西宁市2004～2009年居民户食用盐监测结果分析

[目的]了解和掌握西宁市居民户碘盐食用情况,为制定防治碘缺乏病提供理论依据。[方法]根据《全国碘缺乏病监测方案(试行)》的要求,对西宁市所辖4区3县进行碘盐监测。[结果]2004～2009年全市碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率都在90.0%以上,达到了国家规定的标准。[结论从西宁市连续6年的碘盐监测结果看,非碘盐在各区(县)有不同程度的出现,以所属3县和城北区最为严重,说明非碘盐冲击碘盐销售市场仍是当前西宁市碘缺乏病防治工作的重点和难点。     

山东省碘缺乏病2006-2010年动态预测研究

目的预测未来几年山东省碘缺乏病防治效果，提出相应防治措施。方法以1995-2004年山东省碘缺乏病监测数据为依据，用灰色动态预测模型对非碘盐率、居民合格碘盐食用率、甲状腺肿大率及尿碘值等指标进行了动态预测。结果居民合格碘盐食用率理论值呈逐年上升趋势，非碘盐率、儿童甲状腺肿大率及尿碘理论值呈逐年下降趋势。2010年山东省非碘盐率预测值为2．0％；合格碘盐食用率为98．0％；儿童甲状腺肿大率为5．4％；尿碘值为171．2μg/L。结论预测结果表明，只要长期坚持食用合格碘盐，碘缺乏病防治效果将持续在一个比较稳定和理想的范围。     

南通市控制碘缺乏病效果评价

目的 全面评价南通市碘缺乏状况及防治成果。方法 全市所辖各县（市、区）于1998-2000年开展消除碘缺乏病查评，分别抽取30所小学，调查儿童甲肿率、尿碘水平、户盐碘含量、健教情况等指标；1995年、1997年、1999年全市开展病情监测调查上述指标。结果 消除碘缺乏病查评：全市居民碘盐合格率为95.60%，儿童甲肿率为3.71%，尿碘中位数各地均在100μg/L以上，健教知晓率在80.00%以上；病情监测：儿童甲肿率从1995年的20.50%下降至1999年的2.50%，尿碘中位数从1995年的142μg/L上升至1999年的496μg/L，学生户盐连续多年稳定在90.00T以上。结论 南通市已达到消除碘缺乏病的阶段性目标，今后仍应坚持全民食用加碘盐的防治措施，同时加强监督监测和健康教育工作，达到持续消除碘缺乏病的最终目的。     

青海省1995-2012年碘盐监测结果分析

目的分析青海省1995-2012年碘盐监测结果,掌握全民食盐加碘措施的落实情况,为实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标提供科学依据。方法按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》和《全国碘盐监测方案》进行抽样监测,盐碘采用GB/T13025.7-1999直接滴定法。结果 1995年的非碘盐率为17.1%,其中囊谦县群众食用的全部是当地产的非碘盐;至2012年以玉树州囊谦县(97.7%)、杂多县(82.0%)和玉树县(12.3%)的非碘盐率最高。1995年青海省的合格碘盐食用率为71.4%,只有乐都县、贵德县、西宁市城中区和城西区大于90%;2012年的合格碘盐食用率为94.6%,只有玉树州(58.8%)在90%以下,共有40个县在90%以上,占93%。结论通过各项防治措施的实施,青海省加碘盐普及工作取得了一定成绩,2006年以来,青海省碘盐覆盖率均超过90%,到2012年有93%的县达到了90%以上,目前玉树地区仍是我省非碘盐问题严重的地区。     

丹巴县巴旺乡实施碘盐防治碘缺乏病引起地方性甲状腺肿大12年效果评价

目的评价丹巴县巴旺乡碘盐预防碘缺乏病12年效果。方法对比1995年和2007年巴旺乡甲状腺肿大率、碘盐和尿碘，评价防治措施效果。结果1995年居民甲状腺肿大率27％，8～14岁儿童甲状腺肿大率30％，儿童尿碘中位数59．5μg／L，非碘盐率35％，碘盐合格率33％，合格碘盐食用率20％；2007年居民甲状腺肿大率17．3％，8～14岁儿童甲状腺肿大率10％，非碘盐率2％，碘盐合格率74．5％，合格碘盐食用率70％，8～14岁儿童尿碘中位数95．2μg／L。结论通过12年实施碘盐防治碘缺乏病，甲状腺肿大率明显下降，儿童尿碘中位数增高，碘盐覆盖率增大，碘缺乏病防治取得明显效果。     

