Absence of bifurcation of the portal vein

Background  Absence of the horizontal segment of the left portal vein (PV) or absence of bifurcation of the portal vein (ABPV) is extremely rare anomaly. The aim of this study was to study the extra-hepatic PV demonstrating the importance of its careful assessment for the purpose of split-liver transplantation. Method  Human cadaver livers (n = 60) were obtained from routine autopsies. The cutting plane of the liver consisted of a longitudinal section made immediately on the left of the supra-hepatic inferior vena cava through the gallbladder bed preserving the arterial, portal and biliary branches in order to obtain two viable grafts (right lobe—segments V, VI, VII, and VIII and left lobe—segments II, III, and IV) as defined by the main portal scissure. The PV was dissected out and recorded for application of the liver splitting. Results  The PV trunk has been divided into right and left branch in 50 (83.3%) cases. A trifurcation of the PV was found in 9 (15.2%) cases, 3 (5%) was a right anterior segmental PV arising from the left PV and 6 (10%) a right posterior segmental PV arising from the main PV. ABPV occurred in 1 (1.6%) case. Conclusion  Absence of bifurcation of the portal vein is a rare anatomic variation, the surgeon must be cautious and aware of the existence of this exceptional PV anomaly either pre or intra-operatively for the purpose of hepatectomies or even split-liver transplantation.     

门静脉的解剖与变异

目的：利用经动脉性门静脉造影CT重建门静脉、肝静脉三维结构，观察生理状态下的门静脉的解剖与变异。方法：150例病人，导管置入于肠系膜上动脉内，注入造影剂后门静脉期和肝静脉期连续扫描肝脏。三维重建门静脉及肝静脉，分析门静脉的解剖与变异。结果：150次成像中门静脉变异25例，12例（8．0％）显示门静脉呈三分叉状，10例（6，7％）门静脉先分出右后支，然后上行分为左支和右前支，1例（0．7％）门静脉左支水平段缺如，门静脉右支缺如2例（1．3％），余下125例（83．3％）显示正常左右门静脉分支。结论：门静脉的三维图像重建及类型分析对术前手术方式的确定有一定的临床意义。     

Congenital absence of the portal vein in a middle-aged man

Congenital absence of the portal vein with systemic diversion of mesenteric blood is extremely rare. We report a case of a congenital absence of the portal vein, accidentally discovered in a 59-year-old man, completely asymptomatic and not associated with other malformations or biochemical disorders. Ultrasonography imaging showed the absence of the portal vein and the distal tract of superior mesenteric and splenic veins draining together into a dilated left renal vein. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance confirmed the presence of a congenital portosystemic venous shunt and also revealed two hepatic arteries: one arising from the celiac trunk and the other from the superior mesenteric artery.     

先天性门静脉缺如伴肝内多发结节并文献复习

目的:探讨先天性门静脉缺如(congenital absence of portal vein,CAPV)的临床特点、影像学表现及预后.方法:收集1例CAPV患者的临床及影像学资料并复习相关文献.结果:通过肝彩色多普勒超声(color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI)及腹部CT增强扫描(abdominal CT scan,CTA)测得患者肝内巨大富血流占位性病变,肝门静脉系统血流信号缺如,并可见肠系膜上静脉与脾静脉汇合为一宽大下行血管经双侧卵巢静脉汇入双侧髂内静脉.结论:通过CDFI及CTA等检查手段基本可确诊CAPV,回顾相关文献,提高了对该疾病发病机制、病理生理及诊疗预后的认识.     

Congenital absence of the portal vein in a patient with multiple vascular anomalies

A 15-year-old male patient accepted to emergency department with nausea, vomiting, sleepiness, and severe epigastric pain. The patient has a history of mild mental retardation since his childhood. Physical examination showed epigastric tenderness. Laboratory findings were consistent with mildly increased liver enzymes and hyperammonemia. Result of abdominal ultrasound was suboptimal due to lack of patient cooperation. Patient underwent abdominal and thoracic computed tomography (CT) examination to investigate the possible causes of hyperammonemia and liver disease. The CT scan showed the absence of portal vein with direct connection of portomesenteric system with systemic venous circulation. There were also various arterial and venous anomalies along with multiple hepatic masses. Whole anatomy of the thorax and abdomen was delineated with multiplanar reformatted images and maximum intensity projection technique. Imaging findings are consistent with Type Ib Abernethy malformation. The patient also underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the presence of central nervous system changes due to hyperammonemia.     

