Histopathological effects and EROD induction in common carp exposed to dietary heavy oil

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio, was exposed to 1% and 5% dietary heavy oil for 2 weeks. Higher polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) accumulation induced higher hepatic EROD activity in exposure groups compared with the control group. Significant histological alternations were observed in the liver such as nuclear and cellular hypertrophy, accumulation of eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm, nuclear degeneration and fibrillar inclusion in cytoplasm. Severe damage of the kidney was indicated by nuclear and cellular degeneration, and ultimately necrosis in the tubular epithelium cells. In addition, dilated glomerulus with hemorrhage was found in the renal capsule. The mean assessment value (MAV) and degree of tissue changes (DTC), as semi-quantitative analyses, were significantly increased with concentration and duration of exposure. Likewise, frequencies of pathological lesions in both liver and kidney were also increased with concentration and duration of exposure.     

Morphological biomarkers in the Rhinocricus padbergi midgut exposed to contaminated soil

Morphological studies have been performed in invertebrates to elucidate cellular and/or tissue damage caused by environmental contamination. In present work, the exposure to industrial soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals led to histological alterations in the midgut of Rhinocricus padbergi (Diplopoda). The following alterations were observed: increase of cytoplasmic granules in the fat body; increase in the number of regions of the epithelium in the process of renewal; increase in the number of hemocytes present among the cells of the fat body and degenerative changes in the midgut epithelium. Based on the results, we concluded that R. padbergi proved to be an excellent bioindicator for the evaluation of soil quality. The observed changes could be used as biomarkers for assessing sublethal effects of contaminated soils.     

Joint effects of dietary cadmium and polychlorinated biphenyls on metallothionein induction, lipid peroxidation and histopathology in the kidneys and liver of bank voles

Free-living bank voles have been shown to be more sensitive to cadmium (Cd) toxicity than the rodents exposed to Cd under laboratory conditions. The present study was designed to find out whether polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), common environmental co-contaminants, increase susceptibility to Cd toxicity through inhibition of metallothionein (MT) synthesis-a low molecular weight protein that is considered to be a primary intracellular component of the protective mechanism. For 12 weeks, the male bank voles were provided with diets containing Cd (0.05 microg/g (control) and 10 microg/g dry wt) and PCBs (0, 10 and 50 microg/g dry wt) alone or in combination under long (16 h) and short (8 h) photoperiods. At the end of exposure period, histological examinations and analyses of MT, Cd, Fe and lipid peroxidation in the kidneys and liver were carried out. Dietary PCBs did not affect Cd inducibility of renal MT, but decreased it significantly in the liver; however, no signs of Cd toxicity (measured by histopathology) occurred in both organs. On the contrary, PCBs at the highest dose increased significantly lipid peroxidation in the kidneys and liver (4-fold) only in the bank voles raised under a long photoperiod; the PCB-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation was accompanied by extensive histopathological changes including hepatocyte enlargement, necrosis and steatosis. Co-treatment with dietary Cd significantly suppressed the increase in lipid peroxidation and apparently reduced hepatic damage. These data indicate that (1) dietary PCBs do not enhance Cd toxicity in the kidneys and liver of bank voles and (2) dietary Cd suppresses PCB-induced hepatotoxicity that appears to be photoperiod-dependent.     

Characteristics of atmospheric trace gases, particulate matter, and heavy metal pollution in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Aerosol particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and trace gases (SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃) were sampled at five locations in greater Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January and April 2006. Particulate matter was collected on micro-fiber filters with a low-volume sampler, and trace gases (SO₂, NO₂, and O₃) were collected with an impinger equipped with PM samplers. Carbon monoxide was determined using the Indicator Tube method. The total average concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, CO, and O₃ were 48.3, 21.0, 166.0 and 28 μg m^–3, respectively. The total average concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂ were much lower than the annual average guideline values of the World Health Organization (WHO). The total average O₃ concentration was also much lower than the daily maximum values established by WHO (average of 100 μg m^–3 for an 8-h sample). The total average concentrations of five sites were 263, 75.5 and 66.2 μg m^–3 for SPM, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, respectively. The mass of PM_2.5 is approximately 88% of the PM₁₀ mass, indicating that fossil fuel is the main source of PM in Dhaka. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the heavy metal concentrations in the PM_2.5 size fraction. The total average concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in PM_2.5 were 6.3, 13, 94, 433, 204, and 381 ng m^–3, respectively. The Pb concentration in Dhaka shows a decreasing tendency, presumably due to the ban on the use of leaded fuel. The overall trace metal concentrations in Dhaka are higher than those in European (e.g., Spain, Norway) and East Asian (e.g., Taiwan) locations, but lower than those measured in Southeast Asian (Kanpur, Delhi, Mumbai, India; Lahore, Pakistan) cities.     