鲤城区学龄儿童食用碘盐效果评价

目的 了解鲤城区学龄儿童食用碘盐消除碘缺乏病的效果。方法 根据《全国碘缺乏病防治监测方案》对鲤城区8－10岁儿童进行了3次碘缺乏病（IDD） 的流行病学调查。结果 1998年的2 均用盐量为5.65kg。学生家中盐碘合格率：1997年为76.7％,1999年为90.5％,有明显提高。甲状腺肿大率：1995年为41.08%,1997年为21.00%,1999年为7.70%,呈明显下降。尿碘水平监测的中位数：1995年为75.9μg/L,1997年为158.3μg/L,1999年为224.7μg/L。其中＞300μg/L所占比例：1995年为2.4%,1997年为19.1%,1999年为31.4%,呈显上升之势。结论 鲤城区学龃儿童碘盐干预消除IDD危害效果显,在IDD基本得到控制后,对于盐碘含量的标准应适时进行调整。     

阿拉善左旗地区碘缺乏病防治效果评价

目的评价阿拉善左旗1995-2009年碘缺乏病的防治效果,为继续作好碘缺乏病防治提供科学依据。方法对阿拉善左旗地区1995、1998、2004和2009年8～10岁儿童的甲状腺肿大率,食用碘盐浓度,碘盐合格率,尿碘水平进行分析。结果阿拉善左旗地区8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率由1995年的82.5%下降到2009年的4.0%,儿童碘营养维持在164.5μg/L;碘盐覆盖率、碘盐合格率、合格碘盐食用率分别由1995年65.9%、63.5%和63.5%上升到2009年99.3%、95.8%和95.1%。结论目前阿拉善左旗地区儿童甲状腺肿大率较低,碘盐覆盖率、碘盐合格率、合格碘盐食用率均维持在较高水平,碘缺乏病得到有效控制。     

某地2004—2009年碘缺乏病监测结果分析

南浔区是碘缺乏病轻病区之一，于1999年通过了国家实现消除碘缺乏病阶段目标评估。为了解我区碘缺乏病防治效果巩固情况，2004--2009年我区继续开展碘缺乏病情和碘盐监测工作，现报道如下。     

四川省碘盐监测基线调查

目的 了解四川省居民碘盐，非碘盐状况，调查非碘盐来源，确定“非碘盐问题地区”，为实施四川省消除碘缺乏病综合干预试点项目提供依据。方法 分层随机抽取全省每个县居民户盐样进行盐碘半定量检测并对发现的非碘盐户做非碘盐来源及健康教育等相关调查。结果 居民户；食盐有碘率95.36%,81.4%的县有碘率大于90%；非碘盐率4.64%,61.63%的县有非碘盐存在；非碘盐率大于10%的地区有自贡市，甘孜州，内江市和阿坝州，零售店；食盐有碘率75.8%，非磺盐率大于10%的地区有甘孜州，自贡市，成都市，阿坝州和凉山州。健康教育；“碘盐预防碘缺乏病”知晓率39.04%，“购盐行为”正确率28.73%。结论 四川省非碘盐率大于10%的“问题地区”主要集中在甘孜，阿坝藏族自治州及产盐区的自贡，内江市以及成都市的个别区县，应加强这些地区消除碘缺乏病综合干预。确保我省2010年实现消除碘缺乏病目标。     

莱芜市四年间碘缺乏病防治效果评价

目的：评价莱芜市碘缺乏病防治效果，为制定防治方案提供依据。方法：1999—2002年碘缺乏病防治以普供碘盐为主，按《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》要求进行检测，分析我市四年来碘缺乏病防治效果。结果：我市儿童甲状腺肿大率由1999年的9．55％降到2002年的5．67％，盐碘含量由1999年88．9％上升到2002年92．3％，尿碘中位数大于100μg/L的比例，各年度均大于90％，最高达97．6％。结论：实施以食盐加碘为主的综合防治措施，我市碘缺乏病防治取得显著成效。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.