早期特发性帕金森病患者认知功能障碍观察

目的探讨早期特发性帕金森病（IPD）患者认知功能障碍。方法采用对额叶认知功能障碍相对敏感的神经心理学测试。方法词语流畅性测验、连线测验、伦敦塔测验,对21例早期PD患者和21名年龄、性别、受教育程度相匹配的正常对照者进行观察比较。结果早期帕金森病患者与对照组比较其类似于额叶认知功能障碍评分较差（词语流畅性测验P〈0．05、连线试验P〈0．01、伦敦塔测验P〈0．05）。结论早期IPD患者额叶认知功能显著降低,其机制可能与额叶、纹状体多巴胺环路中递质紊乱有关。     

静息心率与高血压危险因素的关系及增加肾损害的研究

目的探讨高血压患者静息心率（RHR）与其他高血压危险因素之间的关系,以及静息心率增加对肾损害的影响。方法对320例原发性1级高血压患者进行研究,测定其静息心率（RHR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、脉压（PP）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、空腹血糖（FPG）、高敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）、尿素氮（BUN）、内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）、血尿酸（BUA）和尿微量白蛋白（MAU）。按RHR分为RHR1组（≤69次／min）、RHR2组（70-79次／min）和RHR3组（≥80次／min）。结果高血压患者TG（r=0．152,P〈0．05）、TC（r=0．152,P〈0．05）、LDL—C（r=0．230,P〈0．05）、FPG（r=0．201,P〈0．05）、hs—CRP（r=0．410,P〈0．001）、BUA（r=0．390,P〈0．05）、MAU（r=0．122,P〈0．01）随RHR的增加而增加（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）;HDL—C随RHR的增加而减少（r=-0．510,P〈0．05）。结论1级高血压患者TG、TC、LDL—C、HDL—C、FPG、hs—CRP、BUA、MAU与RHR相关。RHR增加是1级高血压患者肾损害的危险因素。     

一氧化氮和内皮素在高血压左室肥厚形成中的作用

目的 探讨一氧化氮（NO）和内皮素（ET）在高血压左室肥厚（LVH）形成中的作用。方法 采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）和硝酸还原酶法检测30例单纯原发性高血压（EH，观察Ⅰ组）、30名健康体检者（对照组）及20例EH伴LVH（观察Ⅱ组）患者降压治疗前后血清ET、NO水平。并对结果进行相关分析。结果 观察Ⅰ组血清ET明显高于对照组、NO明显低于对照组（P均〈0．01）；观察Ⅱ组血清ET明显高于观察Ⅰ组、NO明显低于观察Ⅰ组（P均〈0．01），且ET与NO水平呈负相关（r=0．586，P〈0．01）；左心室重量指数（LVMI）与ET呈正相关（r=0．427，P〈0．05）、与NO呈负相关（r=0．653，P〈0．01）。观察Ⅱ组治疗后，血清ET水平明显低于治疗前、NO水平明显高于治疗前（p均〈0．01）。结论 ET和NO两者失衡可能参与了EH及LVH形成的病理生理过程。     

老年帕金森病患者的神经心理学特点及其相关因素

目的分析帕金森病（Parkinson’s Disease,PD）患者的认知功能状况及其相关因素。方法利用简易精神状态检查（Mini—Mentalstate,MMSE）、日常生活活动能力量表（Activities of Daily Living Scale,ADL）、韦氏记忆量表（Wechsler Memory Scale,WMS）,对PD患者及正常老人（NormalAged,NA）各30例进行认知功能评估。PD组的认知状况与其病程,运动功能障碍（Webster评分）,受教育年限等因素进行相关性分析。结果（1）PD组的认知功能损害的发生率为53．3％;（2）与对照组相比PD患者的认知功能损害主要表现在与短时记忆（P〈0．01）和瞬时记忆（P〈0.05）相关的测验;长时记忆、计算能力相关的测验分数差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。（3）PD组患者病程与WMS各分测验无相关关系（P〉0．05）。Webster评分与各分测验均有负相关关系（P〈0．05）,尤其与触摸测验分数呈明显负相关（P〈0．01）。患者受教育年限与各分测验亦有相关关系（P〈0．05）。结论PD患者存在不同程度的认知功能障碍,特别是短时记忆、瞬时记忆和执行功能的下降;认知障碍与其受教育程度和运动功能障碍具有相关性。     

CRP与2型糖尿病肾病的关系

根据尿白蛋白肌酐比（ACR）将170例（TzDM）分为单纯DM组、早期DN组、临床DN组、晚期DN组，测定ACR，CRP。结果（1）CRP水平及DN三亚组间及DN有显著差异（P〈0．05），且随DN程度加重而降低。（2）CRP水平与OGTT2h血糖（r=0．625，P〈0．01）、HbAlc（r=0．832，P〈0．01）、FBG（r=0．543，P〈0．01）、BMI（r=0．430，P〈0．01）、TG（r=0．225，P〈0．01）、LDL—C（r=0．438，P〈0．01）呈正相关；与HKL—C（r=-0．365，P〈0．01），ISI（r=-0．418，P〈0．01）呈负相关。结论CRP可能与2型DN的发生、发展有一定的相关性。     

