食品中大肠埃希菌整合子与耐药性的关系研究

目的：研究食品中大肠埃希菌的整合子携带情况及其与耐药性之间的关系。方法：PCR检测细菌总DNA中1、2、3类整合酶基因，确定细菌携带整合子的情况。阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区，分析插入基因盒的序列。结果：50株大肠杆菌中19株携带1类整合子，2株携带2类整合子，集中分布在对4种以上抗生素耐药的菌株中。插入基因盒主要是dfr和aadA类基因盒，各种基因盒组合中最常见的是dfr17-aadA5。结论：细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致，但是单个菌株的耐药谱与整合子的耐药基因盒缺乏对应关系。     

健康人肠道大肠埃希菌整合子和耐药基因盒的研究

目的：研究健康人肠道大肠埃希菌的整合子携带情况与整合子携带的基因盒种类及其与耐药性之间关系.方法：PCR检测Ⅰ类整合子,确定细菌携带整合子的情况.整合子阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区,分析插入基因盒的序列.结果：150株大肠埃希菌中有38株携带Ⅰ类整合子,集中分布在对3种以上抗生素耐药的菌株中.插入基因盒集中在甲氧苄氨嘧啶耐药基因（dfr）和氨基糖甙类抗生素耐药基因（aadA）.结论：细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致,但是细菌耐药谱和其整合子无对应关系.     

食品中沙门菌整合子与耐药性关系

目的 研究食品中沙门菌的整合子携带情况及整合子与耐药性之间的关系。方法PCR检测细菌总DNA中1，2，3类整合酶基因，确定细菌携带整合子的情况。整合子阳性菌株进一步检测整合子的可变区，分析插入基因盒的序列。结果69株沙门菌中25株携带1类整合子。集中分布在对4种以上抗生索耐药的菌株中。插入基因盒主要是dfr（甲氧氨嘧啶）和aadA（氨基糖甙类）基因盒，各种基因盒组合中最常见的是dfrl-aadA1。结论细菌的多重耐药性与整合子携带高度一致。     

尿液分离肠杆菌科细菌整合子分子特征及其与耐药性的关系

目的 了解尿液分离肠杆菌科细菌中整合子及相关基因盒的分布,分析整合子与细菌耐药性的关系.方法 选取111株临床上非重复分离自尿液样本中的肠杆菌科细菌菌株,经全自动细菌分析系统鉴定并检测其对临床常用抗生素的耐药性,PCR检测第1,2,3类整合酶基因(int11、int12、int13),对于第1类整合酶阳性菌株用PCR扩增可变区基因盒.结果 111株临床非重复分离自尿液样本的肠杆菌中有69株(62％)检测到第1类整合酶基因,12株(11％)检测到第2类整合酶基因,未检出第3类整合酶基因.共检测出6种不同长度的可变区片段:800 bp片段不含基因盒,1500 bp片段为aadB,1800 bp片段为aadA2,2200 bp片段为aac(6')-Ib-cmlA1,3500 bp片段为aadB-catB3 - aadA1,3000 bp为dfrA32.dfrA32是首次在1株奇异变形杆菌中检测出的一种新的甲氧苄啶耐药基因.第1类整合子阳性菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于第1类整合子阴性菌株.结论 第1类整合子及相关基因盒在肠杆菌科细菌中分布广泛,与细菌耐药性关系密切.     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌Ⅰ类整合子基因盒的检测与耐药机制研究

目的对某校附属医院临床分离的多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌进行Ⅰ类整合子基因盒检测,分析其与细菌耐药性的关系。方法应用PCR方法对临床分离的50株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌进行Ⅰ类整合子检测,并对整合子阳性株进行耐药基因盒的扩增与测序。结果 50株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中21株检出I类整合子(42.0%),对整合子阳性菌株可变区进行扩增得到5种不同大小的基因片段,片段大小在730~2 550 bp,片段包含编码氨基糖苷类抗生素腺苷酰基转移酶的aadB、aadA6、aadA2基因盒,编码氨基糖苷类抗生素乙酰基转移酶的aac-6Ⅱ基因盒,编码PSE-1蛋白PSE-1基因,编码二氢叶酸还原酶的dfrA1基因。结论多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中检测出I类整合子,整合子可变区携带多种耐药基因盒,耐药基因盒与其耐药表型有相关性。     

耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌整合子检测与耐药性分析

目的了解医院耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌中整合子的分布及可变区中基因盒的类型与细菌耐药性的关系,为控制医院感染提供依据。方法采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法对宁波市医疗中心李惠利医院2012-2014年临床分离的336株耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌第1、2类整合子进行筛查,并对整合子阳性菌株的可变区序列进行测序分析;采用WHONET5.6和SPSS18.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 336株临床菌株中第1类整合子阳性菌株共有42株,阳性率为12.5%;没有筛选到第2类整合子阳性菌株;42株整合子阳性菌株中,23株可变区基因盒为aadA6△-orfd,10株可变区基因盒为aadA6△-ISPa21-aadA6△-orfd,为氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药基因,其余9株可变区未整合基因盒;整合基因盒aadA6△-orfd菌株组阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素的耐药率均明显高于未整合基因盒菌株组(P0.05);而整合基因盒aadA6△-ISPa21-aadA6△-orfd菌株组阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素的耐药率介于上述两组之间;42株整合子阳性菌株对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、庆大霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、妥布霉素和左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为57.1%、73.8%、85.7%、80.9%、95.2%、83.3%和88.1%,均显著高于整合子阴性菌株(P0.01)。结论耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌整合子的携带率相对较低,可变区所携带的耐药基因主要为氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药基因,基因盒与菌株的耐药性呈高度相关,整合子可能还存在着其他机制参与耐药表型的产生。     

88株肺炎克雷伯菌中Ⅰ类整合子的分布和耐药性分析

目的:研究Ⅰ类整合子在肺炎克雷伯菌分布、结构及其在介导耐药中的作用。方法:利用多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)方法检测整合酶基因,对其阳性菌株可变区扩增产物进行测序分析;采用微量稀释法测定14种抗生素对试验菌株的敏感性。结果:在其中38株肺炎克雷伯菌DNA上检测到I类整合,阳性率43.2%。所携带的耐药基因盒绝大多数为aadA2和dfr17,整合子阳性组耐药率明显高于阴性组(P<0.05)。结论:目前临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性强,并广泛存在I类整合子。菌株携带基因盒和耐药表型之间有较好的对应关系,基因盒介导了细菌耐药性。耐药基因盒是整合子阳性菌株对氨基糖苷类耐药的主要原因。     

肠出血性大肠埃希菌1类整合子与耐药性关系

目的研究48株(国内28株，美国20株)肠出血性大肠埃希菌(EHEC)的耐药特点以及1类整合子的分布，探讨整合子中耐药基因盒的种类及与细菌耐药性的相互关系。方法琼脂稀释法对18种抗生素进行耐药性监测和分析；PCR法鉴定1类整合子阳性株；PCR产物测序及分析。结果48株肠出血性大肠埃希菌中23株为O157：H7；2个地域的肠出血性大肠埃希菌对抗生素的耐药情况大多无差别，只存在对氨苄西林和红霉素耐药率的差异，前者为国内分离株(60．7％)高于美国分离株(30％)，后者为美国分离株(95％)高于国内分离株(60.7％)。耐3种以上抗生素的肠出血性大肠埃希菌18株(美国3，中国15)。48株分离株中有11株(22．9％)鉴定出1类整合子，PCR产物测序分析可见，9株携带aadA1基因盒，2株携带aadA2基因盒，传递对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性。结论1类整合子及其相关的基因盒广泛存在于肠出血性大肠埃希菌中，而且决定着对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性。     