Assessment of heavy metal tolerance in native plant species from soils contaminated with electroplating effluent

Heavy metals concentrations of (Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu and Ni) were determined in plants and soils contaminated with electroplating industrial effluent. The ranges of total soil Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu and Ni concentrations were found to be 1443-3240, 1376-3112, 683-2228, 263-374 and 234-335 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Metal accumulation, along with hyperaccumulative characteristics of the screened plants was investigated. Present study highlighted that metal accumulation in different plants varied with species, tissues and metals. Only one plant (Amaranthus viridis) accumulated Fe concentrations over 1000 mg kg⁻¹. On the basis of TF, eight plant species for Zn and Fe, three plant species for Cu and two plant species for Ni, could be used in phytoextraction technology. Although BAF of all plant species was lesser than one, these species exhibited high metal adaptability and could be considered as potential hyperaccumulators. Phytoremediation potential of these plants can be used to remediate metal contaminated soils, though further investigation is still needed.     

2018年呼和浩特市饮用水中重金属污染物的健康风险评价

目的评价呼和浩特市地区饮用水中重金属对健康的潜在危害。方法对呼和浩特市2018年饮用水中的10种重金属进行检测,并应用美国国家环境保护署推荐的健康风险评价模型,对重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出评价。结果 440个样品中,砷合格率93.86%,铁合格率99.55%,锰合格率99.09%,其他金属全部合格。重金属的非致癌总风险为5.8942×10^-9,致癌总风险为4.4988×10^-5,总的健康风险为4.4994×10^-5,金属致癌的风险排序为:铬(六价)>镉>砷,非致癌风险最高的金属为:砷>铜>铬(六价)。呼和浩特市农村水的致癌总风险和非致癌总风险均高于城市水(Z=-3.323,P=0.001;Z=-4.811,P<0.0001),出厂水、二次供水和末梢水致癌总风险间存在显著差异(Z=12.82,P=0.002);丰水期的健康总风险高于枯水期(Z=-3.122,P=0.002);丰水期的致癌总风险高于枯水期(Z=-3.939,P<0.0001)。结论呼和浩特市2018年致癌健康风...     

Determination of selected heavy metal concentrations and distribution in a southwestern stream using macrophytes

Since the reduction of the arsenic standard from 50 to 10 μg L⁻¹ by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 2006 many small town and rural water municipalities were left with the task of preventing or mitigating arsenic contamination of drinking water supplies. In this study macrophytes and sediments were used to determine the concentration and distribution of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) within the primary source of drinking water (Gallinas River watershed) to the residents of Las Vegas, New Mexico. Sampling was done in the spring and fall at four sites, two above the city and two below, and samples were analyzed using ICP-MS. Results showed significantly higher (p<.05) metal concentrations in plant roots than shoots for most metals. Spearman’s correlation showed positive correlations (r>.3) between plant and sediment concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, As, and a negative correlation for Cu. The site above waste water treatment plant (AWWTP) had the highest plant tissue concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn, and As. All of these concentrations attained critical toxicity levels exceeding sediment quality guidelines. High concentration factor values and levels of metals detected in macrophyte tissues indicate that heavy metals within sediments in the Gallinas River occur in bioavailable forms. Correlations between plant and sediment metal concentrations indicate that metal concentrations in macrophyte tissues are a good reflection of metal concentrations within the sediment in the Gallinas River.     

Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails of environmentally exposed people

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the environmental exposure to Pb and Cd during 1990-1997 of inhabitants of Katowice District, which is an area of high environmental exposure to lead and cadmium, as well as exposure to Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Ca, Na, and K, on the basis of concentrations in hair, teeth, and nails. This investigation was to explain if accumulation of Pb and Cd can affect the concentration of such essential metals as Fe, Zn, Cu, and Ca. Inhabitants of the Beskid area constituted a control group. Analysis of the aforementioned elements was carried out on 624 hair samples, 785-tooth- samples, and 338 nail samples taking into consideration sex, age (<15, 16-30, >30 years), and type of teeth (incisor, canine, molar, premolar). Concentrations of elements in the media investigated were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results were calculated using the Statistica program. The major statistical analysis focuses on determining analysis of variance by MANOVA/ANOVA, Rao R (P<0.05), Spjotvolla-Stoline'a test, and cluster analysis (1-Pearson r). The investigation revealed that among the media investigated, Pb concentration in hair is an environmental marker of exposure to this metal in the human organism and depends on sex and age. It was also observed that an increase in Pb concentration in hair causes a decrease in Fe and Ca concentrations and changes the ratios of essential metals: Fe/Cu, Fe/Zn, and Ca/Zn. It is concluded that not only in blood but also in the hair, lead significantly influences Ca and Fe. Analysis of nail samples of people living in Katowice District indicated that an increasing concentration of Pb decreases concentrations of copper and zinc. Increased accumulation of such metals as Ni, Cr, and Mn in teeth was observed for samples taken from inhabitants of Katowice District.     

