＳＲ 的组成、管壁、瓣膜、长度及直径。结果：ＶＰＰＳＲ 管壁薄、缺少静脉瓣，呈网状。ＶＰＰＳＲ Ｓ１～５ 横干的长度和直径（ Ｆ 检验） 均有显著差异，Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ 。其长度平均（ 珋ｘ ±ｓ） ：Ｓ１ 为３ ．２ ±１ ．５ ｃｍ ，Ｓ２ 为４ ．４ ±１ ．０ ｃｍ ，Ｓ３ 为３ ．５ ±１ ．１ ｃｍ ，Ｓ４ 为２ ．３ ±０ ．９ ｃｍ ，Ｓ５ 为１ ．０ ±０ ．３ ｃｍ ；其直径平均（珋ｘ ±ｓ） ：Ｓ１ 为１ ．２ ±０ ．７ ｍ ｍ ，Ｓ２ 为２ ．５ ±１ ．５ ｍ ｍ ，Ｓ３ 为２ ．５ ±１ ．５ ｍ ｍ ，Ｓ４为１ ．７ ±１ ．５ ｍ ｍ ，Ｓ５ 为０ ．９ ±０ ．６ ｍ ｍ 。Ｓ４ 椎体前穿通支静脉口径２ ～４ ｍ ｍ 占８ ．８ ％ ，０ ．１ ～１ ．９ ｍ ｍ 占９１ ．２ ％ 。结论：ＶＰＰＳＲ 解剖变异多、血管壁薄、缺少静脉瓣是引起ＶＰＰＳＲ 损伤大出血甚至死亡的解剖学基础。     

兔急性脑缺氧时脑及脑脊液内腺嘌呤核苷含量的变化

本文报告了由低张性低氧血症所致兔急笥脑缺氧时脑组织内腺苷、次黄嘌呤核苷及次黄嘌呤水平分别从正常对照的５３．３±２．９、１１５．６±１１．８及１８６．５±１０．３增至８１６．４±５９．０、１０４９．７±３７．５及７０４．４±５５．３μＭ／ｇ（Ｘ±ＳＤ），各组间Ｐ值均＜０．０１至０．０５。同步测定的脑脊液中三种腺嘌呤核苷水平分别从正常对照的１．６±０．８、５．１±１．０及１３３．９±５０．８增至７．０     

慢性脑缺血对青年和老年大鼠海马NOS阳性神经元的影响

本文利用组织化学方法观察了慢性脑缺血对青、老年大鼠海马ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的影响。慢性脑缺血采用双侧颈总动脉永久性结扎模型。结果：青年缺血１ 月组大鼠海马ＣＡ１、ＣＡ２～３ 和ＤＧ 亚区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元面数密度分别为２９．１±２．３、２３．５±２．１ 和３９．３±２．８,小于对照组相应三个亚区（４９．６±１．３、４９．３±２．１ 和６４．７±２．１）,Ｐ＜ ０．０１;青年缺血３ 月组大鼠ＣＡ１、ＣＡ２～３ 和ＤＧ 亚区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元面数密度分别为４０．２±１．６、３９．３±２．５ 和４８．４±１．８,和对照组者相近,但大于缺血１ 月组（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。老年缺血１ 月组大鼠海马各区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元面数密度分别为３９．６±１．５、３５．６±２．１ 和５４．７±２．５,小于老年对照组相应三个亚区（５５．８±１．７、５１．３±１．７ 和６４．９±１．９）,Ｐ＜ ０．０１;老年缺血３ 月组大鼠各亚区ＮＯＳ阳性神经元面数密度分别为４３．１±２．４、３８．７±３．４ 和５４．７±３．２,仍然小于对照组,Ｐ＜ ０．０１。结果提示：慢性脑缺血可以影响大鼠海马ＮＯＳ阳性神经元,但青年和老年大鼠海马ＮＯＳ神经元对慢性脑缺血损伤的易感性和反应性不同。     