尿液分离大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子分子特征及其与耐药性的关系

目的 了解尿液分离大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子及相关基因盒的分布,分析整合子与细菌耐药性的关系.方法 选取108株临床非重复分离自尿液标本中的大肠埃希菌,经全自动细菌分析系统鉴定并检测其对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测Ⅰ类整合酶基因,对Ⅰ类整合酶阳性菌株用PCR扩增并测序分析可变区基因盒种类及可变区启动子类型.结果 108株临床非重复分离自尿液大肠埃希菌中有60株占56.0％检测到Ⅰ类整合酶基因;共检测出5种不同长度的可变区片段:8株750 bp片段不含基因盒,2株1500 bp片段为aadA2,34株2200 bp片段为dfrA 17-aadA5,4株2500 bp片段为dfrA 12-orfF-aa dA2,2株2800 bp片段为aacA4-cmlA1,其中1株大肠埃希菌同时扩增出2200、2500 bp的可变区片段,有11株Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性大肠埃希菌未扩增出可变区;可变区启动子大多为相对较弱的启动子PcH1、PcW;Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率高于Ⅰ类整合子阴性菌株.结论 Ⅰ类整合子及相关基因盒在尿液分离大肠埃希菌中分布广泛,与细菌耐药性关系密切,所携带的整合子具有较强的捕获外源性耐药基因盒的能力.     

鸡来源产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌携带整合子基因的研究

目的 分析鸡肠道内共生的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌整合子携带状况以及其与多重耐药性的关系.方法 从甘肃、湖北、北京、四川地区养殖场鸡粪便标本中分离的大肠埃希菌,肉汤稀释法检测菌株的耐药性,WHONET软件进行耐药性分析;筛选出的ESBLs菌株进行整合子的PCR检测和基因测序. 结果 通过药敏试验从鸡粪中分离的224株大肠埃希菌中共检出产ESBLs的菌株54株,分离率为24.1%.产ESBLs的菌株中I类整合子的携带率为63.0%,I类整合子可变区发现的耐药基因有addA1、aadA2、aadA5、aadA22,dfrA12、dfrA17、dfrI,aar-3,分别介导氨基糖苷类、磺胺类抗生素以及利福平的耐药性.aadA22是在国内菌株中首次报道.Ⅱ类整合子携带率为5.6%,携带的耐药基因包括sat、ereA、aadA1.Ⅲ类整合子酶阳性的有3株菌,但其可变区未检出任何耐药基因. 结论 I类整合子主要介导氨基精苷类抗生素和甲氧嘧啶的耐药性,在大肠埃希菌ESBLs菌株的多重耐药性中具有重要的作用,加强养殖动物大肠埃希菌耐药性以及整合子携带状况的监测,对防止耐药菌株的广泛传播,改善临床抗生素的疗效具有重要意义.     

健康人群大肠埃希菌Ⅰ类整合子与耐药性关系

目的 研究健康人群大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子携带情况及分子特征,分析其与细菌耐药性关系。方法 采用V itek32细菌分析仪和纸片扩散法,检测150株大肠埃希菌抗生素敏感性,PCR检测总DNA中Ⅰ类整合子,扩增产物进行限制性核酸内切酶分析,测序确定携带基因盒种类,脉冲场凝胶电泳对整合子阳性菌株分子分型。结果 150株大肠埃希菌中,83株菌耐受>3种抗生素,耐多药率55.3%;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性5株,阳性率3.3%;携带Ⅰ类整合子42株,扩增子150~3 000 bp,有8种带型;耐药基因盒主要是dfr和aadA类,最常见基因盒排列dfr17~aadA5;整合子分布在不同基因型菌株中。结论 健康人携带的大肠埃希菌中广泛存在Ⅰ类整合子,与细菌耐多药性密切相关;分子分型结果提示整合子能在细菌种内水平传播,整合子是介导细菌耐药性的重要分子机制。     

致血液系统感染大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子参与耐药的研究

目的：探讨致血液系统感染大肠埃希菌中Ⅰ类整合子介导耐药性的分子机制。方法：应用全自动细菌分析仪Microscan WalkAway40和纸片扩散法，对16株大肠埃希菌进行抗生素敏感性测定，PCR扩增细菌总DNA上的Ⅰ类整合子，对扩增产物测序并分析其中的基因盒。结果：8株细菌含有Ⅰ类整合子，整合子大小分别为600bp、1700bp和2500bp，600bp整合子含基因盒dfr2d，1700bp整合子含基因盒dfr17-aadm5。结论：整合子在介导细菌耐药性方面发挥着重要作用。     