Toxicity and removal of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, and zinc) by Lemna gibba

Effects of cadmium, copper, and zinc on the aquatic plant Lemna gibba were determined under controlled conditions; in parallel their removal from the growth medium was followed. The results showed that the three heavy metals affected growth, a physiological stress index defined as the ratio of Chlorophyll to phaeophytin (D665/D665a), and the contents of proline. After 4 days, 10⁻³–10⁻¹ mg/L Cd inhibited growth by 25–100%, reduced D665/D665a by 35–89%, and increased proline content by 44–567%. Under the same conditions, 10⁻⁴–10⁻¹ μg/L Cu inhibited growth by 36–75%, reduced D665/D665a by 19–81%, and increased proline content by 67–288%. Comparable concentrations of Zn had little effect. However, higher concentrations (4, 30, and 50 mg/L) inhibited growth by 50–79%. Also, 0.1 and 30 mg/L induced a small reduction of D665/D665a (−3.8% and −22%) and an increase in proline contents (+144% and +177%). When it was observed, proline accumulation was always transient and the maximum was reached after 4 days. Monitoring metal concentration in the medium showed that L. gibba was able to remove metals from the medium. Zn and Cu removal was biphasic, it was rapid during the first 2 days (> 60% reduction) and slow (10–20%) during the following 8 days. For Cd, removal was linear and depended on the initial concentration. It reached approximately 90% after 6 or 8 days for initial concentrations of 10⁻¹ and 10⁻³ mg/L, respectively.     

酒泉戈壁设施蔬菜重金属含量的测定及健康风险评估

目的 了解酒泉市戈壁设施种植的番茄、葫芦、黄瓜、辣椒、豆角中铅、砷、汞、镉的污染状况,评估人体摄入后的健康风险。方法 利用国家标准检验方法,在酒泉市总寨和东洞戈壁农业产业园区采集检测274份主栽蔬菜中铅、砷、汞、镉含量,结合单因子污染指数和内梅罗污染指数法对蔬菜受重金属污染的程度进行评价,利用靶标污染系数法对蔬菜中重金属对人体的健康风险进行评估。结果 274份蔬菜中铅、砷、汞和镉的含量范围分别为0～0.050 1 mg/kg、0～0.053 8 mg/kg、0～0.001 0 mg/kg和0～0.048 8 mg/kg,平均含量分别为0.010 3、0.010 3、0.000 2和0.008 7 mg/kg,均未超出国家标准规定的食品中污染物限量。5种蔬菜中4种重金属的污染指数均低于0.7,靶标危害系数均小于1。结论 酒泉市总寨和东洞戈壁农业产业园区主栽的5种蔬菜受铅、砷、汞、镉污染程度较轻,属于清洁水平,处于安全级别,膳食摄入风险较低。对比其它地区蔬菜,酒泉戈壁设施蔬菜中重金属含量总体不高,与有机设施蔬菜基地结果接近。     

2010年珠江广州段至出海口微表层水重金属污染状况监测

目的:了解2010年珠江广州段至出海口微表层水重金属污染状况。方法:从2010年1月开始,每月中旬在珠江流域广州段上、中、下游及出海口处设置24个固定采水点,采集珠江微表层水。用电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)法测定水样中的砷、镉、铅、铬重金属含量。结果:Cd属轻微检出,As、Pb和Cr虽然整体含量稳定,但特定采样点、特定时间曾同时出现异常高含量。结论:珠江广州段及经广州的出海口微表层水受到以上4种重金属不同程度的污染,防控污染仍是当前刻不容缓的重任。     

Growth and metal accumulation in Porcellio scaber exposed to poplar litter from Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated sites

This study aimed at determining, in the laboratory, the effects of poplar litter collected in woody habitats contaminated by heavy metals on growth and metal accumulation in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Cd, Pb, and Zn pseudototal and CaCl₂-extractable concentrations in litter types were determined using AAS. Juveniles were fed ad libitum, individually, for 28 days with four litter types presenting an increasing gradient of metal contamination. Individuals were weighed every week and metal body burdens were determined at the end of the experiment. From the first week until the end of the experiment, a decrease in P. scaber growth related to the increase of metal concentration in litter types was recorded. Significant correlations were observed between metal body burdens and metal concentrations in litter types. However, Cd accumulation in woodlice appeared to be related to the Cd/Zn concentration ratio in litter types. All these results showed the potential of weight gain in P. scaber as a suitable indicator for litter quality assessment with ecological relevance.     