培哚普利对严重充血性心力衰竭的疗效与内皮素的影响

为探讨培哚普利（ｐｅｒｉｎｄｏｐｒｉｌ）对重度心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）的疗效与血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）水平的影响,２０例经传统治疗无效的心衰患者口服 ｐｅｒｉｎｄｏｐｒｉｌ２周,观察治疗前后临床症状、血流动力学与 ＥＴ变化。结果发现,临床总有效率为 ９５％,肺动脉压（ＰＡＰ）、肺毛细血管嵌楔压（ＰＣＷＰ）比治疗前明显下降（４．９３ ± ０．５３对４．００ ± ０．５３ｋＰａ,Ｐ＜０．０１;３．４７ ± ０．５３对２．５３±０．４０ｋＰａ,Ｐ＜０．０１）,体循环阻力指数（ＳＶＲＩ）下降（２０４．８ ± ２１．３对１５０．６ ±１．３ｋＰａ·Ｓ·Ｌ~－１·ｍ~－２,Ｐ＜０．０５）,心指数（ＣＩ）上升（２．２±０．１对２．８±０．２２Ｌ·ｍｉｎ~－１·ｍ~－２,Ｐ＜０．０５）,血浆内皮素水平明显降低（１８４．５６±４．４０对１１８±２．２４ｎｇ／Ｌ,Ｐ＜０．０１）,提示ｐｅｒｉｎｄｏｐｒｉｌ可降低血浆ＥＴ水平并通过多种机制对心衰产生有益的作用。     

CoxsackieB＿3病毒对小鼠高频心电图时域值的作用研究

以Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ小鼠为实验动物，观察了ｃｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅＢ＿３病毒对小鼠高频心电图（ＨＦ－ＥＣＧ）的影响。实验组小鼠腹腔注射０．２ｍｌｃｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅＢ＿３病毒后，分别于第１、３、５、７天记录高频心电图，结果表明：从种毒１天后开始，心率显著增加，分别增加了２４．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、１６．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、１９．９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、２９．３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。从种毒３天后开始，Ｑ－Ｔ间期、Ｔ波时程较种毒前明显延长，Ｑ－Ｔ间期较种毒前分别延长了２４．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、１７．５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、２４．０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；Ｔ波时程较种毒前分别延长了３０．７％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、２９．１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、３６．４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。对照组无此变化。结果提示，病毒可能对窦房结自律细胞的自律性、心室肌细胞的复极化过程产生影响。     

溃疡病患者胃肠运动功能障碍及表皮生长因子的变化

用连续灌注导管测压，并测定胃液和血清的表皮生长因子（ＥＧＦ）的含量，为了解十二指肠球溃疡（ＤＵ）患者消化间期移行性复合运动（ＭＭＣ）的规律，及其胃液和血清中的表皮生长因子含量的变化。结果显示：１、６０％ＤＵ患者缺乏ＭＭＣⅢ期，与正常人比Ｐ＜０．０５。２、ＤＵ患者ＭＭＣⅢ期持续时间（２．９±１．９ｍｉｎ）比正常人（４．３±１．１ｍｉｎ）缩短，（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３、ＤＵ患者ＭＭＣⅢ用十二指肠近端及远端的运动波幅较正常人减低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。４、ＤＵ患者的胃液和血清的表皮生长因子含量显著降低，分别为１９９．２７±１４７．８１ｐｇ／ｍＬ和１４８．６７±１２４．３１ｐｇ／ｍＬ，（Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明消化间期移行性复合运动和表皮生长因子在十二指肠球溃疡发病机理上起一定作用。     

桡动脉-冠状动脉旁路移植术的应用解剖

目的：为桡动脉与冠状动脉搭桥术提供解剖学基础。方法：２７具成人尸体,上肢标本（其中左侧２７侧;右侧２５侧）,分别进行解剖观察及测量,可作为冠状动脉搭桥术的桡动脉长度、外径。结果：①桡动脉左侧长（１０．３ ±１．２）ｃｍ;右侧长（１０．２ ±１．２）ｃｍ。②左侧上、中、下段外径分别为：（４．２ ± ０．８）ｍｍ;（４． １± ０．８）ｍｍ;（４．０ ± ０．８）ｍｍ。右侧上、中、下段外径分别为：（４．２ ± ０．９）ｍｍ;（４．１ ± ０．９）ｍｍ;（４．５ ± ０．８）ｍｍ。结论：桡动脉下２／３段位置浅表,并有足够的长度和管径,可作为冠状动脉搭桥术的供体。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.