菌落杂交法鉴定沙门菌第一类整合子

目的:建立一种快速而经济的鉴定细菌中整合子的新方法,分析整合子介导的细菌耐药性。方法:以第一类整合酶基因intI1为探针,采用地高辛进行标记,菌落杂交的方法来鉴定第一类整合子阳性菌株。结果:发现在23株沙门菌中,四株第一类整合子阳性菌株,与采用第一类整合酶基因intI1 PCR扩增方法所得到的结果相一致。结论:菌落杂交法可以简单快速地鉴定细菌中整合子,这对研究整合子的特性及整合子在细菌耐药性中的介导作用具有重要意义。     

High Prevalence of Class 1 to 3 Integrons Among Multidrug-Resistant Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Southwest of Iran

Objectives

Horizontal transfer of integrons is one of the important factors that can contribute to the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of integrons among MDR Escherichia coli strains isolated from stool specimens and investigate the associations between the existence of integrons and MDR properties in the southwest of Iran.

Methods

There were 164 E. coli strains isolated from January 2012 to June 2012. Fecal specimens identified as E. coli by the conventional methods. Subsequently the antibiotic resistance was assessed using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute criteria. The presence of class 1–3 integrons and embedded gene cassettes was verified using specific primers by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay.

Results

Among a total of 164 studied samples, 69 (42.07%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Class 1 and class 2 integrons were present in 78.26% and 76.81% MDR isolates, respectively. For the first time in Iran, class 3 integron was observed in 26.09% MDR isolates. Significant correlations were identified between: class 1 integron and resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and co-trimoxazole; class 2 integron and resistance to aminoglycosides, co-trimoxazole, cefalexin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol; and class 3 integron and resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that integrons are common among MDR isolates and they can be used as a marker for the identification of MDR isolates. Therefore, due to the possibility of a widespread outbreak of MDR isolates, molecular surveillance and sequencing of the integrons in other parts of the country is recommended.     

Serotypes, antibiotic resistance, and class 1 integrons in Salmonella isolates from pediatric cases of enteritis in Tehran, Iran

The present study was conducted to investigate serotype distribution, antimicrobial resistance patterns, carriage of class 1 integron, and clonality of Salmonella strains isolated from patients aged 0-12 years in Tehran, Iran, during 2007-2008. A total of 139 Salmonella isolates were studied. Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis, Infantis, and Typhimurium included 84.9% of isolates, Enteritidis accounting for 41.7%. The most prevalent resistances were to doxycycline (64.7%), nalidixic acid (61.2%), tetracycline (51.8%), and streptomycin (42.8%). Fifty-three (38.1%) isolates contained class 1 integron. Eight different gene cassettes were identified, aadA1 being the most frequently encountered. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that integron-positive Salmonella strains belonging to serotypes Infantis, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium were attributed to two, three, and five different pulsotypes, respectively. The findings indicated that the distribution and drug resistance pattern of most prevalent Salmonella serotypes were broadly similar to that reported globally from human isolates. Presence of class 1 integrons was common among Salmonella serotypes in Tehran, Iran. Concurrent clonal expansion and horizontal transmission events seem to contribute to increase in drug resistance prevalence among Salmonella serotypes.     

Antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Salmonella spp. from pigs and the characterization of an S. Infantis gene cassette

One hundred and seven Salmonella isolates of various serotypes were investigated for resistance to a panel of nine antimicrobial agents by standardized methods. Thirty four isolates were susceptible to the selected antimicrobial agents. Thirty-six (of 107) were resistant to three or more antimicrobial agents and defined as multidrug resistant (MDR). Salmonella Typhimurium was the most resistant serotype. All resistant isolates were examined for the presence of class 1 integrons. Thirty-two integron-associated gene cassettes (of varying sizes) were identified. A 1,000-bp amplicon similar to that flanking the distal region of the Salmonella Genomic Island (SGI)-1 in Salmonella Typhimurium was detected in a majority of the S. Typhimurium isolates in this study. In contrast, a 1,800-bp amplicon was identified in all Salmonella Infantis isolates. This amplicon was completely characterized in one isolate. The presence of class 1 integrons in Salmonella spp. in pigs may be important if these zoonotic pathogens were to enter the food chain.