佛山市禅城区蔬菜重金属污染现状及对人体健康风险分析

目的了解佛山市禅城区居民食用蔬菜重金属的污染状况,评价重金属经蔬菜途径摄入的健康风险。方法按照均匀分散多点的原则随机采集佛山市禅城区城郊4个主要种植地及市区内4个主要市场售卖的根茎、瓜果、叶菜3大类别73份蔬菜,对样品的锌（zn）、铜（Cu）、镉（cd）、铅（Pb）、铬（Cr）5种重金属元素含量进行测定。采用单因子污染和尼梅罗综合污染评价指数法评价蔬菜重金属污染状况,采用暴露剂量一反应外推法对蔬菜重金属进行健康风险评价。结果所抽取的蔬菜样品中有46．6％（34／73）的蔬菜重金属含量超标,Ph和cr超标率分别为32．9％（24／73）和19．2％（14／73）,2种金属同时超标的有4份,其余金属无超标。根茎类和瓜果类的综合污染指数分别为1．27及1．06,属轻度污染,主要受污染的品种为马铃薯、芹菜、丝瓜、茄瓜;叶菜类的综合污染指数为0．65,属安全级别;蔬菜中Cr、Cd、Ph、zn、cu的年平均个人摄入健康风险评价结果分别为4．43×10^-6、4．44×10^-6、7．40×10^-8、8．18×10^-9、1．02×10^-7,联合作用评价结果为4．48×10^-4,高于美国环保局与国际放射防护委员会分别推荐的标准。结论佛山市禅城区居民经蔬菜途径摄入重金属对人体具有一定潜在的健康风险,其风险主要来自化学致癌物Cr。应加强对蔬菜从种植至市场各环节监督和管理,确保人们的饮食安全。     

The study of TSP and PM10 concentration and their heavy metal content in central area of Tehran, Iran

Atmospheric particulate matter may exert serious health hazards because of its chemical characteristics. The main objective of this study is to assess the concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP), particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM₁₀), and air-transmitted particulate trace metals in Tehran University (a central location in Tehran, capital of Iran) ambient air, for the period of 5 months viz. February–June 2007. Furthermore, the present work examines the daily levels of fine particles in comparison with the proposed limiting values from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (65 μg m⁻³ for PM₁₀). The sampling for TSP and PM₁₀ was performed using a high-volume sampler. The TSP and PM₁₀ levels were determined by gravimetry and the metals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Arithmetic means of 151 ± 44 μg m⁻³ and 90 ± 38 μg m⁻³ were determined for TSP and PM₁₀, respectively. Comparing with EPA primary and secondary air quality standards, only PM₁₀ concentrations in 3 days were higher than the standard values. Heavy metal content of both TSP and PM₁₀, such as chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), were also analyzed separately during the same period using atomic absorption spectrometry. The average concentrations of heavy metal in TSP were Pb: 183.63 ± 147.81 ng m⁻³; Cr: 13.72 ± 2.40 ng m⁻³; and Cd: 6.80 ± 1.97 ng m⁻³ and for PM₁₀ were: 150.36 ± 157.01 ng m⁻³; Cr: 9.12 ± 2.14 ng m⁻³ and Cd: 6.87 ± 2.22 ng m⁻³.

Health risk assessment of zinc,chromium, and nickel from cow meat consumption in an urban Nigerian population

Background:

Meat consumption is increasingly becoming a larger part of diets worldwide. However, the bioaccumulation of toxic metals from anthropogenic pollution is a potential health risk to human health.

Objective:

To measure the daily intake of zinc, chromium, and nickel from cow meat consumption and assess the possible health risks in an urban population in Nigeria.

Methods:

Dried meat samples were digested with 3 : 2HNO3 : HClO4 v/v. Zinc, chromium, and nickel concentrations were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Daily intakes of meat were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Results:

The estimated daily intakes (EDI) (μg/person/day) ranges were: zinc (10 496–13 459), chromium (310.90–393.73), and nickel (26.72–34.87). Estimated daily intake for zinc was 15–30% of provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) and for nickel it was 8–15% of tolerable daily intake (TDI).