Absence of the portal bifurcation at the hilum of the liver due to intrahepatic origin of the left branch of the portal vein

Abstract The authors report a rare anomaly of portal vascularization which was detected by CT-scan and MRI and then confirmed surgically. There was no portal bifurcation at the hilum of the liver. After giving off its right dorsal branch, the portal vein entered the right liver and divided in the parenchyma into the right ventral and left branches. The arterio-biliary distribution was normal. Only a few similar cases have been reported. The left branch of the portal vein is reported to have few variations in contrast with the right one, which has many. The venous structure of the liver varies increasingly with the distance from the left umbilical vein. During a right hepatectomy, the possibility of such a vascularization makes it necessary to ensure that the left branch of the portal vein starts upstream before dividing a portal branch entering the right liver.     

Interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos termination associated with congenital absence of portal vein

The authors report an exceptional and well-documented case of interruption of the retrohepatic segment of the inferior vena cava with an “azygos continuation”, combined with absence of the portal vein. The only known combination of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava and the portal vein was that of an “azygos continuation” and a preduodenal portal vein. The double interruption, portal and inferior caval, may be associated with a disturbance of preferential flows induced by the left umbilical thrust. According to hemodynamic theory, the left umbilical flow is the determining factor in organogenesis of the portal vein and the retrohepatic segment of the inferior vena cava.     

肝门静脉高压症猪肝门静脉的结构重建

目的:建立猪肝门静脉高压症模型,探讨肝门静脉高压症时肝门静脉的结构重建.方法:猪以四氯化碳、苯巴比妥、乙醇配合高脂、低蛋白、低胆碱饮食进行混合饲养.通过脾静脉插管测压,取门静脉常规石蜡包埋、切片,用H-E 染色法、Weigert法、Aniline blue法、Organge G法分别染组织结构、弹性纤维、胶原纤维和平滑肌,用计算机图像分析系统定量分析肝门静脉的几何形态及显微成分.结果:实验组肝门静脉压为(4.17±1.03)kPa,而正常组为(1.51±0.79)kPa,实验组门静脉的内膜与中膜增厚,管壁增厚,管径增粗,平滑肌、胶原纤维的百分含量增加,平滑肌细胞核的数密度和面密度也在增加,C/E值增加.结论:肝门静脉高压症时,与血液动力学改变相适应,肝门静脉的几何形态与显微结构成分均发生了改变.     

门静脉癌栓与门静脉血栓的多层螺旋CT影像研究

目的 探讨肝硬化合并肝癌、门静脉癌栓患者和肝硬化合并门静脉血栓患者的癌栓与血栓的MSCT影像特点及病变解剖部位的差异。方法 回顾性分析2011年5月—2016年5月北京大学深圳医院和2013年8月—2014年8月广东省海丰县彭湃纪念医院经临床诊断的18例肝硬化合并肝癌、门静脉癌栓患者(癌栓组)和12例肝硬化合并门静脉血栓患者(血栓组)的临床资料。所有患者行MSCT平扫,以及动脉期、门静脉期及延迟期3期增强扫描,并采用多平面重建(MPR)和5 mm厚度最大密度投影(MIP)重建技术对门静脉行3D重建。观察门静脉癌栓和血栓的影像特征、分布情况及侧支循环血管形成情况,比较癌栓和血栓在平扫和增强扫描各时相的密度差异。结果 癌栓组中,CT平扫12例呈低密度并血管增粗,6例呈等密度;CT增强扫描显示动脉期癌栓均呈不均匀强化、15例可见滋养血管影,门静脉期4例呈稍高密度、5例呈等密度、9例呈低密度,延迟期均呈低密度;18例门静脉癌栓均累及门静脉左或/和右支, 仅6例累及门静脉主干。血栓组中,CT平扫3例呈等密度, 3例呈低密度,6例呈稍高密度;CT增强扫描血栓均无强化,门静脉期及延迟期血栓部位无对比剂充盈;12例中,11例门静脉血栓累及门静脉主干,6例血栓延伸至左叶或/和右叶门静脉分支。门静脉癌栓和血栓在CT平扫和增强扫描的延迟期密度的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),而增强扫描的动脉期和门静脉期,癌栓密度明显高于血栓,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。癌栓累及门静脉左或/和右支的概率明显高于血栓,而血栓累及门静脉主干的概率明显高于癌栓,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。结论 结合MSCT平扫及3D重建技术,能客观显示肝硬化患者门静脉癌栓与门静脉血栓的影像特点及其累及范围,能为病变诊断提供客观依据,从而指导临床选择合适的治疗方案。     

跟腱解剖变异1例

跟腱解剖变异罕见,作者在对一例闭合性跟腱断裂患者进行手术修复时发现存在跟腱解剖变异。文献报道较少[1],现报道如下:患者男性,30岁,杂技演员,因做后空翻动作后突然出现左小腿后方疼痛,左踝跖屈受限。专科查体见患者左足跟骨结节上方压痛,跟腱处可触及凹陷及空虚感,Thompson试验(+),踝关节跖屈肌力明显下降。     

Autonomic innervation of rat portal vein

The innervation of the rat portal vein was studied using the catecholamine fluorescence, cholinesterase and quinacrine histochemical methods. The rat portal vein, while provided with an adrenergic and cholinergic innervation, do not shows nerve fibers like structures with a selective affinity for quinacrine. A knowledge of the pattern of innervation of portal vein in various mammalian species may provide useful information to evaluate data obtained by the use of physiological and pharmacological methods.     