噪声、站立反应和肥胖指数与心率变异的关系

目的观察肥胖人群在静息和刺激状态下的心率变异反应。方法42名健康成人,年龄23-70岁,检测静息、噪声与站立应激时的心率变异性（HRV）。结果体脂量、体脂含量、腰／臀比值高者与低频（LF）（r=-0．34,r=-0．43,P〈0．01,r=-0．33,P〈0．05）和相邻R—R间期长度差的均方根（RMSSD）（r=-0．33,r=-0．35,r=-0．38,P〈0．05）有显著关联。静息、噪声和站立期间,NN间隔的标准差（SDNN）和低频／高频与正常组和肥胖组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论虽然肥胖人群对刺激并无显著的HRV反应,但低频与体脂量、体脂百分值、腰／臀比值呈负相关,提示肥胖可引起心脏自主神经反应变化,增加心脏死亡率。     

七氟烷对脑动脉瘤手术患者血浆ET、CGRP水平的影响

目的观察七氟烷对脑动脉瘤手术患者血浆内皮素（ET）和降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）水平的影响。方法选取脑动脉瘤手术患者48例,随机分为两组。麻醉诱导均采用丙泊酚2mg／kg、芬太尼4μg/kg、维库溴铵0．1mg／kg,肌松完善后行气管插管。麻醉维持P组持续泵注丙泊酚,S组持续吸入七氟烷。将呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）维持在30～35mmHg,术中连续监测MAP、HR、PET,CO2。分别于麻醉诱导前（TO）、麻醉诱导后20min（T1）、硬脑膜打开即刻（T2）、动脉瘤切除后即刻（13）、动脉瘤切除后50min（T4）时抽取静脉血,测定血浆ET、CGRP。结果与rIU比较,S组T2、髓、T4血浆ET显著降低（P均〈0．05）、CGRP显著升高（P均〈0．01）,P组血浆ET各时点无显著变化,CGRP12、T3、T4时显著降低（P均〈0．05）。与P组比较,S组血浆ET在T2、T3、T4显著降低（P均〈0．05）,CGRP在T2、T3、T4明显升高（P均〈0．01）。P组术后发生脑血管痉挛5例,s组1例,两组比较P〈0．05。结论七氟烷用于脑动脉瘤手术,患者血浆ET水平降低、CGRP水平升高。     

帕金森病患者的睡眠脑电活动特点

目的观察帕金森病（PD）患者睡眠障碍的发生情况以及睡眠脑电图特点。方法选择49例PD患者及39例健康人进行睡眠脑电检查,对其脑电图特点进行分析。结果与正常人相比,PD患者慢波发生率明显增高（P〈0．01）,其Ⅲ、Ⅳ期睡眠出现率明显降低（P〈0．01）,平均片断睡眠时间缩短（P〈0．05）;与非认知障碍PD组相比,PD合并认知障碍组存在较高的慢波发生率（P〈0．01）,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期睡眠出现率降低（P〈0．05）及平均片断睡眠时间减少（P〈0．01）。结论PD患者比正常人更易出现睡眠障碍,且与其认知功能相关。     

2型糖尿病血瘀证与血管内皮素、血栓素B2和6-酮-前列腺素的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病血瘀证与内皮素（ET）、血栓素B2（TXB2）和6-酮-前列腺素（6-keto-PGF1α）的关系。方法 采用放射免疫分析方法对2型糖尿病血瘀组和非血瘀组病人的血浆ET、TXB2和6-keto-PGF1α浓度进行测定。结果 同非血瘀证组相比，血瘀证组病人ET和TXB2明显增高（P〈0．05），6-keto-PGF1α水平则明显降低（P〈0.01），ET和TXB2同糖基化血红蛋白（HbAlc）水平呈正相关（r=0．506，P〈0．05；r=0．439,P〈0．05），6-ke-to-PGF1α水平同HbAlc水平呈负相关（r=-0．461，P〈0．05）。结论 ET、TXB2和6-keto-PGF1α水平可作为糖尿病血瘀证的微观辨证标志物。     

急性心肌梗死早期不同糖代谢患者冠状动脉病变的差异

目的探讨急性心肌梗死早期不同糖代谢状态冠状动脉病变和介入治疗的差异。方法对连续99例既往无糖尿病史的急性心肌梗死患者进行动态血糖监测,比较不同糖代谢状态患者选择性冠状动脉造影和介入治疗情况。结果持续性血糖升高患者较血糖正常组和一过性血糖升高组三支病变比例（X^2=28．75,P〈0．01）、动脉钙化病变（X^2=4．21,P〈0．05）和长病变（X^2=4．01,P〈0．05）比例以及Gensini积分在Q3（X^2=5．18,P〈0．05）以及Q4（X^2=9．672,P〈0．01）范围内的比例均显著升高、PCI术成功率显著降低（r=6．91,P〈0．05）。结论心梗后早期持续性血糖升高患者冠状动脉病变最为严重,且介入治疗成功率低。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.