Conclusion:

Chromium intakes were above recommended daily intake (RDI). Target hazard quotient (THQ) for nickel and zinc were within WHO/FAO limit. There was no evidence of possible health risk to consumers with regard to zinc and nickel. However, chromium intake should be of utmost concern, while disposal of tanning waste should be checked.     

Health risk assessment of zinc,chromium, and nickel from cow meat consumption in an urban Nigerian population

Abstract

Background:

Meat consumption is increasingly becoming a larger part of diets worldwide. However, the bioaccumulation of toxic metals from anthropogenic pollution is a potential health risk to human health.

Objective:

To measure the daily intake of zinc, chromium, and nickel from cow meat consumption and assess the possible health risks in an urban population in Nigeria.

Methods:

Dried meat samples were digested with 3 : 2HNO3 : HClO4 v/v. Zinc, chromium, and nickel concentrations were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Daily intakes of meat were obtained using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Results:

The estimated daily intakes (EDI) (μg/person/day) ranges were: zinc (10?496–13?459), chromium (310·90–393·73), and nickel (26·72–34·87). Estimated daily intake for zinc was 15–30% of provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) and for nickel it was 8–15% of tolerable daily intake (TDI).

Conclusion:

Chromium intakes were above recommended daily intake (RDI). Target hazard quotient (THQ) for nickel and zinc were within WHO/FAO limit. There was no evidence of possible health risk to consumers with regard to zinc and nickel. However, chromium intake should be of utmost concern, while disposal of tanning waste should be checked.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Liza saliens from the Esmoriz-Paramos coastal lagoon, Portugal

Heavy metal (Cu and Zn) concentrations in liver, gills, and muscle of leaping grey mullet, Liza saliens, from the Portuguese Esmoriz–Paramos coastal lagoon were measured to evaluate their bioaccumulation as a function of sediment contamination. The highest metal concentrations were observed in the liver (254 mg Cu kg⁻¹) and gills (114 mg Zn kg⁻¹). Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were found to follow the order: Cu-liver>Cu-gills>Cu-muscle and Zn-gills>Zn-liver>Zn-muscle. The highest BAFs were observed in the organs mainly implicated in metal metabolism and a significant positive relationship was found between BAFs and fish age. These results suggest the loss of homeostatic capacity of L. saliens under chronic metal exposure leading to bioaccumulation. Furthermore, Cu-liver and Zn-gills accumulation can be good environmental indicators of metal stress in L. saliens.     

陕西生鲜肉类中重金属污染状况调查及健康风险评估研究

目的 了解陕西省肉类食品中重金属的污染状况及评价其健康风险。方法 根据陕西省食品污染物和有害因素风险监测方案进行样品采集和检测,以食品安全国家标准(GB2762-2012)规定的限量为标准对其重金属含量进行评价,并评估居民经食用肉类所致重金属暴露量,应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行评估。结果 对770份样品的重金属含量进行测定,其中有6份Cd含量超标、1份Cr含量超标、15份Pb含量超标、1份As含量超标、3份Hg含量超标(镍没有国家限量标准,不做判断);比较5种肉类食品中6种重金属含量,畜禽肾脏中的镉含量较高,为0.148 mg/kg,肝脏中铅含量偏高,为0.079 6mg/kg,水产品中的砷、汞含量明显高于其他类别,甲壳类中铬和镍含量明显较其他类偏高;居民经食用肉类所致重金属的摄入量镉最高,亦在安全级别;铬的平均和偏高健康危害年风险值均大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5/年。结论 陕西省少数肉类样品存在超标情况,其余均可安全食用,但对于含重金属较高的甲壳类应避免长期大量食用。铬的个人年风险值高于ICRP推荐的最大可接受值,有必要开展食品中铬形态监测工作。     

The dispersion of heavy metals in the vicinity of Britannia Mine, British Columbia, Canada

Britannia Mine in British Columbia, Canada, is a major source of copper and other heavy metal pollutants, which enter the sea at Howe Sound. This investigation aims to determine whether there is sufficient Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, in the terrestrial environment surrounding the mine to suggest that dispersion and subsequent bioaccumulation has occurred in the past and continues. Samples of spoil, vegetation, and water were collected in January 2003 from areas at sea level and up to an altitude of 790 m. The samples of soil and vegetation were digested with aqua regia. The subsequent extracts and water samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The target metal concentrations were found to be much higher on the hillside spoil tips than on the seashore where the ore concentrators had formerly been located. The dispersion of heavy metals into the surrounding biosphere is discussed and further investigations into dispersion and partitioning within organisms including humans are suggested.