门静脉部分缩窄制作SD大鼠门静脉海绵样变性动物模型

目的采用门静脉部分缩窄法建立SD大鼠门静脉海绵样变性(CTPV)的动物模型,观察成模过程中门静脉压力、门静脉及周围组织的结构变化,为临床及基础研究提供可靠、稳定的模型动物。方法将SD大鼠100只,随机分为2组:假手术组和模型组,每组各50只。模型组用21G口径的钝头针对大鼠门静脉部分缩窄术;假手术组仅对门静脉进行游离探查,不进行缩窄。各组分别在术后1、2、3、4、6w随机取出10只,行门静脉测压、门静脉造影、病理学等观察门静脉及其周围组织侧支循环的形成情况。结果假手术组大鼠术后各时间段均未形成门脉高压,门静脉造影未见有侧支循环形成。模型组术后1w即形成门静脉高压,门静脉造影显示术后第3w,肝门区可见向肝性侧支循环,术后6w,门静脉区形成典型的海绵样变性。结论用21G钝针头行门静脉部分缩窄,可以复制出类似CTPV的大鼠模型。术后3w门静脉压力达到高峰,以后稍有下降并逐渐趋于稳定,在术后3w门静脉已出现向肝性侧支循环,到6w时形成典型的门静脉海绵样变性改变。     

双下腔静脉变异1例

在解剖一老年男尸，约60岁，身长167cm，外形无畸形，发现双下腔静脉变异1例（图1），现报道如下：     

Preduodenal portal vein in the adult

We present three cases of preduodenal portal vein in adult people, which were diagnosed in our department. All of them were identified during elective operation for cholelithiasis, caused some technical difficulties to the performance of the operation, but led to no major intraoperative or postoperative complications. None of them had any preoperative symptoms, which could be related to this anomaly. The preduodenal portal vein is a rare congenital anomaly, which is usually discovered in infants or children due to the obstruction of the duodenum. In adults, it is often asymptomatic, and is usually discovered as an accidental finding during laparotomy for other reason. The postcontrast CT can set the diagnosis, when this anomaly is suspected. Despite its rarity, this anomaly is of great surgical importance, because it can predispose to intraoperative complications including hemorrhage from the abnormal vein, or damage to the biliary tract or the distented duodenum. The anterior position of the portal vein results from the persistence of the ventral anastomosis between the two vitelline veins and the distal portion of the right vitelline vein, with subsequent atrophy of the cranial part of the left vitelline and dorsal anastomotic vein.     

Hepatic myospherulosis complicating portal vein embolisation

AIMS: Myospherulosis is a rare condition characterised by sac-like structures containing spheroid bodies in cysts or cystic spaces in the tissue. This condition has not previously been reported in the liver. The association with previous portal vein embolisation using a mixture of butyl 2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodised oil and the proposed mechanism of pathogenesis are discussed. METHODS: Samples from 8 patients treated by hepatectomy after portal vein embolisation using a mixture of butyl 2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodised oil were retrieved from the archives of the United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong. The histological specimens were reviewed. A panel of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains was used. RESULTS: All cases showed hepatic myospherulosis within the veins. The veins were denuded of endothelium, which was replaced by granulation tissue and fibrous tissue with a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Foreign body-type giant cells (six cases) and eosinophilic infiltrates (seven cases) were noted in most cases. Both parent bodies and endobodies were stained red by Papanicolaou and Masson's trichrome and stained blue by solochrome cyanine. The endobodies showed immunoreactivity towards glycophorin A. They were negative for Alcian blue, periodic acid Schiff, Grocott, and Ziehl-Neelsen stains. CONCLUSIONS: The endobodies of myospherulosis may be misdiagnosed as fungi or algae by the unwary. The clinical history, intravascular location, lack of staining with periodic acid Schiff and Grocott stains, and positive glycophorin A staining are generally sufficient for a confident diagnosis of myospherulosis.     

髂静脉变异2例

正常情况下,同侧的髂外静脉和髂内静脉在骶髂关节前方汇合而成髂总静脉,左、右两侧的髂总静脉上行后在第五腰椎右侧以锐角相互汇合成下腔静脉。但作者在成人大体标本解剖操作过程中,发现了2例髂静脉变异,报道如下:例1:身高170 cm的中年男性大体标本。