通化市艾滋病实验室网络体系建设情况及检测能力分析

目的通过对通化市艾滋病实验室网络体系建设情况及检测能力分析,促进全市艾滋病网络实验室的自身建设和实验室质量管理,确保检测质量和实验室生物安全。方法采用吉林省HIV筛查实验室职能工作考评问卷调查、血清学考核和实验室现场督导相结合的方式进行分析评估。结果从2003年5月～2012年5月,通化市共有1家艾滋病确证实验室,19家初筛实验室,26家艾滋病检测点,在实验室自身建设、人员培训、质量控制、生物安全等方面基本符合《全国艾滋病检测工作管理办法》的要求。结论通化市目前已经初步建成艾滋病实验室网络,但少数实验室还存在布局不合理、生物安全意识不强的情况。     

广东省茂名市艾滋病检测实验室网络建设现状分析

目的掌握广东省茂名市艾滋病检测实验室网络的建设和运作情况,促进全市艾滋病检测实验室的规范化建设和管理。方法采用发放调查表和现场核实相结合的方法对全市艾滋病检测实验室进行调查分析。结果全市7个行政区域中有5个建立了艾滋病检测实验室;在已获批的17间艾滋病检测实验室中,1家为确证实验室,16家为筛查实验室;17家实验室的建设基本满足《全国艾滋病检测工作管理办法(2006年)》的相关要求。结论茂名市已初步建成了艾滋病检测实验室网络,但实验室网络分布不够合理,部分实验室的硬件建设和管理还有待加强,实验室人员的生物安全意识也需要提高。     

太原市尖草坪区疾病预防控制中心艾滋病筛查实验室的建设与发展

艾滋病在世界发展迅猛.我国要逐步建立健全艾滋病监测网络,在各地建立艾滋病筛查实验室,以便更有效地在第一时间内发现艾滋病病毒感染者.控制艾滋病传播蔓延.艾滋病筛查实验室要满足二级生物安全实验室的要求,具备相应的仪器设备,人员要接受过专业技术培训及生物安全培训.     

某县各级医疗机构实验室开展艾滋病抗体检测的现状分析

目的了解丰县各级医疗机构实验室艾滋病抗体检测情况,为丰县规范建立艾滋病抗体检测网络奠定基础。方法采用统一的调查表对各医疗机构实验室进行问卷调查。结果有15家医疗机构实验室未取得资质已开展HIV抗体快速检测,至2011年底共检测样本6万人,未检出阳性;有17家实验室不知道如果出现阳性结果怎么处理;25家基层卫生院检验人员均未接受过艾滋病检测和生物安全方面的培训,安全防护用品简陋。结论应当进一步加强全县艾滋病监测网络,扩大监测覆盖面;对基层卫生院检验人员应加强艾滋病检测和生物安全方面的培训。     

新疆军区HIV初筛实验室的质量管理现状调查

<正>艾滋病病毒(HIV)检测是艾滋病防治工作的重要组成部分,而质量管理是对确定和达到质量要求所必须的职能及作业活动的管理,是保证实验室分析结果准确性以及操作人员生物安全的必要基础,需要通过建立完善的质量体系而实     

湖北省艾滋病筛查实验室HIV抗体检测室间质量评价报告

目的 通过对湖北省各艾滋病抗体筛查实验室室问质量评价工作,掌握全省各市州县HIV抗体筛查水平,发现存在的问题,以使各级筛查实验室工作逐步规范化,提高检测水平和质量。方法 根据《全国艾滋病检测技术规范》中艾滋病实验室质量考评办法,确定我省筛查实验室室间质量评价方案,统计分析各实验室数据,得出实验室检验水平评价。结果 参加室间质评的单位数为94家,合格实验室占86．2％,成绩不满意实验室占8．5％,不合格实验：主占5．3％。结论 大部分筛查实验室检测质量较高,少数几个实验室检测质量存在问题,需要查找原因,加强质量控制。     

雅安市获得性免疫缺陷综合征检测网络实验室建设与运行情况分析

目的了解雅安市获得性免疫缺陷综合征（艾滋病）检测网络实验室的建设与运行现状。方法采取现场考察与查阅资料相结合的方法,对雅安市38家艾滋病网络实验室的建设和运行情况进行调查和分析。结果至2012年该市共建有人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）确证实验室1个、H1V筛查实验室15个和HI~检测点实验室22个,其中筛查网络包括各级医疗机构28个（73．68％）、疾控机构9个（23．68％）、采供血机构1个（2．63％）,筛查实验室在疾控机构和采供血机构的覆盖率均为100．00％。该市共有专兼职检测技术人员172人,职称以初中级为主,高、中、初级职称构成比为1：4：6．47。2009～2012年15个艾滋病筛查实验室参加省级检测能力验证考核,良好以上的比例分别为76．92％、92．86％、100．00％、93．33％;2012年全市22个艾滋病检测点实验室参加市级检测能力验证考核,18个检测点合格,4个检测点基本合格。2010～2012年该市各级网络实验室共检测标本155422人份,检测覆盖面较广。结论雅安市已形成由确证实验室一筛查实验室一检测点实验室构成的三级艾滋病检测网络体系,检测能力较强,运行情况良好。     

艾滋病筛查实验室质评标本漏检原因分析

驻军及以上医院艾滋病筛查实验室承担军、地相关人员艾滋病病毒(HIV)抗体检测的任务,每年要检测上万例标本,这对检测工作提出了高要求,漏检(假阴性)现象不可忽视。为了提高HIV抗体检测工作的质量,最大限度地防止误检、漏检,我们对本军区范围HIV抗体筛查实验室进行质评考核。结果表明,有8个实验室出现不同程度的漏检,本文通过自查和追踪调查对漏检的原因进行了系统的分析。1对象与方法2005年,我们对本军区所属28个艾滋病筛查实验室发放10份标本血清,其中阳性、阴性血清各5份,采用双盲法进行血清学检测。2检测结果28个实验室中,20个实验室…     

艾滋病实验室网络体系建设在基层疾控中心中的应用效果

目的 探讨艾滋病实验室网络体系建设在基层疾控中心中的应用效果。方法 对本区2013~2014年的疾控中心艾滋病实验室进行网络体系建设,其中2010~2012年为实施前阶段,2013~2014年为实施后阶段。比较网络体系建设前后本区艾滋病实验室质量控制的相关内容以及艾滋病抗体初筛阳性、复核及确诊率。结果 干预后的实验质控、相关文件资料、废弃物处理及消毒剂配制现场评分显著高于干预后,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后的复核阳性率、确诊阳性率显著高于干预前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 建立有效的艾滋病实验室“筛查-复查-确诊”网络体系,对提高临床检测工作规范性、满足艾滋病检测工作需要、提高复核阳性率及确诊阳性率具有重要意义。     

某区医疗机构检验科生物安全现况的调查

目的掌握浦东新区医疗机构实验室生物安全现状,分析问题存在的原因,找出解决对策,切实提高我区生物安全管理水平,杜绝医疗机构实验室生物安全事件的发生。方法全覆盖调查全区235个医疗卫生机构实验室的生物安全现状,包括组织机构及制度、生物安全实验室建设、生物安全管理、标本及菌毒种管理及运送和废弃物管理等方面进行逐项调查分析。结果通过调查发现存在生物安全柜使用不规范、人员生物安全意识不高、菌毒种和生物阳性标本保存使用不规范、废弃物处置不合理等现象,存在一定的生物安全隐患。结论通过调查研究分析我区基层医疗机构检验科生物安全现状,建立我区医疗机构实验室生物安全综合监管模式,查找可能存在的隐患,提高我区生物安全监管水平。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.